冰浆冰蓄冷方法发展现状分析

该文详细地介绍了冰浆在食品保鲜、奶制品加工、制冷以及矿井降温等不同领域的应用前景,与其他制冷方法相比,研究发现冰浆蓄冷制冷法具有流动性强、蓄冷能力强和无污染等其他制冷方式无法代替的优势。通过对比目前比较成熟的冰浆制取技术方法,分析了过冷法、接触法、刮削法、真空法等几种不同冰浆制取技术各自的优缺点,详细的介绍了流化床法制取冰浆的优缺点。通过该研究发现流化床法制取冰浆技术是1种传热效率高、不发生冰堵的具有较大应用潜力的冰浆制取方法。但是流化床法制取冰浆技术还不成熟,需要进行系统的研究。     

真空搅拌法流态冰制备特性的实验研究

本文设计了一套真空搅拌法流态冰制取装置,对冰浆的生成全过程进行了观测,通过实验研究了乙二醇添加剂、溶液体积、搅拌速度等因素对冰浆形成过程过冷状态的影响。结果表明:真空状态下冰浆的制取需经历溶液蒸发、沸腾、过冷及冰晶生成这四个阶段;冰晶生成瞬间系统的压力会发生突增,压力的升值即过冷结晶压差可用于表征过冷程度的高低;平均过冷结晶压差随乙二醇添加剂浓度的增大而减小,当乙二醇浓度从3%提高至6%时,过冷结晶压差从58.9 Pa降至49.4 Pa,降低了16.1%;溶液体积的增大会使平均过冷结晶压差减小,40 m L溶液的平均过冷结晶压差较20 m L溶液的平均过冷结晶压差下降了12.9%;搅拌速度对过冷程度几乎无影响。     

预冷冷库内冰浆式湿冷蒸发器的性能实验研究

对果蔬预冷应用场合,本文提出一种冰浆式湿冷蒸发器,并将其应用于小型模拟冷库。采用娃娃菜为被冷却对象,以库内温度和相对湿度为指标,改变填料类型（金属、塑料、纸质填料）和载冷介质（冰浆、冷水）,在冷库空载条件下进行负载预冷实验。结果表明：金属、纸质填料的换热能力较塑料填料好;与冷水相比,以冰浆为载冷介质,预冷时间缩短了1/6并保持更低的库内温度,库内相对湿度稳定后均能保持在90%以上;预冷后样品失重率较冷水的小0.19%;冰浆式湿冷蒸发器可在冷库中稳定运行,且较冷水为载冷介质的湿冷蒸发器,可更高效地实现预冷过程的低温（3~6 ℃）高湿（>90%RH）环境,适用于果蔬预冷和保鲜。     

尿素溶液制备冰浆的流动特性研究

在实际应用中,通常采用管道输送的方式将冰浆运送至待冷却区域进行热交换,因此,研究冰浆的流动特性具有重要意义。本文基于冰浆制备及流动特性测试实验台,以质量分数为5%的尿素溶液制备的冰浆为研究对象,通过可视化观测冰浆中冰粒的尺寸及分布并测量冰浆的运动黏度,分析了管径、含冰率(IPF)、流动压降以及管道摩擦阻力系数与雷诺数(Re)之间的关系,同时分析了不同管径水平不锈钢管内冰浆摩擦阻力系数的实验值(λ)与将冰浆看做牛顿流体计算得到的理论值(λ0)的比值偏离1的程度与IPF和Re的关系。研究结果表明:λ/λ0随IPF的增加而增大,随Re的增加而降低,即在高Re情况下冰浆更接近于牛顿流体,而高IPF的冰浆却与牛顿流体偏差较大。利用幂律模型分析冰浆的流动特性,发现流动特征指数n′随着IPF的增大而降低,在管径为6 mm管内,当IPF从6%增至26%,n′从1.006降至0.611;而稠度系数K′与IPF呈现正相关,在管径为8 mm管内,当IPF从6%增至26%,K′从0.015增至0.274。当IPF介于5%~30%范围内,n′随着管径的增大略有减小,K′随着管径的增大而逐渐增大。通过研究修正雷诺数和范宁摩擦阻力系数的关系,发现随着IPF的增加,管径为4、6和8 mm管道内的转折修正雷诺数ReMR的范围分别为2500~3200、1600~2300和1500~1900。     

冰浆流体流动与换热研究综述

介绍了冰浆流体的特点、应用以及固液两相流体等效比热的概念及其在冰浆流体中应用的困难;概述目前国内外冰浆流体的传热性能、流变模型和流态以及粘性和流动阻力的研究成果,指出由于固液两相密度的不同导致了在不同流速下冰水分层的现象;同时对冰浆流体的的研究进行了综述,最后提出了关于冰浆流体的进一步研究建议.     

冰浆在蓄冰槽中的贮存特性研究进展

冰浆贮存是工程应用中经常遇到的问题,冰浆在蓄冰槽中的贮存特性对于冰浆的高效利用有着重要影响。目前冰浆在蓄冰槽中贮存的主要问题是:冰堆积分布不均匀,蓄冰槽不能充分利用。这里对国内外在冰浆贮存方面的研究成果进行汇总,分别从特性、模型和实验研究三个方面进行总结,分析产生冰浆贮存不均匀的原因和影响因素,采用摄像法来分析冰浆贮存的特性。结果表明:溶液、添加剂、冰浆入口含冰率和流量,以及贮存时间等是影响冰浆贮存特性的主要因素。     

超声场对过冷水溶液结晶的影响

过冷水法动态冰浆制取技术是一种有望实现大规模应用的动态制冰方法,工业上常用施加超声场的方式解除过冷水的过冷态并生成冰浆。本文实验研究了不同超声场对质量分数为3%的氯化钠溶液结晶过冷特性、生成冰晶尺寸及粒径分布的影响。结果表明：一定功率和频率的超声场的引入可快速解除过冷,使溶液在接近超声辐照温度下成核,且高功率、低频率的超声场更有利于成核发生。当功率、频率、辐照温度分别在10.0~40.0 W、28~40 kHz及0~4.0 ℃范围内,最佳超声场设置方案为超声功率40.0 W、频率28 kHz、辐照温度2.0 ℃;超声场的施加可显著减小冰晶尺寸;随着成核后超声辐照时间的延长,冰晶粒径先增大后趋于平缓,超声功率及频率的变化对冰晶粒径尺寸的影响无显著作用。     

新型石蜡微乳液冰浆制备与性能试验研究

为了探寻性能稳定、可重复进行冰浆制备的微乳液,本文以液体石蜡为油相,复配脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO-9)与油酸钠为表面活性剂,己醇为助表面活性剂制备微乳液,并对所制备的微乳液进行稳定性测试及冰浆制作。结果表明:AEO-9/油酸钠质量比为7 ∶3,剂油质量比为,2∶3 时制备的微乳液为Ｗ/Ｏ型微乳液,本文测得该乳液平均粒径为64.93nm,并获得了拟三元相图;电导和温度试验表明水含量小于36.9时可制备澄清透明的Ｗ/ Ｏ 型微乳液,微乳液在0.2~30℃之间可保持稳定不分层;离心和贮藏试验表明该微乳液稳定性良好,在－3~30 ℃之间的300次冷热循环试验后微乳液仍保持稳定,可在蓄冷过程中重复使用;该微乳液体系冰浆结晶点为－0.8℃,过冷度仅为0.2 ℃,克服了传统冰浆制取过程中过冷度大和结晶点低的缺陷,制备的冰浆未粘附壁面,冰浆流动性良好。     

基于模块化过冷解除的冰浆制取系统实验研究

过冷水法动态冰浆制取技术具有传热效率高、系统简单等优点,但过冷却器易发生冰堵是影响其稳定性的突出问题。本文提出一种基于模块化过冷解除装置的动态制冰系统,利用设置在过冷却器内的可灵活拆装式螺旋叶片对制冰溶液进行过冷解除,同时刮削换热壁面上粘附的冰晶。测试了不同工况下该制冰系统的性能,结果表明该制冰系统可稳定产出冰浆并有效改善冰堵问题,最高含冰率达9.1%,最大持续制冰时间可达521 s。冰浆含冰率与持续制冰时间成正比。NaCl添加剂质量分数为6%时对冰浆含冰率和持续制冰时间的改善效果显著。实验获得制冰系统最佳运行参数:制冰溶液体积流量为0.50 m^3/h、二次冷媒起始温度为-15℃、螺旋叶片转速为175~225 r/min。     

基于蒸发冷却与机械制冷相结合的毛细管辐射空调系统的设计计算

针对中等湿度和高湿度地区的气候特点,提出一种新型的节能环保型空调系统—基于蒸发冷却与机械制冷相结合的毛细管辐射空调系统。该系统中,蒸发冷却与风冷热泵组合式冷热水机组夏季制取高温冷水供给毛细管辐射末端,承担室内显热负荷,冬季制取热水;蒸发冷却新风机组制取新风送到室内,承担室内潜热负荷和部分显热负荷。文中以西安为例,分析了其节能性和舒适性特点,并结合具体例子对空气处理过程进行了分析计算。     

An effective method for preventing ice-blockage in dynamic generation system with supercooling water

With the development of economy, environmental protection and energy saving has become a main topic generally cared about by people. The extensive application of ice slurry in various fields is an effective way to reduce energy consumption, especially in the air-conditioning system. As an environment-friendly medium, ice slurry can improve energy efficiency and reduce building energy consumption thanks to the latent heat of ice crystals and its good fluidity. Among those methods of ice-making, ice generating with supercooling water is a superior method because of its high efficiency and energy conservation. However, ice blockage in the supercooling heat exchanger is a prominent problem that reduces the efficiency of the ice generation system. In this study, in order to prevent or retard ice blockage, a fluorocarbon coating is used to make ice slurry continuously without any additive. The results show that the supercooling heat exchanger coated with fluorocarbon coating can be successfully applied to improve the efficiency of ice production, thus to reach the goal of energy saving.     

冰浆生成器中抑制冰粘附的研究

冰浆中含有大量微小冰晶粒子,因此表现出有极好的流动、传热和储能特性。冰浆生成过程中,冰晶微粒易粘附在换热壁面,降低传热效率,增加流动阻力,甚至引起冰堵,影响冰浆的持续生成。分析了冰粘附特性,综述冰浆技术中冰移除技术的研究进展,建立冰浆生成实验台,采用综合控制制冰溶液和载冷剂流速的方法抑制冰堵的发生。     

Experimental investigation on inhomogeneity of ice packing factor in ice slurry flow

We investigated inhomogeneity in ice slurry, which can pose problems such as sudden increase in pressure drop and blockages in flow. Although in many previous studies fully dispersed ice slurry flow is assumed homogeneous, inhomogeneity appears as a variation in physical properties in the actual measurements. From experiments, it was found that the fluctuation in pressure drop is relatively small at the beginning, but becomes larger after long-term periods. Additionally, the ice particle size included in the ice slurry also affects this fluctuation. We supposed the fluctuation is caused by the variation in IPF, because it appears only in laminar flow. This implies ice slurry is not homogeneous after long flow periods. From the present study, the variation of IPF was estimated to be 2.6 wt% at maximum. Although the physical mechanism of the variation in IPF has not been clarified, we suggest that it is a consequence of the accumulation/adhesion of ice particles in the pipe.     

Ice slurry: Pressure drop and deposition velocity

Ice slurries are used in indirect refrigeration systems. The storage tank of ice slurry systems decreases the maximum required cooling capacity of the equipment and smooths down the installation consumption. An advantage of ice slurry systems compared to chilled water systems is the higher cooling energy that can be delivered to customers using the same installed pipes. This paper gives a complete investigation of ice slurry pressure drops and deposition velocity. A model for the friction factor, obtained by empirical and semi-empirical approximation, is discussed. A new simple and efficient method is introduced to find the deposition velocity in an ice slurry fluid flow. Finally a variety of experimental results and some theoretical calculations of ice slurry flow patterns are shown.     

Experimental investigation of ice slurry heat transfer in horizontal tube

Heat transfer of ice slurry flow based on ethanol–water mixture in a circular horizontal tube has been experimentally investigated. The secondary fluid was prepared by mixing ethanol and water to obtain initial alcohol concentration of 10.3% (initial freezing temperature -4.4 °C). The heat transfer tests were conducted to cover laminar and slightly turbulent flow with ice mass fraction varying from 0% to 22% depending on test performed. Measured heat transfer coefficients of ice slurry are found to be higher than those for single phase fluid, especially for laminar flow conditions and high ice mass fractions where the heat transfer is increased with a factor 2 in comparison to the single phase flow. In addition, experimentally determined heat transfer coefficients of ice slurry flow were compared to the analytical results, based on the correlation by Sieder and Tate for laminar single phase regime, by Dittus–Boelter for turbulent single phase regime and empirical correlation by Christensen and Kauffeld derived for laminar/turbulent ice slurry flow in circular horizontal tubes. It was found that the classical correlation proposed by Sieder and Tate for laminar forced convection in smooth straight circular ducts cannot be used for heat transfer prediction of ice slurry flow since it strongly underestimates measured values, while, for the turbulent flow regime the simple Dittus–Boelter relation predicts the heat transfer coefficient of ice slurry flow with high accuracy but only up to an ice mass fraction of 10% and Re_cf > 2300 regardless of imposed heat flux. For higher ice mass fractions and regardless of the flow regime, the correlation proposed by Christensen and Kauffeld gives good agreement with experimental results.     

管道内冰浆流动压降特性模拟和实验研究

本文采用以颗粒相动力学为基础的Euler-Euler模型,利用FLUENT研究冰浆在水平直管、90°弯管和T型管中的流动压降特性(计算过程不考虑相变)。模拟结果显示,在管道入口处压降较明显,90°弯管拐弯后内侧压力小于外侧,T型管在分流直角拐角处出现压力最高点和最低点。冰浆流动实验发现,冰浆单位压降随流速和含冰率的增加而增大,且3种管型中直管压降最小,T型管压降最大。对比实验与模拟结果,单位压降随流速的变化趋势一致,且误差在20%以内,但在大流速时,模拟值大于实验值。     

冰浆在蓄冰池中的贮存与融化研究进展

总结分析现有的蓄冰池中冰浆贮存及融化在机理、数学模型、实验方面的研究成果,在此基础上,实验研究了入口冰浆流量、冰浆固相含量、初始液面高度和进水管布置等参数对贮存和融化特性的影响。实验发现使用高浓度的二元溶液、高含量冰浆固相以及增大进口流量都可以使冰浆贮存更均匀;增大融冰溶液的流量、增加扰动以及均匀喷撒溶液是避免"沟道"效应从而实现快速、均匀融冰有效手段。     

The effect of salinity and temperature on electromagnetic wave attenuation in brine

Ice slurries are typically formed from an aqueous solution of water and salt (NaCl) at 5% salinity. Ice pigs, used in many industry areas, are taken from a bulk ice slurry and used to clear waste or recover product from pipes. Ice fraction is a key property of an ice slurry, since it determines it's ‘thickness’ and therefore cleaning capacity. Electromagnetic wave interrogation has been shown to accurately predict an ice fraction to within an error of ±1.2%. The largest remaining process error comes from inherent salinity variation, which affects the electromagnetic wave attenuation significantly. Increasing electromagnetic wave attenuation with increasing salinity and the effect of temperature, shown to also increase attenuation, is quantified. Calibration methods are proposed, aiming to eliminate the unwanted effect of varying salinity. Analysis on multiple samples showed a 16% reduction in average error, and 9% reduction in maximum error when the calibration method was applied.