模拟生物样品的反射式超声CT成像

本文简要介绍了反射式超声ＣＴ成像方法的原理，介绍了远场条件下的ＵＲＣＴ成像算法。对模拟生物样品进行了ＵＲＣＴ成像实验，并对多辐二维ＵＲＣＴ图像，得到了ＵＲＣＴ图像的三维显示。     

调频信号发射超声成像的参数优化与成像实验

研究调频信号发射超声成像中影响成像质量的各种参数,提高现有超声图像的信号噪声比.用仿真计算和声学实验来研究不同调频超声信号发射参数下的成像质量.增加超声发射能量,提高图像的信号噪声比;同时,采用相关算法对接收的超声信号解码,保证图像的轴向精度不会下降.优化了调频信号发射超声成像的发射参数,并得到了仿体的B型超声图像,此图像的质量优于传统成像方法的图像质量.该成像方法能够提高超声图像的信号噪声比,尤其是提高超声衰减严重的深部组织图像的信号噪声比.     

基于GPU的超声弹性成像并行实现研究

为了提高超声弹性成像计算速度,提出使用GPU硬件加速基于互相关技术和相位零估计的弹性成像技术。先描述这两种弹性成像技术的实现细节及特点,然后分析这两种技术的计算密集操作部分的并行化计算可能性,最后通过GPU程序开发工具ArrayFire实现了基于GPU的互相关和相位零估计的超声弹性成像技术。通过模拟和扫描仿真人体组织的弹性成像体模获得的压缩前后数据帧对基于GPU的超声弹性成像方法进行测试与验证。实验结果表明,基于GPU的方法可以大幅提高弹性图计算速度,在处理单帧弹性图条件下,与基于互相关方法比较,加速比达到42,而基于相位零估计的方法在提高数据吞吐量的情况下加速比可达到65。     

HJ-1B卫星红外扫描图像的几何定位和精校正方法研究

根据环境与灾害监测预报小卫星1B星(HJ-1B)携带的红外扫描相机的成像几何特性,提出了一种基于成像过程模拟的几何定位和精纠正方法.该方法首先根据共线方程对HJ-1B红外相机的图像初定位,再基于一幅更高分辨率的已校正的遥感图像,按照红外相机的成像几何模拟生成若干图像块,与待纠正的红外相机图像匹配,用最小二乘修正偏移量,最后根据修正量去校正有误差的星历参数,从而获得整幅图像的精确定位信息.经过模拟数据和MODIS数据的检验,所提出的算法是可行的,定位精度有明显的提高.     

相控阵超声全聚焦成像算法的有限元仿真研究

基于超声相控阵基本理论和全聚焦成像算法(Total Focus Method,TFM),以30 mm厚的Q235钢板中的孔缺陷检测为研究对象,使用ABAQUS有限元软件,建立了相控阵TFM有限元检测模型。根据模拟结果,在MATLAB软件中编写了相控阵TFM成像算法。同时,采用超声多通道实验平台,对构建的TFM有限元检测模型和编写的相控阵TFM算法进行实验验证。实验结果与有限元模拟结果有较好的一致性。     

X射线同轴相衬成像实验

X射线相衬成像技术对软组织成像时比基于衰减的传统X射线成像技术优势明显，现在亟待发展一套广泛适用的相衬成像理论来指导其发展和临床应用．首先介绍了同轴相衬成像及相位成像的原理，随后根据菲涅耳．基尔霍夫衍射理论，利用数值模拟的方法研究微焦点源的尺寸对图像可见度的影响，最后在数值模拟结果指导下通过实验室直径为50μm的微焦点源X射线成像系统获得了厚度为150μm左右塑料气泡膜的相衬图像．     

松质骨组织的若干超声参量成像方法

介绍了两种松质骨组织超声参量成像方法,即宽带超声衰减成像和超声传导速度成像,概述了这两种基于透射法的成像方法的基本原理以及应用情况．并指出了采用超声透射法参量成像时存在的问题。然后对基于背散射法的超声背散射系数成像方法的可行性进行了分析和讨论,最后对进一步的研究工作进行了展望。     

基于支持向量回归模型的医学超声图像去噪研究

医学超声成像技术以其固有的时效性、廉价性及无损性等特点被医疗诊断广泛应用。但超声图像存在的斑点噪声增加了图像解译程度,影响了图像分析与诊断。因此,医学超声图像去噪研究成为超声影像预处理中的关键问题。本研究基于目前医学超声图像去噪研究现状,引入支持向量学习理论,通过含斑图像做对数变换和分解,构建基于支持向量回归模型的局部自适应去斑算法。实验仿真表明,基于支持向量回归模型能够成功地去除超声图像的噪点,同时保障了超声图像的细节特征,其优越的性能超过了传统的去噪方法。     

电容成像技术及其应用

过程成像技术是近十多年来发展起来的一种新型过程检测技术，可以广泛应用于石油、化工、电力及冶金等行业中的两相流测量。本文结合清华大学自动化系过程成像小组研制的电容成像系统，介绍了电容成像技术的发展和现状，包括电容成像基本原理、微电容测量电路和图像重建算法等。论文给出了现有系统在小型流化床模拟装置上进行测量和连续图像重建的实验结果，并进行了分析。此外，论义对电容成像技术今后的发展作出了展望。     

多路CCD成像不均匀性校正算法

在多路CCD成像中,每路图像之间存在不均匀性,造成这种不均匀性的因素十分复杂,常规算法常无法将所有因素都考虑,影响了校正效果.根据图像的非均匀性特征,论文提出了一种基于场景的,采用两点校正理论,利用每路图像之间的线性关系来进行校正的方法,与传统两点校正算法和多点校正算法校正结果进行对比,给出了对比实验的校正结果.这种算法不需要标准辐射图像就可对多路CCD图像进行实时校正.为多CCD成像系统校正提供了一种有效的方法.     

生物声学成像中声速不均匀性解决方法的研究进展

对于以超声波为载体的生物医学声学成像(如超声、光声和磁声成像等)技术,为了简化问题,常在假设待测组织内声速恒定的前提下,重建组织内的声阻抗、光吸收分布、光学特性参数分布或者电导率分布等。但是,实际生物组织内部的声速是存在差异的(最大可达10%),因而在此假设前提下重建出的图像通常是不准确的。在介绍声速不均匀性对声学图像重建影响的基础上,对超声、光声和磁声成像中解决声速不均匀问题的主要方法,特别是光声层析成像中重建组织内声速分布的主要方法进行总结和归纳,讨论各自的优点和不足,并展望未来的可能发展方向。     

非线性参量B/A超声成像的仿真与仿体实验研究

非线性参量B/A是描述生物组织非线性效应的重要参量,其对组织特性的敏感度较线性参量高出1~2个数量级。将非线性参量B/A用于生物组织成像,更有利于组织定征与医学超声诊断。目前已有的B/A成像效果大多依赖于B/A测量技术的准确性。为了获取较好的B/A成像,通过仿真与仿体实验比较了有限振幅声波法测量非线性参量B/A的几种经典方法,仿真和仿体实验结果均表明:扩展比较法(Extended Comparative Method,ECM)测量准确性高,其测量误差低于3%。运用该方法结合滤波反投影仿真实现B/A参量层析成像,成像结果能较好描述简单组织中的B/A参量分布。     

视窗模型的分类及其在影像学中的研究进展

视窗模型(Window Chamber,WC)是直接在动物活体上研究疾病的发生、发展、及其对治疗药物的反应,尤其对各种肿瘤的研究,提供了很好的平台。目前常用的视窗模型有脊背视窗模型、乳腺视窗模型、脊柱视窗模型以及颅脑视窗模型,目前对其成像方式多种多样,包括荧光成像、超声成像、磁共振(Magnetic Resonance Imaging,MRI)及核医学(Positron Emission Tomography,PET)成像。这些成像方法的发展对于研究视窗内组织的血管、代谢及药物的治疗效果具有重要意义,有利于深入了解疾病进展及研究疾病治疗新方法。     

Fast ultrasound imaging simulation in K-space

Most available ultrasound imaging simulation methods are based on the spatial impulse response approach. The execution speed of such a simulation is of the order of days for one heart-sized frame using desktop computers. For some applications, the accuracy of such rigorous simulation approaches is not necessary. This work outlines a much faster 3-D ultrasound imaging simulation approach that can be applied to tasks like simulating 3-D ultrasound images for speckle-tracking. The increased speed of the proposed simulation method is based primarily on the approximation that the point spread function is set to be spatially invariant, which is a reasonably good approximation when using polar coordinates for simulating images from phased arrays with constant aperture. Ultrasound images are found as the convolution of the PSF and an object of sparsely distributed scatterers. The scatterers are passed through an anti-aliasing filter before insertion into a regular beam-space grid to reduce the bandwidth and significantly reduce the amount of data. A comparison with the well-established simulation software package field II has been made. A simulation of a cyst image using the same input object was found to be in the order of 7000 times slower than the presented method. Following these considerations, the proposed simulation method can be a rapid and valuable tool for working with 3-D ultrasound imaging and in particular 3-D speckle-tracking.     

Fast dynamic performance optimization of complicated beam-type structures based on two new reduced physical models

In this article, two new model reduction methods for fast dynamic performance optimization of complicated beam-type structures are presented. In the new model reduction methods the projection of structural nodal degrees of freedom is carried out using the localized base vectors, which are obtained by physical hypothesis. The first new model reduction method constructs the base vectors based on the assumption of block-wise rigid body motion modified by minimizing the displacement error measured in strain energy. The second new model reduction method is based on the plane cross-section assumption, and the cross-sectional warp deformation is also taken into consideration. Then, two reduced optimization models based on each method and design variable decomposition are formulated and solved. Both reduced optimization models are compared with the response surface method-based structural optimization approach. Some examples are presented to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed methods.     

Toward a real-time simulation of ultrasound image sequences based on a 3-D set of moving scatterers

Data simulation is an important research tool to evaluate algorithms. Two types of methods are currently used to simulate medical ultrasound data: those based on acoustic models and those based on convolution models. The simulation of ultrasound data sequences is very time-consuming. In addition, many applications require accounting for the out-ofplane motion induced by the 3-D displacement of scatterers. The purpose of this paper is to propose a model adapted to a fast simulation of ultrasonic data sequences with 3-D moving scatterers. Our approach is based on the convolution model. The scatterers are moved in a 3-D continuous medium between each pair of images and then projected onto the imaging plane before being convolved. This paper discusses the practical implementation of the convolution that can be performed directly or after a grid approximation. The grid approximation convolution is obviously faster than the direct convolution but generates errors resulting from the approximation to the grid?s nodes. We provide the analytical expression of these errors and then define 2 intensity-based criteria to quantify them as a function of the spatial sampling. The simulation of an image requires less than 2 s with oversampling, thus reducing these errors. The simulation model is validated with first- and second-order statistics. The positions of the scatterers at each imaging time can be provided by a displacement model. An example applied to flow imaging is proposed. Several cases are used to show that this displacement model provides realistic data. It is validated with speckle tracking, a well-known motion estimator in ultrasound imaging.     

The ICON beamline - A facility for cold neutron imaging at SINQ

The beamline for Imaging with COld Neutrons (ICON) at Swiss spallation neutron source (SINQ) at Paul Scherrer Institut has a flexible design to meet the requests from a wide user community. The current status of the beamline and its characteristics are described. The instrumentation includes three experimental positions from which two are equipped with digital camera based imaging detectors. Tomographic imaging is among the standard methods available at the beamline. Advanced methods such as energy-selective imaging and grating interferometry are available as instrument add-ons which are easily installed.     

Parallel beamforming using synthetic transmit beams

Parallel beamforming is frequently used to increase the acquisition rate of medical ultrasound imaging. However, such imaging systems will not be spatially shift invariant due to significant variation across adjacent beams. This paper investigates a few methods of parallel beam-forming that aims at eliminating this flaw and restoring the shift invariance property. The beam-to-beam variations occur because the transmit and receive beams are not aligned. The underlying idea of the main method presented here is to generate additional synthetic transmit beams (STB) through interpolation of the received, unfocused signal at each array element prior to beamforming. Now each of the parallel receive beams can be aligned perfectly with a transmit beam--synthetic or real--thus eliminating the distortion caused by misalignment. The proposed method was compared to the other compensation methods through a simulation study based on the ultrasound simulation software Field II. The results have been verified with in vitro experiments. The simulations were done with parameters similar to a standard cardiac examination with two parallel receive beams and a transmit-line spacing corresponding to the Rayleigh criterion, wavelength times f-number (lambda x f#). From the results presented, it is clear that straightforward parallel beamforming reduces the spatial shift invariance property of an ultrasound imaging system. The proposed method of using synthetic transmit beams seems to restore this important property, enabling higher acquisition rates without loss of image quality.     

Despeckling of medical ultrasound images

Speckle noise is an inherent property of medical ultrasound imaging, and it generally tends to reduce the image resolution and contrast, thereby reducing the diagnostic value of this imaging modality. As a result, speckle noise reduction is an important prerequisite, whenever ultrasound imaging is used for tissue characterization. Among the many methods that have been proposed to perform this task, there exists a class of approaches that use a multiplicative model of speckled image formation and take advantage of the logarithmical transformation in order to convert multiplicative speckle noise into additive noise. The common assumption made in a dominant number of such studies is that the samples of the additive noise are mutually uncorrelated and obey a Gaussian distribution. The present study shows conceptually and experimentally that this assumption is oversimplified and unnatural. Moreover, it may lead to inadequate performance of the speckle reduction methods. The study introduces a simple preprocessing procedure, which modifies the acquired radio-frequency images (without affecting the anatomical information they contain), so that the noise in the log-transformation domain becomes very close in its behavior to a white Gaussian noise. As a result, the preprocessing allows filtering methods based on assuming the noise to be white and Gaussian, to perform in nearly optimal conditions. The study evaluates performances of three different, nonlinear filters--wavelet denoising, total variation filtering, and anisotropic diffusion--and demonstrates that, in all these cases, the proposed preprocessing significantly improves the quality of resultant images. Our numerical tests include a series of computer-simulated and in vivo experiments.     

压缩感知在医学超声成像中的仿真应用研究

为了解决医学超声成像系统中面临的采样率高,数据量大的问题,提出将压缩感知理论方法用于医学超声成像。首先建立了超声信号在时域的稀疏表达模型,然后利用模拟信息转换器对信号进行稀疏采样,最后使用最优化方法完成回波信号重建,利用合成发射孔径方式完成最终超声成像。为了验证算法的有效性,利用Field II对点目标以及复杂组织目标进行了仿真实验,在均方误差、分辨率、对比度以及成像质量上与常规成像结果对比分析。结果表明,采用1/2奈奎斯特采样频率,以30%原始数据所完成的成像仍然可保证良好的图像质量。采用压缩感知理论可以大幅度降低医学超声系统的采样率及总数据量。