Cf/ZrC-ZrB2-SiC-C超高温陶瓷复合材料的显微结构表征

利用X-射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜对Cf/ZrC-ZrB2-SiC-C超高温陶瓷复合材料的相组成、纤维/热解碳层的界面特征和超高温陶瓷基体的显微结构特征进行了表征。在碳纤维表面有一层厚度为2～3μm石墨化程度较高的热解碳界面层,该界面层可以避免采用PIP工艺制备超高温陶瓷基体时可能对碳纤维造成的损伤。热解碳层与碳纤维之间为弱机械结合,其界面间分布着20～30 nm的ZrC纳米颗粒。Cf/ZrC-ZrB2-SiC-C超高温陶瓷复合材料基体主要由ZrC,ZrB2,SiC和石墨相(Cg)组成。基体中石墨的(002)面沿着ZrC,ZrB2或SiC的表面生长。在石墨与ZrB2和石墨与SiC的界面没有观察到取向关系,界面处既没有反应层也没有非晶相存在。在石墨与ZrC之间存在ZrC(111)∥Cg(002),ZrC[110]∥Cg[010]的取向关系。ZrB2和SiC之间也没有界面反应和非晶层存在。     

交替层状PP/PPCB中β晶的形成及机理EI北大核心CSCD

利用多层共挤出设备制备了不同层数的聚丙烯(PP)/聚丙烯+炭黑(PPCB)交替多层材料,利用偏光显微镜和差示扫描量热仪探索了PP/PPCB多层复合材料中β晶的形成和机理。实验结果表明:将多层样品在130℃进行等温结晶后,PP层形成了扇形β晶,成核点位于PP层和PPCB层的界面处。β晶的结晶度与PP层的厚度有关,形成机理与界面处的应力集中有关。当应力集中被消除后不再产生β晶。     

交替层状PP/PPCB中β晶的形成及机理

利用多层共挤出设备制备了不同层数的聚丙烯(PP)/聚丙烯+炭黑(PPCB)交替多层材料,利用偏光显微镜和差示扫描量热仪探索了PP/PPCB多层复合材料中β晶的形成和机理。实验结果表明:将多层样品在130℃进行等温结晶后,PP层形成了扇形β晶,成核点位于PP层和PPCB层的界面处。β晶的结晶度与PP层的厚度有关,形成机理与界面处的应力集中有关。当应力集中被消除后不再产生β晶。     

复合界面层对SiCf/SiC复合材料力学损伤行为的影响

SiC_f/SiC陶瓷基复合材料在航空航天领域具有广阔的应用前景,其界面层设计是研究重点。研究表明,复合界面层可以有效提升陶瓷基复合材料的抗氧化性能,但其对材料力学性能及损伤机制的影响尚不明确。本研究利用化学气相渗透法(CVI)制备得到具有BN及(BN/SiC)₃复合界面层的小复合材料,探究了复合界面层对SiC_f/SiC复合材料失效机制的影响。基于两种力学加载实验结合声发射探测分析了两种界面层小复合材料的损伤过程。实验结果表明,利用CVI制备的小复合材料界面结构清晰,基体致密。两类小复合材料均具有SiC_f/SiC陶瓷基复合材料的典型力–位移曲线,不同界面层小复合材料损伤过程具有不同的力声特征。通过两类力学加载试验的声发射特征能够有效分析小复合材料各阶段损伤发展情况。本实验中BN及(BN/SiC)₃复合界面层SiC_f/SiC小复合材料最大承受载荷分别为139和160 N,复合界面层小复合材料中的多层界面具有更强的偏转裂纹能力,降低裂纹延伸至纤维的速度,进而提高...     

锌液中的Al含量对热冲压钢锌层组织的影响

采用热镀锌模拟实验装置在四种不同铝含量锌液中进行连续热镀锌实验,分别制备出具有不同锌层组织的热冲压钢。用扫描电镜、能谱仪和辉光放电光谱仪等手段研究了锌液中不同铝含量对热冲压钢镀层组织形貌的影响。结果表明,在不同铝含量的锌液中热冲压钢均具有良好的可镀性,锌液中的铝含量对锌层/钢界面处的合金层组织、形貌、化学成分和锌层光亮性均有较大的影响。在光亮退火过程中钢板表面发生锰、硅等元素的富集及选择性氧化,且Mn-Si氧化物与锌液中的铝发生氧化还原反应。锌液中的铝含量(质量分数,下同)为0.11%时,锌层/钢界面处形成了连续的ζ相;当锌液中的铝含量为0.17%时,锌层/钢界面处由Fe-Al相和ζ相组成;当铝含量为0.25%时,界面层主要为粗糙的Fe2Al5颗粒;铝含量为0.43%时颗粒状的Fe2Al5相消失,界面层变得光滑。同时,随着锌液中铝含量的提高锌层的光亮性逐渐变差。     

高强度聚焦超声作用下体模组织温度上升研究

为研究高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)作用下组织温度上升规律,建立了高强度聚焦声场和组织温度场有限元仿真模型,并通过体外辐照实验对仿真模型进行了验证。通过仿真对水和组织域中的聚焦声场进行建模,计算吸收声能并将其用作热源以计算组织内的温升。进一步制备仿生物组织凝胶体模,利用热电偶进行HIFU作用下体模组织焦点处的测温。结果表明:该模型可有效预测HIFU治疗时的温度上升,与实验所得温度误差不超过 3℃;体模组织受到超声辐照时温度会立即升高,起初温升速率较快,随着辐照时间延长,温升速率逐渐降低,停止辐照后温度立即下降。     

高强度聚焦超声热疗中组织损伤的一种监测方法

用特定频率和功率的高强度聚焦超声（HIFU）照射离体猪肉组织,研究了焦点区域的B超图像变化与HIFU导致的组织损伤之间的关系,并研究了M超信号变化和温度的相关性。结果表明：逐渐增加HIFU照射次数,焦点区域组织变性,B超图像发生明显改变。靶区内灰度超过设定的阈值的区域面积增大,区域内灰度升高,两者均与照射次数成近似线性关系;模拟加热实验中M超信号也随温度升高而变化,其变化较B超更显著。与以往的方法相比,实验系统可以实时地检测到组织损伤的程度和范围,提供了一种新的可视化的HIFU治疗实时监测方法。     

CVI法制备的C/PyC/Si-C-N复合材料弯曲行为研究

采用CVI方法制备出了以Si-C-N陶瓷为基体、以热解碳为界面的碳纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料(C/PyC/Si-C-N).用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析了C/PyC/Si-C-N的断口形貌,用三点弯曲法测试了C/PyC/Si-C-N的弯曲行为.研究结果表明:在1600℃以下,C/PyC/Si-C-N的弯曲强度随温度的升高而增加,弹性模量基本保持不变并略有增加;随温度的升高,PyC界面层较厚的区域其界面结合会逐渐变强,而界面层厚度非常小或无界面层的区域其界面结合会逐渐变弱.     

NEPE推进剂/衬层/绝热层界面扫描电镜原位拉伸试验

采用原位拉伸扫描电镜试验,对高能硝酸酯增塑聚醚(NEPE)推进剂/衬层/绝热层的拉伸破坏过程进行了原位观测。通过标记点的方法,定量获得了NEPE推进剂、衬层和绝热层的变形。结果表明:在NEPE推进剂/端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)衬层界面处存在厚约40μm的高模量层,该高模量层对于NEPE推进剂/衬层界面的黏结性能有重要作用。原位拉伸试验有助于了解界面区的黏结状态,可为配方改进和老化性能研究提供支撑。     

Zn对钢/铝异种金属搅拌摩擦焊接头界面组织及性能的影响

采用离子喷涂方法在钢侧喷涂厚度为0.4 mm的Zn粉,对厚度同为3 mm的6005A-T6铝合金与S420MC钢板进行搭接搅拌摩擦焊实验。采用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和显微硬度等方法研究Zn对焊缝界面形貌、微观组织结构、力学性能及界面生长的影响。结果表明:无Zn层钢/铝接头和有Zn层钢/铝接头均在界面处形成了搅拌焊特有的"飞边",并延伸至铝基体中形成机械咬合接头,界面处均有AlFe,AlFe_3,Al_(13)Fe_4金属间化合物产生。有钢质颗粒弥散分布在无Zn层的钢/铝接头的铝基体中。Zn的添加降低了界面反应层厚度,钢/铝搅拌摩擦焊界面结合方式为"机械+冶金"。接头断裂位置均在界面处,无Zn层钢/铝断裂接头为典型的"韧-脆"混合型断裂,有Zn层钢/铝接头为韧性断裂。最高显微硬度值从无Zn层接头的388HV降低到有Zn层接头的210HV。     

The role of numerical simulation for the development of an advanced HIFU system

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has been used clinically and is under clinical trials to treat various diseases. An advanced HIFU system employs ultrasound techniques for guidance during HIFU treatment instead of magnetic resonance imaging in current HIFU systems. A HIFU beam imaging for monitoring the HIFU beam and a localized motion imaging for treatment validation of tissue are introduced briefly as the real-time ultrasound monitoring techniques. Numerical simulations have a great impact on the development of real-time ultrasound monitoring as well as the improvement of the safety and efficacy of treatment in advanced HIFU systems. A HIFU simulator was developed to reproduce ultrasound propagation through the body in consideration of the elasticity of tissue, and was validated by comparison with in vitro experiments in which the ultrasound emitted from the phased-array transducer propagates through the acrylic plate acting as a bone phantom. As the result, the defocus and distortion of the ultrasound propagating through the acrylic plate in the simulation quantitatively agree with that in the experimental results. Therefore, the HIFU simulator accurately reproduces the ultrasound propagation through the medium whose shape and physical properties are well known. In addition, it is experimentally confirmed that simulation-assisted focus control of the phased-array transducer enables efficient assignment of the focus to the target. Simulation-assisted focus control can contribute to design of transducers and treatment planning.     

Feasibility of MR-temperature mapping of ultrasonic heating from a CMUT

In the last decade, high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has gained popularity as a minimally invasive and noninvasive therapeutic tool for treatment of cancers, arrhythmias, and other medical conditions. HIFU therapy is often guided by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which provides anatomical images for therapeutic device placement, temperature maps for treatment guidance, and postoperative evaluation of the region of interest. While piezoelectric transducers are dominantly used for MR-guided HIFU, capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) show competitive advantages, such as ease of fabrication, integration with electronics, improved efficiency, and reduction of self-heating. In this paper, we will show our first results of an unfocused CMUT transducer monitored by MR-temperature maps. This 2.51 mm by 2.32 mm, unfocused CMUT heated a HIFU phantom by 14 degrees C in 2.5 min. This temperature rise was successfully monitored by MR thermometry in a 3.0 T General Electric scanner.     

Improved charge separation properties of organic hetero-junction solar cells by self-assembled monolayers anchored Ag nanoparticles

We investigate the effect of self-assembled monolayers and localized surface plasmons of silver nano-particles on an organic solar cell consisting of zinc phthalocyanine as an active layer. The device was fabricated by covalent attachment of silver nanoparticles on n-type silicon substrates using self-assembled monolayer of 4-mercaptophenol. Power conversion efficiency is increased up to 8 times as compared to a reference device with merely 0.13% photo-conversion efficiency containing no self-assembled monolayers and silver nano-particles. We believe that improved conductivity at the interface due to the aromatic self-assembled monolayer and the increased local electric field experienced by the active layer in presence of silver nano-particles act in synergy towards the higher population of excitons and dissipation of charge.     

Thermal behaviour and particle size evaluation of primary clusters in a water-based magnetic fluid

This paper reports the experimental research on thermal behaviour and particle size evaluation of primary clusters of ferromagnetic nano-particles in a water-based magnetic fluid. The magnetic fluids are suspensions of ultra fine particles coated with a molecular layer of dispersant in a liquid carrier such as water or kerosene. The particles are coated with single- or double-layer of surfactant to achieve stable dispersion. Numerous experimental studies have indicated the existence of the primary cluster of ferromagnetic nano-particles in a water-based magnetic fluid. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the particle size of the primary clusters by applying the Einstein's equation for Brownian motion assuming that the primary cluster has a spherical-shape. The thermal behaviour of ferromagnetic nano-particles in magnetic fluids is investigated through the micro visualization using the optical darkfield microscope system and particle tracking velocimetry data processing system. Real-time visualization of the Brownian motion of primary clusters in a water-based magnetic fluid was carried out. The experimental results clarified that the primary cluster size depends upon the concentration of the ferromagnetic nano-particle in the magnetic fluid.     

Thermal behaviour and particle size evaluation of primary clusters in a water-based magnetic fluid

This paper reports the experimental research on thermal behaviour and particle size evaluation of primary clusters of ferromagnetic nano-particles in a water-based magnetic fluid. The magnetic fluids are suspensions of ultra fine particles coated with a molecular layer of dispersant in a liquid carrier such as water or kerosene. The particles are coated with single- or double-layer of surfactant to achieve stable dispersion. Numerous experimental studies have indicated the existence of the primary cluster of ferromagnetic nano-particles in a water-based magnetic fluid. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the particle size of the primary clusters by applying the Einstein’s equation for Brownian motion assuming that the primary cluster has a spherical-shape. The thermal behaviour of ferromagnetic nano-particles in magnetic fluids is investigated through the micro visualization using the optical darkfield microscope system and particle tracking velocimetry data processing system. Real-time visualization of the Brownian motion of primary clusters in a water-based magnetic fluid was carried out. The experimental results clarified that the primary cluster size depends upon the concentration of the ferromagnetic nano-particle in the magnetic fluid.     

用于高强度聚焦超声热消融的PAA模块:模块的制作及声学参数的测量

目的研制一种透明的用于高强度聚焦超声热消融的PAA模块,并对其声学参数进行测量。方法观察模块浓度的不同所致颜色与透明度的变化,并对PAA模块的声学特性包括密度、声速及声衰减进行测量。结果(1)PAA模块为透明的琥珀色,蛋白浓度越高,颜色越深,透明度越低。(2)PAA模块的密度与水相近,为1.0250g/cm3至1.0617g/cm3。声速与模块浓度之间有明显的相关性。声衰减从0.125dB/cm至0.329dB/cm,随着模块密度与探头频率的增加而增加。结论PAA模块是一种较好的用于高强度聚焦超声热消融的均质仿体,实验结果有较好的重复性。     

纳米粒子填充PTFE复合材料及其界面研究

综述了国内外纳米粒子填充PTFE摩擦副材料的研究现状;通过对纳米粒子填充PTFE的减摩抗磨机理的探讨,指出粒子与基体界面间的粘结强度对复合材料的耐磨性是至关重要的,同时还指出现有研究对两者间界面处理缺少必要的关注;结合复合材料界面处理机理和PTFE表面粘结机理,提出了纳米粒子填充PTFE复合材料界面改性新方法.     

A High-Precision US-Guided Robot-Assisted HIFU Treatment System for Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women. A strong treatment candidate is high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), a non-invasive therapeutic method that has already demonstrated its promise. To improve the precision and lower the cost of HIFU treatment, our group has developed an ultrasound (US)-guided, five-degree-of-freedom (DOF), robot-assisted HIFU system. We constructed a fully functional prototype enabling easy three-dimensional (3D) US image reconstruction, target segmentation, treatment path generation, and automatic HIFU irradiation. The position was calibrated using a wire phantom and the coagulated area was assessed on heterogeneous tissue phantoms. Under the US guidance, the centroids of the HIFU-ablated area deviated by less than 2 mm from the planned treatment region. The overshoot around the planned region was well below the tolerance of clinical usage. Our system is considered to be sufficiently accurate for breast cancer treatment.     

不同形貌纳米Fe3O4颗粒磁流体的传动性能

选用无规则、正八面体和六方片状形貌的纳米Fe3O4磁性颗粒制备的磁流体,通过设计、组装磁流体传动性能测试仪,探讨了磁流体传动性能与传动盘间距、传动盘之间的转速差的关系,并研究了磁流体中纳米磁性颗粒的形貌对磁流体传动性能的影响。结果表明,在传动盘间隙一定时,磁流体传递扭矩的大小在磁性粒子未达到其饱和磁化强度时,传递扭矩大小随感应磁场强度增大而迅速增大,但随着磁感应强度的进一步加大,磁性粒子逐步达到其饱和磁化强度,磁流体传递扭矩大小的增长减缓,最后几乎不再增大;传动盘之间的间隙对磁流体传递扭矩的大小影响很大,间隙越大,传递的扭矩越小;传动盘之间的转速差对磁流体传递扭矩的大小影响较小,在低转速差下传递的扭矩随转速差的增加而有所增加,但超过一定的转速差后,由于磁流体的剪切稀化效应,传递的扭矩将有所减小。另外,磁流体中磁性粒子的形貌对磁流体传递扭矩的大小有一定的影响,正八面体形貌的磁性粒子相对于无规则和六方片状形貌的磁性粒子,其磁流体能够传递更大的扭矩。