浅论如何正确使用"检测"、"检验"术语

0引言 质检技术机构在开展工作时,使用频率最高的两个术语是"检测"和"检验".什么情况下使用"检测"?什么情况下使用"检验"?很多人没有认真去研究,因而在"检测"和"检验"两个术语的使用上十分混乱,经常出现对同一事物或工作,有时说"检测",有时说"检验".     

"黄泉"的得名与元稹通州诗

"黄泉"一词始见<左传·隐公元年>"不及黄泉,无相见也".杜预注:"黄泉,地中之泉".此处"地中之泉",即"地中的泉水",喻指"阴间"或"人死之后去的地方".     

趣话"时滞"与"提前量"

现代照相机尽管性能卓越、功能繁多,但会受"时滞"的影响--照片成像与取景屏中即时看到的影像出现差别,尤其在拍摄运动物体(动体)时,譬如赛马,取景屏中明明看到的是马头,照片中记录的却是马尾……"时滞"无疑成了摄影的潜在"影像杀手".     

摄影创作的"诗外功夫"

编者按:李英军影友两次荣获本刊"咱们中国人"全国摄影大赛的大奖,本文既是他的创作体会,又是他成功的经验,相信会给读者一定的启发. 写诗歌的有句名言"功夫在诗外".摄影创作也有"诗外功夫".摄影创作的"诗外功夫"还真不少.     

新闻标题要力求"准"中求"新"

概括讲,新闻报道的标题是用精准的词语,对新闻报道的内容和中心思想的富有特色的浓缩和概括.新闻报道标题质量的高低,是对编辑和记者新闻编导修养和素质的一种检验.因此,新闻报道的标题必须力求"准"中求"新".     

现代包装设计中的"意境"和"留白"

中国画的"意境"和"留白"是中国文化和艺术的精髓,也是世界文化的宝贵财富.随着我国经济和文化的迅猛发展,人们对商品包装也有了新的要求,已经从"物质需求"发展到更高层次的"精神需求".本研究通过对"意境"和"留白"的分析和探讨,提出了符合现代包装设计审美需求的新观念和新方法.     

"主持研究者"与"指导师"的含金量效应

无论千什么工作,都需要"研究",尤其科技工作者与教育工作者,更离不开研究.平时工作的研究,无须确定"主持研究者"与"非主持研究者",而对于"课题"、"项目"的研究,就需要确定"主持研究者".特别是教师的教育科学研究,除了"主持研究者"之外,还涉及到"指导师",而在科技实践研究成果中,"主持研究者"与"指导师"的含金量,直接影响着"科技"效应.     

抓住发展新机遇建筑"印机"新高地上海"紫光"、"紫宏"联手召开"2002年用户信息交流会"侧记

被我国印机行业誉为中国装订机械"龙头老大"的上海紫光机械有限公司和上海紫宏机械有限公司,日前在春意盎然的上海联手召开"2002年用户信息交流会".     

期待"包装"创新

"包装"已成了人类挥霍地球有限资源和浪费人类自身创造的财富及人力的一个"无底洞".这并非危言耸听和信口胡扯,而是摆在我们眼前的事实.     

利乐荣获"改革开放30周年外贸企业"杰出贡献奖

利乐公司近日在北京荣获"改革开放30周年外资企业杰出贡献奖".此次评选活动是由新华网、《参考消息》,《经济参考报》等多家知名媒体联合举办的.     

广告创意中形象的作用

作为一种视觉文化,广告广泛地传播关于世界、社会的信息,且大部分是通过图像的表征,即图像符号.广告创意中的图像符号通过视觉形象对广告传播起了独特的作用,我们要明确的区别形象的载体与文字、意义的载体,然后去探讨这些对于说服大众去利用广告传播的影响.     

强化环保意识发展"绿色包装"

近些年来,与日俱增的包装垃圾给环境保护带来相当大的压力,成为各国政府颇感头痛的问题.一些发达国家迫于资源危机和防治污染的双重压力,纷纷开发"绿色包装".目前,包装材料资源再生回收利用已在欧美等发达国家形成工业体系.其成功经验和作法值得我们借鉴.美国实施包装废弃物处理收费与重复使用.据美国<包装文摘>介绍佛罗里达州政府正积极推行<废弃物处理预收费法>,简称ADF,把处理包装废弃物的费用让自由选择商品消费者承担.为了鼓励包装容器生产商支持该法律的实施,ADF规定只要达到一定的回收再利用水平即可申请免除包装废弃物的税收,根据美国环保局(DEP)每年各种材料回收率,凡回收达50%以上的容器可免除预收费,以鼓励所有生产者保证他们的产品至少有一半可收利用,目前美国每年的废旧纸盒回收量高达4000万t以上,回收的包装旧纸盒利用化学方法处理后可重复利用.     

商标:企业的形象产品的护卫

商标,一枚方寸图案,人们有很多十分形象的表述:有人说它是为商品鸣锣开道的使者,是把企业产品介绍给顾客的"红娘",是企业产品的"护身符",是开启市场的"金钥匙",是产品走向市场的"通行证",是企业跨入国际市场的"金护照".没有自己的商标,就没有自己的市场.随着市场竞争的日益激烈和改革开放的不断深化,商标在经济活动中的地位和作用日益显著.     

差值法与比值法的误差修正效果比较研究及应用

差值法与比值法对不同测量系统的误差修正效果不一样.本文将两种方法的比较用一个比值来描述,并用推得的公式进行量化表示.在进一步的应用研究中,理论分析与实验数据相互印证,同时得到许多有益的结论,有助于全面掌握测量系统的误差来源,从而灵活选择各种修正方法以获得更加准确的测量结果.     

Method of including the anisotropy of the optical properties of the surface and the nonunidimensionality of the system in determining the effective radiation

Based on the method of successive substitutions, an integral equation is derived in which multiple reflections are explicitly identified. This equation is used provide simple methods of estimating the local effective radiation of two-dimensional and three-dimensional systems of surfaces, with due regard for the anisotropy of their optical properties. A cylindrical cavity confined by the surface of a right circular cylinder with a side pyrometric hole is treated as an example. The results obtained by the suggested method are compared with the data of direct solution of an integral equation for the two-dimensional problem.     

人机结合效率的实验研究

为了研究人机结合效率的高低，通过对操作复杂程度不同的器材进行实验分析：在同一教练员的组织下，不同层次的学习对象的人机结合效率；在不同教练员的组织下，同一层次对象的人机结合效率。通过实验研究表明：学习对象层次或教练员不同，其人机结合效率都存在着明显差异。同时探讨了一些教学方面的对策。     

对“实验室资质认定评审准则“中“改进“要素的理解

本文对《实验室资质认定评审准则》中的"改进"管理要素结合实际管理经验总结的个人粗浅认识与理解.     

Reflections on the fable of the caliph,the ten architects and the philosopher

This paper discusses whar are the proper criteria for decision-making in planning and design. A parable introduces three principles by which to justify decisions: the principle of indifference or chance, the principle of absolute truth and the principle of idoneity, where the idoneus is ‘that which is proper to, and conforms with, the ends and intentions’.     

Study on the interaction between the shape and the temperature field of the melt in the electromagnetic shaping process

Based on analyses for the electromagnetic pressure on the melt and the heat induced in the melt, the ratio of heat to pressure Q₀/P_m is defined, to give the relationship between Q₀/P_m and the thickness a, the electromagnetic parameter (μγ) of the melt and the electric current frequency f under the electromagnetic confinement and shaping process. If Q₀/P_m is large, any adjustment to the melt shape will easily cause a variation of the temperature in the melt. In this situation, there appears to be a more sensitive interaction between the shape and the temperature field and a more narrow adjustment range for the process. Experiments on thin plate samples with a cross-section of 6 mm×18 mm are done with two kinds of induction coils. The results show that when a coil with a trumpet inside wall is used and the positions of the melt top and the S/L interface are properly selected, the melt periphery is nearly vertical and the temperature gradient ahead of the S/L interface is high. Under these conditions, a more stable and wider coupling between the shape and the temperature field is continuously maintained and samples with a smooth surface and unidirectional crystals are successfully obtained.     

Study on the interaction between the shape and the temperature field of the melt in the electromagnetic shaping process

Based on analyses for the electromagnetic pressure on the melt and the heat induced in the melt, the ratio of heat to pressure Q₀/P_m is defined, to give the relationship between Q_o/P_m and the thickness a, the electromagnetic parameter (μγ) of the melt and the electric current frequency/under the electromagnetic confinement and shaping process. If Q_o/P_m is large, any adjustment to the melt shape will easily cause a variation of the temperature in the melt. In this situation, there appears to be a more sensitive interaction between the shape and the temperature field and a more narrow adjustment range for the process. Experiments on thin plate samples with a cross-section of 6 mm × 18 mm are done with two kinds of induction coils. The results show that when a coil with a trumpet inside wall is used and the positions of the melt top and the S/L interface are properly selected, the melt periphery is nearly vertical and the temperature gradient ahead of the S/L interface is high. Under these conditions, a more stable and wider coupling between the shape and the temperature field is continuously maintained and samples with a smooth surface and unidirectional crystals are successfully obtained.