薄壁管材连续矫直压扁量力学模型研究

针对薄壁管材在连续矫直过程中大弯曲变形产生的截面扁化,需对管材截面进行压扁矫圆。在分析压扁矫圆变形过程和成形机理的基础上,结合薄壳弹塑性理论及其相关假设,确定了变形区的周向应变模型,进而完成了周向弯曲力矩的解析,运用经典卸载规律建立了薄壁管材截面矫圆的压扁量数学模型方程。通过有限元仿真分析证明了该模型的正确性和有效性,同时得到用初始截面径向最大位移量的2倍近似估算压扁量的方法,为继续深入研究矫直相关工艺参数的合理设置、完善薄壁管材矫直理论体系奠定基础。     

镁合金管材挤压变形动态再结晶流函数法研究

为研究热挤压成形镁合金管材过程中动态再结晶现象,首先采用流函数方法建立了挤压锥杯内变形区的应变速率张量场、等效应变速率场、最小剪切应变速率场以及应变张量场等数学模型,然后通过热模拟实验测得镁合金AZ91D高温力学性能数据,计算并建立了AZ91D镁合金高温变形时发生动态再结晶的临界应变函数;结合镁合金管材挤压过程应变速率及应变场等,建立了挤压过程变形区内产生初始动态再结晶的判定准则及分布规律。最后通过经实验验证了该准则及分布规律的准确性,为实际生产工艺的制定提供了理论依据。     

浮空器蒙皮膜复合材料单轴拉伸力学性能及弹性常数

对新型飞艇蒙皮材料在0°、15°、30°、45°、60°、75°、90°七个偏轴方向单轴拉伸循环试验结果进行了分析,给出了残余应变和弹性模量随循环次数的变化规律;得出了由单层板理论推导出的关于弹性模量的本构关系对各功能膜层压合成的平纹织物膜复合材料适用性较差。使用VIC-2D数字散斑测量系统测出膜材在拉伸过程中的位移场和应变场,通过位移场求膜材的泊松比和通过应变场验证分析膜材拉伸破坏机制,并可以预测断口形态和位置。采用两种不同规格的试样测试膜材的单轴拉伸强度,通过对比发现采用试样3更能反应材料Uretek5876实际强度。本文工作对该材料应用于飞艇结构设计和分析具有参考价值。     

轧制温度和累积应变对累积叠轧焊AZ31镁合金板材组织和性能的影响

通过光学显微镜（OM）、扫描电镜（SEM）和力学性能检测,研究了AZ31镁合金在不同温度和累积应变条件下累积叠轧后的微观组织和力学性能。结果表明：晶粒尺寸随累积叠轧温度降低和累积应变增加而减小;经过3道次的ARB变形后,晶粒细化不再显著,但是组织均匀性得到改善。300℃以上的ARB变形对AZ31板材的强度和延性均有一定...     

金属增材制造零件变形研究现状

金属增材制造(也称为3D打印)被认为是制造业最有前景的技术之一,主要应用在航空航天领域,用于加工传统方法难以制备的大型复杂零件。该技术面临的一个关键瓶颈是零件的变形,这将严重影响零件的尺寸精度,甚至导致零件开裂而无法使用。首先介绍了研究增材零件变形的主要试验方法,明确了激光位移传感器及数字图像相关技术是研究瞬态变形的有效实验手段。然后介绍了变形预测的数值模拟方法,明确了热源模型、热边界条件及材料的力学性能本构是影响变形预测准确性的主要因素。最后总结了当前国内外变形快速计算方法的研究进展及发展动向。     

板料焊接变形测量的数字图像相关法应用研究

针对板料焊接时温度场的极不均匀性导致应变场的复杂性,提出一种基于数字图像相关法的全场、全过程分析板料焊接变形情况的方法。首先,对板料表面进行预处理;然后,利用高速相机拍摄板料焊接及冷却自由变形的全过程,通过数字图像相关技术计算所有图像中变形点的位移;最后,直观地获得板料焊接全场的变形规律。通过对Q235钢板进行氩弧堆焊实验表明,将一种新的3D-DIC技术应用于在线焊接变形中,能得到试件表面在整个焊接过程的全场变形数据,并且在高温焊缝区获得准确的变形规律。该方法攻克长期以来不能实时测量高温焊缝处应变的难题,为数值模拟理论提供验证手段,对揭示焊接变形机理、解决矫正变形问题等具有重要意义。     

室温多向压缩道次变形量对AZ80镁合金力学性能影响

目的 探明室温塑性变形对AZ80塑性、硬度及最大应力等力学性能的影响规律,为其成形工艺参数制定提供依据。方法 对挤压态AZ80镁合金均匀化处理后,在室温下控制道次变形量(0.05、0.075、0.1)及累积应变进行多向多道次压缩变形;利用力学试验机和维氏硬度计分析道次变形量与累积应变对其力学性能的影响。结果 在室温下,当AZ80镁合金单向压缩的真应变达到0.124时会发生开裂,通过小应变多向多道次压缩可以将累积应变至少提高至3.6以上。在道次变形量为0.05、0.075和0.1时,累积应变分别可达到7.5、6和3.7;在累积应变为3.6时,随着道次变形量的增加试样硬度(HV)分别达到94、110和121,较未变形试样硬度(70HV)分别提升了33%、57%和73%。结论 AZ80镁合金通过室温多向多道次压缩有利于改善材料塑性,提高力学性能。其塑性随着道次变形量的减小而提高,硬度和最大应力随道次变形量和累积应变的增加而升高,且道次变形量比累积应变对硬度和最大应力的影响更大。     

基于数字图像相关技术的砂土全场变形测量及其DEM数值模拟

岩土材料在力学性能上表现出各向异性与非线性特征,不同土体的受力变形规律也不相同。为了更真实地反映平面应变状态下土的受力变形特性,研制了一种新型的平面应变加载设备,该设备通过对试样的侧向（围压方向上）施加柔性荷载来降低常规平面应变试验中刚性加载所造成的边界约束影响。同时,搭建了能够得到表面变形识别的数字图像采集系统。在此基础上,利用研制的平面应变设备结合二维数字图像相关技术（2D-DIC）根据获得试验过程中的全场变形来分析福建标准砂在不同围压下的变形特性。另外,通过数字图像相关法得到的平面应变试验结果来确定砂土基于抗滚动摩擦模型的细观参数,并对试验过程进行了离散元分析。结果表明:基于数字图像相关测量技术的新型平面应变试验设备可以准确获得福建标准砂的局部变形规律和变形过程的非线性行为,由此确定的砂土细观参数也能够较为真实地反映试验材料的应力-应变关系。     

Al2O3-ZrO2复相陶瓷压缩变形织构及其对组织性能的影响

采用真空热压烧结法制备了3Y-ZrO2/Al2O3细晶复相陶瓷,对其致密块料进行了高温压缩变形,分析了材料变形前后的显微组织和力学性能.结果显示,XRD及X射线极图显示压缩变形后的陶瓷材料具有明显的织构特征,最大织构强度达到7.3.织构化陶瓷的弯曲强度,断裂韧性和维氏硬度值随应变量的增加呈逐步增大的趋势,最大值分别为933.8MPa,10.4MPa·m1/2和20.4GPa.当真应变很高(1.72)时,力学性能呈现一定幅度的降低趋势.分析表明织构化可以大幅提高材料的力学性能,同时极高变形量下形成的粗化晶粒和大尺寸空洞又导致力学性能的降低.     

块体纳米金属材料力学性能研究进展

简要评述了提高块体纳米金属材料的力学性能的最新研究进展,包括强度、弹性、延展性、应变强化、应变速率敏感性、蠕变、疲劳和摩擦磨损性能;总结了优化其综合力学性能的研究结果;分析了其变形机理,并探讨了纳米金属材料力学性能研究的发展趋势.     

Study on Shear Test of New Style Automotive Structural Adhesive using Digital Image Correlation Method

In this paper, digital image correlation method (DICM) is employed to measure the shear behavior of the spot welding specimens and the ones using adhesive under quasi-static lap shear testing. The images of the specimens' surfaces are captured in real-time by CCD and corresponding computer system. DICM is subsequently used to obtained strain by correlating the images captured before and after deformation. Then, both force-displacement curves and stress-strain curves of the specimens including the cracking load are obtained. The results and analysis show that the mechanical properties of specimens using adhesive compared with the spot welding specimens have an obvious advantage. This paper provides some experimental basis for improving this new type of structural adhesive. In this experiment, the method of non-contact measurement was used to obtain the strain. It has greater significance.     

Superplastic power-law creep of Sn–40%Pb–2.5%Sb peritectic alloy

The power law-creep behavior of superplastic Sn–40Pb–2.5Sb alloys with different grain sizes has been investigated at room temperature. Stress exponent values for these alloys have been determined by indentation creep, conventional creep and uniaxial tension tests in order to evaluate the correspondence of indentation creep results with conventional tests. In all cases, the indentation results were in good agreement with each other and with those of the tensile and conventional creep tests. The average stress exponent values of about 2.6 and 3.0 corresponding to the strain rate sensitivity (SRS) indices of 0.33–0.39, depending on the grain size of the materials, indicate that the grain boundary sliding is the possible mechanism during creep deformation of Sn–Pb–Sb alloys. Within limits, the indentation tests are thus considered useful to acquire information on the creep behavior of small specimens of these soft tin–lead–antimony alloys at room temperature. It is also demonstrated that the indentation creep test provides a convenient method to measure SRS and thereby to assess the ability of a material to undergo superplastic deformation.     

Microstructure,deformation and failure of polymer bonded explosives

Polymer bonded explosives (PBXs) are highly particle filled composite materials comprised of explosive crystals and a polymeric binder (ca. 5–10% by weight). The microstructure and mechanical properties of two pressed PBXs with different binder systems were studied in this paper. The initial microstructure of the pressed PBXs and its evolution under different mechanical aggressions were studied, including quasi-static tension and compression, ultrasonic wave stressing and long-pulse low-velocity impact. Real-time microscopic observation of the PBXs under tension was conducted by using a scanning electron microscope equipped with a loading stage. The mechanical properties under tensile creep, quasi-static tension and compression were studied. The Brazilian test, or diametrical compression, was used to study the tensile properties. The influences of pressing pressures and temperatures, and strain rates on the mechanical properties of PBXs were analyzed. The mesoscale damage modes in initial pressed samples and the samples insulted by different mechanical aggressions, and the corresponding failure mechanisms of the PBXs under different loading conditions were analyzed.     

Strain and crack distribution in concrete during drying

Uneven shrinkage behavior between cement paste and rock aggregate takes place when concrete is subjected to drying. Possible consequences including internal damage and strain distribution need to be researched to understand the changes in concrete properties over time. In this study, strain distributions over the cross section of sliced concrete specimens with age were determined using a digital image correlation method (DICM). After shrinkage had developed, crack distributions were visually observed using a fluorescent epoxy impregnation method (FEIM). High correlation was found between expansive strain at the maximum principal strain distribution obtained with DICM and positions of cracks obtained with FEIM, suggesting that DICM can be applied to the damage evaluation of a concrete cross section over time. Even the present DICM and FEIM studies are results of surface cracking of specimens, which is strongly affected by the water transfer process and resultant three dimensional stress distribution, the following findings were obtained: the area of internal fine cracks increased with increase in aggregate size, correlation was confirmed between the area of fine cracks and macroscopic strain of concrete, and two types of fine cracks were confirmed—cracks restrained by aggregate and interfacial cracks between aggregate and mortar as a result of stress arch formation.     

升温速率对2219铝合金蠕变时效行为的影响

研究2219铝合金在蠕变时效成形过程中,升温速率对其蠕变行为及力学性能的影响规律。实验模拟构件在热压罐中的升温条件,降低材料的升温速率(0.75℃/min),延长其升温时间至4h(某典型构件真实蠕变时效升温时间),分别在0,150,210MPa 3种应力条件及不同的时效时间下进行蠕变实验,并对材料拉伸力学性能和微观组织(TEM)进行分析。结果表明:对比在材料尺度下0.5h的升温条件(5.5℃/min),升温速率的降低,在一定程度上提高了材料的力学性能,并且延长了材料强度达到峰值的时间;铝合金析出相的形状因子随着时效时间呈现先增长,到达峰值后下降的趋势;降低升温速率,材料在升温阶段即已发生了显著蠕变形变,在150MPa和210MPa应力条件下升温阶段的蠕变量分别占总蠕变量的29.28%和21.56%,且蠕变变形量和稳态蠕变速率会随着应力的升高而增加;由此,基于材料尺度(标准蠕变试样)的蠕变时效研究,用于表征构件尺度蠕变时效行为时,须进一步考虑升温速率对其成形及性能演变的影响。     

C* estimation for cracks in mismatched welds and finite element validation

A C^* integral estimation method is proposed for a crack located in the weld with a mismatch in mechanical properties from the surrounding base material. The method involves the definition of an equivalent stress-creep strain rate (ESCSR) relationship based on the mechanical properties of both the weld and base materials and the geometrical dimension of welding seam. The value of creep fracture mechanics parameter C^*, for the mismatched weldment, is then estimated using the proposed ESCSR in conjunction with the reference stress (RS) method where the reference stress is defined based on the plastic limit load and the GE/EPRI estimation scheme. Referring to the equivalent stress-plastic strain (ESPS) curve in R6 and SINTAP procedures, an approximate solution for the ESCSR relationship has been obtained. Detailed formulae for the compact tension (CT) specimens have been derived on the basis of limit load solutions. Nonlinear finite element analysis of 48 cases with various degrees of mismatch in creep behaviour and different dimension of welding seam has been performed for CT specimens. Overall good agreement between the ESCSR method and the FE results provides confidence in the use of the proposed method in practice.     

Evaluation of the mechanical and damage behaviour of tufted non crimped fabric composites using full field measurements

This paper investigates the effect of tufting on the mechanical properties of non crimped fabric (NCF) composites. In-plane behaviour is examined under tension and compression in the axial [0/90] and shear [±45] directions. Cyclic experiments in the bias and axial directions combined with a digital image correlation method (DICM) allow the investigation of damage distribution through the reduction of apparent stiffness and operations on the strain field. The out of plane mechanical response is studied via delamination tests in mode I and mode II. After studying each loading case individually, small structures of both composites are subjected to multi-loadings. Experimental results show that tufting reduces both the in plane stiffness and the strength in the axial direction (by approximately 10%), while it greatly enhances delamination resistance in the normal and shear directions. On the other hand tufts influence on in plane properties is moderate in the bias direction. But large differences were monitored between compression and tension response in the bias direction for standard and tufted composites. Discs punched tests inducing multi-loading (in and out of plane loading) show greater energy absorption but lower failure load for tufted specimens than for untufted. It was found that cyclic loading experiments monitored with DICM yields damage maps that offer a useful insight into damage development. Large damage differences are recorded between different load cases and lay ups. The results also show that the tufts influence the damage progression in the NCF.     

Creep in Wood Under Variable Climate Conditions: Numerical Modeling and Experimental Validation

This paper deals with the modeling of linear viscoelastic behavior and strain accumulation (accelerated creep) during moisture content changes in timber. A generalized Kelvin–Voigt model is used and associated in series with a shrinkage-swelling element depending on the mechanical and moisture content states of materials. The hygrothermal aging due to climatic variations implies an evolution of rheological parameters depending upon moisture content and temperature. Two distinct viscoelastic laws, one for drying and the other for moistening, are coupled according to the thermodynamic principles when wood is subjected to nonmonotonous moisture variations. An incremental formulation of behavior is established in the finite element program CAST3M (Software developed by C.E.A. (Commissariat á l'Energi Atomique) and an experimental validation from tension creep-recovery tests is presented.     

深水静压环境中夹芯结构PUEPM芯材蠕变特性实验研究

通过弹性力学分析,将深水静压环境中夹芯结构芯材力学状态与加套筒静压实验中芯材的力学状态进行对比,提出研究深水静压环境中夹芯结构黏弹性芯材蠕变特性的套筒实验方法;针对三种不同配方的聚氨酯改性环氧基微珠增强吸声体(Polyurethane Modified Epoxy Resin Sound Absorption Materials,PUEPM)芯材开展准静态套筒压缩实验和加套筒蠕变实验,得到了芯材的蠕变性能。结果表明:玻璃微珠含量较低,短切纤维含量较高的分层PUEPM芯材具备较好的蠕变性能;玻璃微珠含量越大,芯材变形回弹性能越好;B型PUEPM芯材具备较好的综合力学性能。     

Characterization of the viscoelastic behavior of bismaleimide resin before and after exposure to high temperatures

Creep and high strain rate mechanical properties, shrinkage strain, and thermal properties of a bismaleimide neat resin after exposure to a high temperature in air were evaluated and compared with the corresponding properties for a pristine resin. Under tension at a strain rate of 6×10^?4 s^?1, the Young’s modulus decreases and Poisson’s ratio increases with temperature, measured up to 310 °C. The tensile creep behavior was determined at stress levels of 12, 24, and 33 MPa at elevated temperatures. At each stress level, the creep compliance curves at different temperatures were shifted horizontally to form a master curve. These creep compliance master curves are nearly identical, indicating a linearly viscoelastic behavior up to 33 MPa. The bismaleimide resin was also exposed to air at other temperatures of 245, 260, and 280 °C for 1500 hours. After exposure to a high temperature, three regimes were observed in the resin through optical micrographs: an outer layer showing darker color, an interior that nearly maintained its original color, and a transition (or reacting) region in between. The average shrinkage on surface was determined as 3.4 % strain after 1500 hours of exposure to 260 °C in air. Compression at a high strain rate using a long split Hopkinson pressure bar shows that the bulk bismaleimide resin is rather insensitive to the exposure to a high temperature, exhibiting only a slight reduction in mechanical properties after 1500 hours of exposure to 245 °C. The uniaxial creep compliance of the neat resin was converted into the Young’s relaxation modulus, which was then used to calculate the Young’s modulus under tension at the strain rate and temperatures involved, and a good agreement was achieved between the calculated results and the experimental data, indicating that the rate-dependent Young’s modulus is the representation of viscoelastic properties.