改性蒙脱土处理含油废水的研究

以蒙脱土为基质,通过浸渍法将表面活性物质对蒙脱土进行功能化修饰后,研究改性后蒙脱土对废水中油类物质的脱除效率。研究了表面活性剂链长、改性蒙脱土用量、吸附时间、温度、废水pH及蒙脱土修饰前后对废水中除油率的影响。结果表明,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)改性蒙脱土用量为2.0g(25mL含油水样),35℃,搅拌90min,pH=7,废水中油的脱除率达90.32%。本研究将对化工行业废水中油的深度脱除具有重要的应用价值。     

含腐殖酸类有机物模拟废水超滤过程研究

研究了用中空纤维超滤膜组件净化含腐殖酸类有机物模拟废水的过程.考察了料液中Ca2 浓度、离子强度和pH值对超滤过程的影响.实验结果表明,由于Ca2 与腐殖酸分子发生络合反应,随着料液中Ca2 浓度的增大,膜污染程度加剧;料液离子强度的变化改变了腐殖酸分子的构型和溶质分子之间以及溶质分子与膜面之间的相互作用,随着溶液离子强度的增大,膜通量下降程度增大;料液pH值的降低减少了腐殖酸分子链上官能团中H 的离解度,随着pH值的降低,膜污染程度增大;同时,随着料液中Ca2 浓度、离子强度的增大以及pH值的降低,膜对腐殖酸的脱除率降低.     

脱漆剂脱漆速度的主要影响因素分析

脱漆剂脱漆速度的快慢影响其使用推广,影响脱漆速度的因素既有脱漆剂本身,也有使用环境或基体材料等条件.讨论了脱漆剂的主要成分、工作温度以及经不同转化膜处理的金属基材等因素对脱漆剂脱漆速度的影响.结果表明,作为脱漆剂的主溶剂只有与带有羟基、胺基等活性官能团的溶剂复配使用,脱漆速度才能明显提高;加入促进剂可以提高脱漆速度,能够脱除一些强耐腐蚀性的漆膜;铝基氧化膜上的漆膜比铁基转化膜上的漆膜更容易脱除.本研究结果为脱漆剂的应用提供了依据.     

基于虚拟力场的海洋涡旋空间显著形状提取算法及应用

基于海洋涡旋表面形态特征和"虚拟力场的形状提取方法",提出了一种海洋遥感图像涡旋空间显著形状提取自动检测方法.首先采用常规检测算子对海洋遥感影像进行涡旋边缘的提取,并对其进行矢量化,继之在涡旋边缘进行参数化的基础上分析计算作用于边缘曲线之间的吸引力和融化力,最后采用一定的优化策略经过逐次迭代自动提取海洋涡旋的显著形状,并以多景不同来源的遥感影像为例,进行了各种海洋涡旋空间形状定量提取的实例研究,验证了该方法对于形态非常复杂的涡旋识别与提取的有效性.     

海洋沉积物的分析及表面有机—无机成分的表征

用 ICP—AES 及 ICP—MS 方法对香港12个海洋沉积物及厦门9个海洋沉积物中的有毒重金属元素进行了相态分析;用 GC—MS 方法分析了这两个地区海洋沉积物中的 PAH's;用多种表面分析技术对海洋沉积物表面无机—有机组分的相互作用进行了表征。根据实验结果对香港及厦门地区的环境污染状况行了评价。     

不同初始结构碳纤维石墨化进程趋同性研究

为优化碳纤维的石墨化工艺,利用拉曼光谱对碳纤维在石墨化过程中的结构变化进行了研究,分析比较了两种碳纤维石墨化进程的异同.结果表明:纤维在高温下发生脱氮与石墨化转变反应,脱氮反应会在石墨微晶中留下分子级空洞,氮原子脱除越多,微晶内空洞越多;石墨化转变促使石墨微晶生长、结构完善.两种纤维氮元素含量不同造成其初始结构不同,氮含量越低,纤维石墨化程度越高.氮原子脱除程度不同引起两种纤维石墨化进程存在差异,热处理温度高于1 800℃时,不同初始结构碳纤维中的氮原子都脱除完全,纤维中碳化学结构趋于相同,石墨化进程出现趋同性.     

茶树基因组DNA测试方法概述

在查阅国内外关于茶树DNA测试方法研究文献的基础上,结合茶树DNA测试方法的现状,对茶树基因组DNA的主要测试方法进行了归纳,指出了DNA的提取、定量及其分子标记三类测试方法研究中的主要进展,并对DNA提取过程中的主要影响因素、分子标记方法的优缺点进行了评述,提出对茶树中DNA测试方法实行标准化,是实现茶树的种质资源鉴定、优良品种选育的重要途径。     

基于矢量水听器的浅海背景噪声分析方法研究

本文在研究浅海背景噪声场矢量理论的基础上,通过对比不同季节、不同海洋气象环境下获取的长期观测数据,提取海洋背景噪声矢量特征,结合典型声压与振速频谱分析方法以及声压与振速比值谱分析方法总结不同季节、不同海洋气象环境下的规律,并对风生海洋背景噪声谱特征进行了统计建模.     

消除法制备低氯漂白紫胶及机理

在漂白紫胶乙醇溶液中加入乙醇钠(一种亲核试剂),选择性与紫胶分子中结合氯的碳原子反应,脱除漂白紫胶中的氯,制备了低氯漂白紫胶。研究乙醇钠加入量、反应温度和反应时间对脱氯效果的影响。结果表明:100g漂白紫胶中加入4.2g的乙醇钠,在90℃反应90min脱氯效果最佳;最佳反应条件时,产品中氯的质量分数为0.28%,远低于脱氯前的2.6%。紫外光谱分析表明,漂白紫胶最大吸收峰的波长由236nm蓝移至222nm,脱除结合氯后最大吸收峰的波长值恢复。通过亲核消除反应,乙醇钠能脱除漂白紫胶的结合氯,漂白紫胶脱氯前后的结构不同。     

废SCR脱硝催化剂中砷元素赋存形态与氧化碱浸脱除

以燃煤电厂废SCR脱硝催化剂为研究对象,通过XPS、ICP等检测方法研究废催化剂中杂质As元素的含量及赋存形态,发现废SCR催化剂中As元素存在形态为As2 O3与As2 O5.采用氧化碱浸技术,将难与NaOH反应的As2 O3氧化为更易反应的As2 O5,实现不同价态As元素的深度脱除.分别研究了氧化剂种类、氧化剂浓度、浸出剂浓度、反应温度、时间、液固比等因素对As元素脱除率的影响规律.结果表明,当反应温度为30℃、反应时间为4 h、H2 O2浓度为5％(质量分数)、NaOH浓度为10％(质量分数)、液固比为2 mL/g时脱砷效果最佳,废催化剂中As含量由1334×10-6降低至50×10-6,脱除率达到98.5％.所得产物为脱砷后催化剂,主要由锐钛矿型TiO2与少量WO3组成.通过EPR、XPS技术对H2 O2强化浸出的反应机理进行研究,发现废SCR催化剂中V元素主要以V4+、V5+两种价态存在,其与NaOH反应生成的HV2 O5-、VO43-和H2 O2引发的类Fenton反应,可产生具有强氧化性的羟基自由基,将难以脱除的As3+氧化为更易溶于碱液的As5+,提高As元素的脱除率.     

Approaches for the simultaneous extraction of tetrabromobisphenol A, tetrachlorobisphenol A, and related phenolic compounds from sewage sludge and sediment samples based on matrix solid-phase dispersion

A procedure based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) for sample preparation in the analysis of some bromophenols and halogenated bisphenols in sediments and sludges has been developed. For the first time ever, MSPD was applied for the extraction of organic contaminants from sediment and sewage sludge samples. The influence of experimental conditions on the yield of the extraction process and on the efficiency of the built-in cleanup step was thoroughly evaluated. Analysis of the extracts was performed by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis coupled with photodiode array ultraviolet detection, using large-volume sample stacking injection based on the electroosmotic flow pump as an on-column preconcentration technique. The method was applied to the analysis of real sludges from urban sewage treatment plants, as well as river and marine sediment samples.     

Vertical distribution of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in sediment core from Thane Creek area of Mumbai, India

In recent years there has been a growing concern all over the globe about the marine pollution due to persistent organic pollutants. Sediments, which is an important component of marine environment can serve as sorbent or concentrator for various persistent organic pollutants including Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). Transport and fate of PCB congeners in sediment depends on their physicochemical characteristics. In this study, the depth profile of accumulated PCBs in Thane Creek sediments of Mumbai, India, was studied. The sediment core samples were collected using a gravity corer, processed and analysed for different PCB congeners. Analysis of PCBs in the sediment samples were carried out using gas chromatography system equipped with electron capture detector. The study on vertical distribution of PCBs in sediment could reflect the geochemical history including changes due to anthropogenic releases into the system. The surface segment shows the downward trend for these compounds, indicating slow phase out of PCBs after ban. The concentration and composition of different homologues varies at different depth. An attempt has also been made to find out the various sources of PCBs which could have contributed to these compounds by performing factor analysis over the observed concentrations of the PCB compounds in the core sediment.     

Determination of the quaternary ammonium surfactant ditallowdimethylammonium in digested sludges and marine sediments by supercritical fluid extraction and liquid chromatography with postcolumn ion-pair formation

To study the phasing-out of the quaternary ammonium surfactant ditallowdimethylammonium cation (DTDMAC), concentrations of the cation in anaerobically stabilized sewage sludges were determined before and after its replacement by better degradable compounds. DTDMAC was quantitatively extracted from digested sludges using 380 atm of supercritical CO(2) modified with 30% methanol at 100 °C. Determination of DTDMAC was performed by normal-phase HPLC with postcolumn ion-pair formation and extraction with no sample cleanup. Mean concentrations of DTDMAC in sludges from five different municipal sewage treatment plants in Switzerland decreased from 3.67 g/kg (in 1991) to 0.96, 0.47, and 0.21 g/kg of dry sludge in 1992, 1993, and 1994, respectively. The precision of the method in digested sludge for 0.1-6.0 g/kg of dry matter, as indicated by the relative standard deviation, was typically 7%. The influence of the sample matrix was studied by performing supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) in coastal marine sediments. While SFE and a conventional liquid extraction method gave equal DTDMAC concentrations in sludges, the extraction of marine sediment samples yielded 30-40% higher DTDMAC values for SFE compared to those obtained by liquid extraction. The 94% drop in DTDMAC concentrations in digested sludges is due to the replacement of this substance and is a clear result of the producers' voluntary ban on its use in Europe.     

The use of the Novosol process for the treatment of polluted marine sediment

The work presented in this article concerns polluted marine sediments. The article is divided into three parts. The first part discusses existing industrial procedures of treatment. The second part introduces the Novosol((R)) process, which was used for the treatment of polluted marine sediments. This process is based on the stabilization of heavy metals in the solid matrix by phosphatation and the destruction of organic matter by calcination. Finally, after a comparison had been made between environmental results obtained on both polluted marine sediments and inert ones, treated sediments were introduced in the production of clay bricks. The results obtained show that the Novosol process leads to the immobilization of most heavy metals and can be considered as an efficient tool for the stabilisation of polluted marine sediment. Thus, the results of physical and mechanical tests as compressive strength and water absorption indicate that performances obtained were comparable to standard brick values. These results confirm that, once treated, polluted sediments can be recycled.     

Heavy metal removal from sediments by biosurfactants.

Batch washing experiments were used to evaluate the feasibility of using biosurfactants for the removal of heavy metals from sediments. Surfactin from Bacillus subtilis, rhamnolipids from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and sophorolipid from Torulopsis bombicola were evaluated using a metal-contaminated sediment (110mg/kg copper and 3300mg/kg zinc). A single washing with 0.5% rhamnolipid removed 65% of the copper and 18% of the zinc, whereas 4% sophorolipid removed 25% of the copper and 60% of the zinc. Surfactin was less effective, removing 15% of the copper and 6% of the zinc. The technique of ultrafiltration and zeta potential measurements were used to determine the mechanism of metal removal by the surfactants. It was then postulated that metal removal by the biosurfactants occurs through sorption of the surfactant on to the soil surface and complexation with the metal, detachment of the metal from the soil into the soil solution and hence association with surfactant micelles. Sequential extraction procedures were used on the sediment to determine the speciation of the heavy metals before and after surfactant washing. The carbonate and oxide fractions accounted for over 90% of the zinc present in the sediments. The organic fraction constituted over 70% of the copper. Sequential extraction of the sediments after washing with the various surfactants indicated that the biosurfactants, rhamnolipid and surfactin could remove the organically-bound copper and that the sophorolipid could remove the carbonate and oxide-bound zinc. Therefore, heavy metal removal from sediments is feasible and further research will be conducted.     

Removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol from a solution by humic acids repeatedly extracted from a peat soil

Humic acid (HA) is one of the major components of soil organic matter. It strongly affects the sorption behavior of organic and inorganic contaminants in soils. To obtain a better understanding of the interactions of contaminants with HA, a repeated extraction technique has been applied to a peat soil to obtain HA fractions with varying aliphaticity and aromaticity, which were subsequently correlated to the sorption properties of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP). HA fractions were extracted repeatedly using an alkaline solution and each HA fraction was separated into two portions with an air-drying or re-suspending (denoted as RSHAs) process. Solid-state (13)C NMR and elemental analysis demonstrated that the aromaticity and polarity of HAs decreased with extractions. Kinetic results indicated that air-dried HAs exhibited two-step first order sorption behavior with a rapid stage followed by a slower stage. The slower sorption is attributed to the diffusion of 2,4,6-TCP in the condensed aromatic domains of HAs. Conversely, sorption of 2,4,6-TCP on RSHAs was extremely rapid and could not be fitted with any kinetic model. For air-dried HAs the sorption capacity (K(oc)) was weakly correlated with the chemical compositions of HAs. However, a positive trend between K(oc) and aromaticity was observed for RSHAs. Compared with the results of air-dried HAs with their counterparts of RSHAs, it is therefore concluded that air-drying may alter the structure of HAs through artificially creating a more condensed domain in HAs. The structural alternation may result in an incorrect interpretation of the relationship between sorption capacity and chemical composition of HAs and a misjudgment of the transport behavior of 2,4,6-TCP in soils and sediments.     

Determination of detergent-derived fluorescent whitening agent isomers in lake sediments and surface waters by liquid chromatography

A method for the quantitative determination of three different fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) in lake sediments and surface waters is described. Stereoisomers of the two main laundry detergent FWAs of the diaminostilbene type (DAS 1) and of the distyrylbiphenyl type (DSBP), as well as total BLS (a compound contained in detergents until a few years ago), were quantitated in sediments and water from Greifensee, a small lake in Switzerland. The freeze-dried sediments were extracted in an ultrasonic bath using methanol with tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate as an ion-pairing reagent. Aqueous samples were extracted with C18 extraction disks, which were subsequently eluted by methanol with tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate. Both extracts from solid and aqueous samples were analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Fluorescence detection was applied after postcolumn UV irradiation. Analytical reproducibility ranged from 1 to 12% (relative standard deviation). Limits of quantitation were 1-11 μg/kg of dry matter and 0.2-3 ng/L for solid and aqueous samples, respectively. Recoveries ranged from 93 to 100% and from 87 to 95% in solid and aqueous samples, respectively. Concentrations of DAS 1 and DSBP ranged from 0.4 to 1.4 mg/kg of dry matter in top sediment layers and from 12 to 98 ng/L in lake water. Concentrations of BLS were between 0.02 and 0.08 mg/kg of dry matter in top sediment layers and <0.2 ng/L in lake water.     

Determination of gamma-emitting radionuclides in the inter-tidal sediments off Balochistan (Pakistan) Coast, Arabian Sea

Natural radionuclide contents of 226Ra, 228Ra and (40)K were studied for inter-tidal sediments collected from selected locations off the745 km long Balochistan Coast using HPGe detector based gamma-spectrometry system. The sampling zone extends from the beaches of Sonmiani (near Karachi metropolis) through Jiwani (close to the border of Iran). The natural radioactivity levels detected in various sediment samples range from 14.4 +/- 2.5 to 36.6 +/- 3.8 Bq kg(-1) for 226Ra, 9.8 +/- 1.2 to 35.2 +/- 2.0 Bq kg(-1) for (228)Ra and 144.6 +/- 9.4 to 610.5 +/- 23.9 Bq kg(-1) for (40)K. No artificial radionuclide was detected in any of the marine coastal sediment samples. 137Cs, (60)Co, 106Ru and 144Ce contents in sediment samples were below the limit of detection. The measured radioactivity levels are compared with those reported in the literature for coastal sediments in other parts of the world. The information presented in this paper will serve as the first ever local radioactivity database for the Balochistan/Makran Coastal belt of Pakistan. The presented data will also contribute to the IAEA's, Asia-Pacific Marine Radioactivity Database (ASPAMARD) and the Global Marine Radioactivity Database (GLOMARD).     

硫酸盐还原菌对海底泥中Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ti阳极的腐蚀影响

通过电化学交流阻抗(EIS)、扫描电镜(SEM)和表面能谱(EDS)等方法测试A1-Zn-In-Mg-Ti牺牲阳极在不含和含硫酸盐还原菌(Sulphate Reducing Bacteria,SRB)两种海泥中的腐蚀行为,研究海泥中SRB对其腐蚀行为的影响.电化学研究表明:试样在不含SRB海泥中的腐蚀电位一直高于在含S...