Fe基非晶合金涂层在晶化过程中的硬度与组织变化

对等离子喷涂含Cr，Ni，W，Mo，C，Si等合金元素的Fe-B基非晶合金涂层进行了100～730℃不同温度4h热处理试验。差热分析结果表明，涂层的急剧结晶温度在590℃附近。热处理试验结果表明，在450℃以下热处理时，涂层仍基本保持非晶态，硬度变化不大。在450～610℃之间热处理时，随温度升高，涂层逐渐晶化，析出以Fe23(C，B)6和Fe23B6相为主的硬质相和富Fe相，在590℃左右获得晶粒尺寸约为20nm纳米晶组织，涂层硬度随温度升高急剧增大，在610℃左右硬度达到最大值，约1270HV。在630～730℃之间热处理时，富Fe相逐渐成为主要相，并有Fe23(C，B)6，Fe23B6，Fe2B和FeB等多种硬质硼化物相形成，晶粒尺寸随温度升高长大并形成树枝晶，涂层硬度逐渐降低。     

机械球磨制备纳米双相Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe永磁材料及晶化行为研究

机械球磨氲气保护下的铸态Nd8Fe86B6合金,并进行晶化处理,制备了纳米双相Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe永磁材料.用XRD、TEM和DSC等手段研究了不同球磨工艺和晶化处理工艺对纳米双相Nd8Fe86B6材料组织结构影响.同时研究了非晶态Nd8Fe86B6材料的晶化行为.结果表明延长球磨时间,Nd2Fe14B相迅速细化形成非晶,α-Fe的晶粒尺寸逐渐减小,25h后趋于定值(约为7nm).球磨时间越长,所需完全晶化的温度越高,晶化后粉末的晶粒越小且越均匀.在晶化过程中,非晶态Nd8Fe86B6首先形成Nd4 4Fe77.8B17.8、Nd1.1Fe4B4、Nd2Fe14B和α-Fe四相混合物.升高温度,最后得到Nd2Fe14B相和α-Fe相,但最终产物中仍有少量未分解的Nd1.1Fe4B4相.     

Fe_(73.5)Si_(13.5-x)Ge_xB_9Cu_1Nb_3(x=3,6)非晶合金的结晶动力学

用标准单辊甩带技术在大气环境下制备Fe73.5Si13.5-x Gex B9Cu1Nb3(x=3,6)非晶条带,分别在470℃、510℃、550℃和590℃对非晶条带进行真空等温退火1 h后,在非晶基体中形成了纳米晶相。用X射线衍射(XRD),透射电镜(TEM)和差示扫描量热法(DSC)测量研究了快淬态和热处理后样品的结构和结晶动力学。基于差热分析的数据,使用Kissinger,Ozawa和AugisBennett模型计算了非晶条带的结晶激活能,利用Johnson-Mehl-Avrami(JMA)方程计算了非晶条带初始结晶的局域Avrami因子n。局域Avrami因子n随晶化体积分数α的显著变化说明,非晶条带非等温初始结晶的机理在不同的晶化阶段是不同的。晶化初期的机理是扩散控制的三维形核和晶粒生长的整体晶化,形核速率逐渐减小;晶化中后期为一维形核和生长的表面晶化过程,形核速率近似为零。基于XRD和TEM测量结果,分别在510℃、550℃和590℃真空等温退火1 h后,在Fe73.5Si13.5-x Gex B9Cu1Nb3(x=3,6)非晶条带中析出的α-Fe(Si,Ge)相的平均晶粒尺寸D小于15 nm。     

热处理对羟基磷灰石涂层相组成、表面形貌与结合强度的影响

羟基磷灰石(HA)涂层的喷涂及其后处理工艺对其组织结构和结合强度具有重要影响.比较了热处理对不同粒度HA涂层相组成、表面形貌与结合强度的影响,为该类涂层制备工艺的优化提供实验依据.采用等离子喷涂法在纯钛表面制备了不同粒度的HA涂层,对其进行650℃不同保温时间的后热处理.利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜和电子拉伸机检测了涂层的相组成、表面与断口形貌及剪切结合强度等.结果表明,涂层经650℃保温0.5h热处理后,非晶相和分解相基本全部转变为结晶HA.经热处理晶化后,涂层表面生成300nm以下的微粒子,双重涂层BC表面更易形成.粗粉末涂层CC和BC热处理后的剪切强度提高,而细粉末涂层FC则相反;HA涂层的剪切断裂主要是发生在涂层与基体间的界面上.     

真空气氛下非晶硅碳氮(SiCN)陶瓷的高温晶化行为

以六甲基二硅氮烷为单一前驱体,采用电热裂解化学气相沉积技术制备了SiCN陶瓷. 借助X射线衍射仪、透射电子显微镜研究了真空环境中非晶SiCN陶瓷在1300～1900℃范围内的晶化行为,并根据研究结果,运用分解-结晶机理解释了其晶化过程. 非晶SiCN陶瓷在低于1300℃开始发生分解,形成富Si-C区域,并最终发生β-SiC结晶. 其结晶度随热处理温度的升高而愈加明显.在1700℃处理时发生β-SiC→α-SiC相变. 分解形成的N-难以与Si-结合形成富Si-N区域,最终以N₂形式溢出,在整个热处理温度范围没有出现氮气下热处理时存在的Si₃N₄结晶.     

Mn掺杂快淬NdFeB永磁体磁性能研究

在前期研究工作的基础上,从热磁重(TMA)测量出发对快淬Nd9Fe85-xMnxB6(x=0～2)的相关磁性能及交换耦合效应作了进一步的研究.发现在最佳的热处理条件下,一定的Mn掺杂能提高快淬NdFeB的磁性能,特别是矫顽力最大能提高20%左右,但是更高的Mn掺杂量会导致矫顽力和最大磁能积的明显下降.XRD显示快淬态的NdFeB样品的晶化程度随Mn掺杂量提高而提高,但在最佳的热处理条件下所有的快淬NdFeB样品都包括硬磁性相Nd2Fe14B和软磁性相α-Fe.热磁重(TMA)测量显示一直随着Mn掺杂量提高到2%(原子分数),硬磁性相Nd2Fe14B的居里温度(Tc)在不断下降,但是α-Fe的Tc却随Mn掺杂量提高而提高.认为磁性能和居里温度改变是因为形成了δ-Mn和R2Fe23B3相.当Mn掺杂量较低时高温下有δ-Mn形成并和α-Fe产生交换耦合作用导致α-Fe的居里温度升高,而当Mn掺杂量提高到2at%时形成的R2Fe23B3相固溶δ-Mn相才导致α-Fe的居里温度下降.     

纳米复合Pr2Fe14B/α-Fe永磁材料晶化行为和磁性能的研究

利用熔体快淬和晶化处理方法制备了Pr2Fe14B/α-Fe纳米复合永磁材料.采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)、差热分析(DTA)、磁性测量(VSM)等方法对合金的晶化行为和磁性能进行研究.结果发现对于Pr2Fe14B/α-Fe熔体快淬永磁粉末,α-Fe相析出温度对材料升温速率敏感,可通过提高升温速率尽量使α-Fe和Pr2Fe14B两相的析出温度接近,但难以找到一个温度使两相同时大量析出.(Pr8.2Fe86.1B5.7)0.99Zr1淬态合金在963K时,会生成亚稳相Pr2Fe23B3,使磁性能恶化,延长晶化热处理时间或增高晶化热处理温度均可使亚稳相分解.合金在合适的条件下热处理后,材料磁性能较淬态样品有明显提高.     

钛合金表面激光熔覆Ni基合金涂层中析出相热力学模拟计算

采用横流CO2激光器在TC4合金表面熔覆Ni基合金涂层,对激光熔覆层的微观组织、析出相、各合金元素在γ-Ni和M23C6相中含量变化进行了研究.结果表明,熔覆层可分为三个区:熔覆区、结合区和基体热影响区.熔覆区由γ-Ni,TiB2,TiC,M23C6和Ni3B相组成,其中,TiB2,TiC和M23C6细小颗粒均匀分布于γ-Ni初晶上,共晶组织由γ-Ni和Ni3B组成.为揭示TC4合金表面激光熔覆Ni基合金涂层在3500～500K温度范围的相组成及组织变化规律,利用Thermo-Calc软件及相应Ni基合金数据库对TC4合金表面激光熔覆Ni基合金涂层凝固过程中各析出相进行了热力学计算分析,研究了熔覆层中γ-Ni,TiB2,TiC,M23C6和Ni3B各相相对含量和B,C,Cr,Fe,Ni,Ti元素在γ-Ni和M23C6相中的含量随温度变化关系,为TC4合金表面激光熔覆Ni基合金涂层成分设计和工艺优化提供理论依据.     

电沉积RE-Ni-W-B-B4C-MoS2复合镀层的性能研究

研究了RE-Ni-W-B-B4C-MoS2复合镀层在不同氧化温度和时间下的抗高温氧化性，结果显示：当温度小于800℃时，RE-Ni-W-B-B4C-MoS2复合镀层被氧化的程度较小；温度超过800℃，氧化膜的增重呈直线增加，RE-Ni-W-B-B4C-MoS2复合镀层的硬度随着热处理温度的升高而增加，当热处理温度达到400℃时，复合镀层的硬度升到极大值（1368HV）；若继续升高温度，镀层硬度逐渐降低，RE-Ni-W-B-B4C-MoS2复合镀层的耐磨性经400℃热处理后最好，工艺条件对RE-Ni-W-B-B4C-MoS2复合镀层的表面形貌影响较大，随着电流密度或镀液温度的升高，复合镀层结晶粗，晶粒大；反之，镀层结晶细，表面晶粒细小。RE-Ni-W-B-B4C-MoS2复合镀层的镀态下以非晶态为主，部分已晶化，当经500℃热处理后，复合镀层已晶化；经800℃热处理后，CeO2和B4C仍以化合物的形式存在，由此可以说明，CeO2和B4C的加入，可以提高RE-Ni-W-B-B4C-MoS2复合镀层的热稳定性。     

K403镍基合金Al-Cr涂层组织转变及取向与应力的影响

用物理冶金常用的分析手段对不同取向的K403单晶和多晶材料渗态和高温长时热暴露条件下Al-Cr涂层的组织转变进行分析,研究应力对涂层组织的影响。结果表明,在900℃下,Al-Cr涂层组织稳定性极佳,可经受5000h热暴露。晶体取向对涂层的形成与转变无明显影响,但对σ相的排列与取向有明显作用。此外,应力加速了涂层的增厚和析出相的沉淀与粗化。在1050℃以上,涂层的β→γ转变在1000h内可完成,包括,σM6C相在内的析出相明显粗化,造成涂层组织严重损伤。     

Effect of Permeable Crystalline Material on Steel Reinforcement Corrosion of Concrete

Permeable crystalline materialcan permeate into pores and cracks of concrete and catalyze the reaction between Ca(OH) 2and unhydrated cement to generate a great quantity needle non-soluble crystals, which can stop up the pores and cracks of concrete, and increase the impermeability of concrete. This paper reported the results of a study conducted to evaluate steel reinforcement corrosion of concrete specimens uncoated and coated with permeable crystalline material as well as mixed with the permeable crystalline material. The properties evaluated for corrosion test were water impermeability, water absorption, compressive strength and potential. The results of water impermeability, water absorption, compressive strength clearly showed that the permeable crystalline material could prohibit water, any soluble salts and moisture from penetrating the concrete to cause corrosion, leaking, and other problems, and it did increase the compressive strength, which was favorable for protection of corrosion of reinforcing steel. Moreover, it was concluded from the potential-time curve that the steel reinforcement of uncoated specimen was in the state of activation whereas that of other specimens coated and mixed with the permeable crystalline material was in the state of inactivation. Above all, it was indicated that the permeable crystalline materialis very effective to protect the steel reinforcement of concrete from corrosion.     

The Research and Application About "Dry Peeling Off" Technology for Airplane Surface Paint Layer

In this paper, the principle of spurting take off lacquer were introduced; and with orthogonal method the unsaturate polyester was prepared ;it was easy to peel airplane paint layer off with this material and equipment.     

Quality Study of Honeycomb Core Shaping Without Wax Stabilization

Sandwich panels utilizing honeycomb cores result in lightweight, high-strength units that are very rigid. Indeed, they give honeycomb panels the best strength-to-weight ratio of any construction type available. Conventionally, the wax is poured into the cell of the core to strengthen the structure and prevent the core from being crushed during milling. Much time and labor is required to wax, mill, and clean the cores. In this study, the process of pouring wax into the core was skipped. In other words, the cutter directly milled the core. Experiments showed that the compressive strength of the core produced without wax stabilization was only 3% lower than that of cores produced using the traditional method. In addition, the drum peel strengths of cores produced without wax stabilization were 38.4% higher than cores produced using the traditional method, in which residual wax seriously polluted the adhesive. It was also found that eliminating the wax process can reduce costs.     

In-process thermal treatment of polylactic acid in fused deposition modelling

Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the most widely used open source fused filament fabrication materials due to its ease of extrusion, biodegradability, and mechanical strength. The mechanical strength of PLA largely depends on the proper growth of its semi-crystalline structure, which can be severely impaired by a low rate of crystallization, particularly in open source printers. This can be further aggravated by the non-uniform thermal distribution of heat that causes improper curing among the extruded beads of the printing material. As a result, PLA printed on open source printers does not achieve the best mechanical properties. This research, for the first time, proposes an additive-free solution implemented through a detailed set of experimentation to improve the curing rate through in-process temperature variations to cure the joints among the beads. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is used to confirm the improvements in the bead joints. This work is conducted in two phases of experiments. In the first phase, a full factorial ANOVA is used to investigate various process parameters and the important variables are used in the second phase to print test specimens in four different sets.     

Investigation of the Corrosion Behaviors of HVOF-Sprayed Carbide Cernet Coatings in Molten Al-Zn-Si Alloy Bath

In continuous hot-dip galvanization process the corrosion and chemical stability of the sink roll in the galvanizing bath are important problem which effects on the quality and productivity. In order to protect the sink roll the carbide cermet and/or ceramic coatings were deposited on the surface of the sink roll. The WC-, Cr3 C2-cermet coatings were deposited by high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spray, respectively. The coating samples were immersed in molten Zn-alloy containing 50 wt % aluminum at 833 K for 24 hr and 144 hr, respectively. The inter-diffusion and inter-reaction of Zn, Al and elements in coating and corrosion behaviors of these coatings were investigated by XRD, SEM and EPMA etc. The corrosion mechanisms of the carbide cermet coatings and ceramic coatings in molten High Al-Zn-alloy were approached.     

Fundamental study of adhesion of ice to cooling solid surface (Discussion on influence of copper oxide layer on ice adhesion force)

In many situations, ice often adheres to a cooling solid surface, frequently causing serious accidents. It is critical to clarify the mechanism of ice adhesion to the cooling surface in order to prevent ice adhesion. In a past study, the shearing stresses of two kinds of test plates with a copper surface having the higher thermal conductivity were measured. The shearing stress corresponds to ice adhesion force. Both shearing stresses were significantly different; however, the cause remains unclear.Therefore, the present study focuses on an oxide layer as the main factor causing the difference of both shearing stresses; the influence of the oxide layer formed on shearing stress was discussed. And in the removal and reformation processes of the oxide layer, the time variation of the shearing stress was clarified. Moreover, the relationship between the state of the copper surface and the shearing stress was also clarified by surface analysis.     

重塑标准推行格局 推动LED照明的普及（英文）

正When you are enjoying the green,energy-saving and healthy lighting of IKEA LED luminaire,you may not realize that most of IKEA’s LED bulbs are produced by the LED luminaire smart manufacturing system of Hangzhou Zhongwei Photoelectricity CO.,LTD(ZVISION).No longer enclosed in the laboratory,the product standards are brought into the factory workshop and even to the entire production process.Thus,the standards are promoted and applied in a favorable way by enterprises,benefitting consumers with high quality products.     

Chinese Experts Contribute to ISO＇s New Toy Standards

正The international standard,ISO 8124-6,Safety of toys–Part 6:Certain phthalate esters in toys and children’s products,was officially issued by ISO worldwide on August 15.It was the first time for Chinese experts to lead the ISO standard development in toys industry.The standard was drafted by a group of Chinese experts from SAC/TC for toys and relevant Chinese departments and finally completed by a dedicated international group of experts.ISO 8124-6 makes a substantive breakthrough in the aspects of the scope of toys,limitation of plasticizer types,control of test cost,accuracy of test,operation convenience,etc.,offering the operational guidance for toy manufactures and testing laboratories.     

中国质量(北京)大会(英文)

正Themed on"quality,innovation,development",the first China Quality Conference(Beijing)was held in the Great Hall of the People on September 15.Chinese Premier Li Keqiang delivered an important speech at the conference.State Councilor Yang Jing and Wang Yong attended the conference with over 600 domestic and international representatives from foreign,regional and international quality organizations     

National Working Meeting on Land and Resources Standardization

正The National Working Meeting on Land and Resources Standardization was held in Beijing on July 15,2014.Wang Min,the Deputy-Minister of the Ministry of Land and Resources,and Yin Minghan,the Chief-Engineer of SAC addressed the meeting.Representatives from relevant competent departments and technical committees were present.The meeting aims to summarize work,discuss existing problems and make clear working thoughts,promoting standardization work of land and resources to a new level.Wang Min pointed out that the standardization work of land and resources should be centered on the basic principles of"protecting land and resources dutifully,intensively and economically utilizing land and resources,and making all-out efforts to safeguard the public’s rights and interests",highlighted the