纤维束波动效应对平纹编织复合材料损伤行为的影响

平纹编织复合材料中纤维束波动效应会引起随动材料主方向变化及面外剪切应力集中,为了研究其对平纹编织复合材料力学性能及损伤行为的影响,提出改进的像素法细观有限元单胞模型。模型根据纤维束波动曲线定义了材料主方向的变化,采用Hashin准则模拟纤维束的损伤起始,并引入剪切修正因子考虑面外剪切应力对面内拉伸损伤的影响。模型可以预测平纹编织复合材料的面内拉伸强度和损伤演化过程,结果表明:纤维束材料主方向波动会引起平纹编织复合材料面内拉伸强度下降;面外剪切应力集中是导致复合材料最终失效的主要原因,且随着剪切修正因子增大,复合材料面内拉伸强度显著降低;纤维束材料主方向波动和面外剪切应力集中均对平纹编织复合材料的损伤行为和破坏机理产生了影响,需要在数值分析中对其进行准确描述。      

基于纤维束/环氧树脂复合材料试验的单向层合板横向拉伸强度预测方法

实验研究表明,纤维束/环氧树脂复合材料试件的横向拉伸强度与工程上常用的单向层合板横向拉伸强度在趋势上具有很好的相关性,但是数值上存在一定差距。本文使用两种碳纤维和两种环氧树脂制备了三种纤维束/环氧树脂复合材料和单向层合板,并分别测量了纤维束/环氧树脂复合材料和单向层合板的横向拉伸强度,以及环氧基体的拉伸强度。在实验基础上,应用Griffith断裂强度理论建立了纤维束/环氧树脂复合材料和单向层合板的横向拉伸强度的关系模型,通过两种复合材料实验的结果拟合了该模型中的参数。利用第三种复合材料实验进行校验,发现该模型预测的单向层合板横向拉伸强度与实测强度之间达到很好的一致性,相对偏差为9%。采用本文提出的方法,可以用较为简单的纤维束/环氧树脂复合材料和环氧基体拉伸试验预测单向层合板的横向拉伸强度。     

短切纤维增强复合材料拉伸强度的预测

在分析单向连续纤维增强复合材料纵向拉伸时细观受力与变形的基础上,对连续纤维的长度和方向进行尺寸和方向性修正,给出了短切纤维增强复合材料的拉伸强度预测公式.使用这个预测公式计算短切碳纤维增强PTFE复合材料的拉伸强度,预测值与实验值吻合得较好.     

短纤维橡胶复合材料强度的理论研究I 纵向拉伸强度的理论预测

首次在较宽的纤维用量和纤维长度范围内, 研究了短纤维橡胶复合材料的拉伸强度规律, 并基于Cox 剪滞法和复合材料的结构特点, 提出了一种新的混合定律模式, 对复合材料的纵向拉伸强度进行了理论预测。结果表明, 新的模型包含结构因素较全面, 理论计算值与实验值符合较好。此外, 探讨了复合材料的拉伸破坏机理, 认为复合材料的拉伸破坏主要由界面控制, 在复合材料中存在着界面剪切应力集中和纤维拉伸应力集中之间相互竞争增长的过程, 但前者的增长制约着后者的增长。本文是短纤维橡胶复合材料强度理论预测的第一部分。      

界面性能对陶瓷基复合材料拉伸强度的影响

基于陶瓷基复合材料拉伸试验现象引入了主裂纹损伤带的概念, 并将其宽度定义为界面脱粘长度. 由于界面性能对纤维应力集中有较大影响, 并且控制着材料的断裂模式, 分别给出了脆性断裂和韧性断裂的强度计算公式, 并引入了应力集中系数和界面脱粘能量释放率. 分析结果表明, 拉伸强度随着应力集中系数和界面脱粘能量释放率的增大而减小. 文中公式给出的预测值与试验值吻合较好, 表明断裂时纤维所承担的应力用脱粘段纤维平均应力来衡量是合适的.     

不同针刺工艺的针刺复合材料面内拉伸强度分析

6种针刺工艺不同的碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料,其面内拉伸强度随着针刺密度和针刺深度的增大而降低,针刺处纤维的断裂使材料内的缺陷失稳扩展和面内纤维断裂,进而使材料整体拉伸失效。根据面内拉伸实验结果和纤维累计损伤理论并引入纤维体积折减系数,建立了分析针刺复合材料面内拉伸强度的理论模型。这个模型的预测结果与实验结果相符,并发现断裂纤维簇的个数与体积折减系数相关。用该模型可预报不同针刺工艺复合材料的面内拉伸强度,并指导设计针刺复合材料的预制体。     

跨尺度预测非屈曲织物增强复合材料的刚度和强度

为了预测非屈曲织物增强复合材料的力学性能, 建立了纤维束的正六边形单胞和非屈曲织物复合材料的长方形单胞, 并重点推导了正六边单胞的方程边界条件。通过跨尺度逐级计算这两个单胞的有效弹性常数, 得到了非屈曲碳纤维织物增强环氧树脂基复合材料的宏观有效弹性性能和强度。对该非屈曲织物复合材料在拉伸载荷下的累计失效进行了有限元损伤分析。结果表明: 初始损伤发生在富树脂区或横向纤维束, 损伤在富树脂区与横向纤维束内逐步扩展, 最后向纵向纤维束扩展并迅速导致整体失效; 非屈曲织物增强复合材料的面内拉伸模量的计算预测值非常接近实验值, 面内拉伸强度计算值略小于实验值。     

2.5维机织复合材料强度准则

2.5维机织复合材料已有较为广泛的应用,目前对该类复合材料强度理论的研究还相对较少。根据2.5维机织复合材料拉伸破坏的细观机理,基于单向复合材料的三维Hoffman准则,建立了2.5维机织结构复合材料拉伸破坏准则,通过对2.5维机织复合材料3种结构24个试件进行拉伸试验,与计算预测结果的对比表明了本文建立的强度准则的合理性。研究表明,纤维拉伸断裂是2.5维机织复合材料拉伸破坏的主要原因;相比基于最大应力准则、Hashin准则建立的强度准则,基于Hoffman准则建立的强度准则综合考虑了纤维在外载荷作用下各应力分量对纤维断裂破坏的影响,其预测结果与实际试验结果更为接近;在其他条件不变情况下,随纱线取向角增大,纱线拉伸断裂应力呈非线性降低。随纱线纤维体积含量增加,纱线拉伸断裂应力成线性增加。     

甘蔗渣纤维统计强度及纤维增强可降解复合材料拉伸强度的评价

以Weibull统计理论和最弱连接理论为基础,分析了甘蔗渣纤维的统计强度和强度分布,研究了其纤维增强可降解复合材料的拉伸强度。结果表明,甘蔗渣纤维的拉伸统计强度符合二参数的Weibull分布。扫描电镜的观察显示,甘蔗渣纤维的横断面呈现多孔状结构,成型后受到压缩而变得致密,增加了材料的拉伸强度。与复合材料拉伸强度常用预测模型相比,结合了纤维压缩率预测模型的预测计算值与实验值相符程度更好。     

2D-C/SiC复合材料偏轴拉伸力学行为研究

通过对2D-C/SiC复合材料试件进行不同偏轴角度的拉伸实验,研究了偏轴角度对材料拉伸力学特性的影响。通过应变片分别测得了材料加载方向和纤维束方向上的应力-应变行为,对比分析了偏轴角度对上述应力-应变行为的影响;并结合试件断口扫描电镜照片,阐释了纤维束方向上拉伸和剪切损伤间的相互耦合效应。实验结果表明,材料的拉伸模量和强度随偏轴角度的增大出现明显下降;材料纤维束方向上的拉伸损伤和剪切损伤具有显著的相互促进作用。最后,以材料0°拉伸和45°拉伸实验数据为基础,建立了材料的偏轴拉伸应力-应变行为预测模型,模型预测结果与实验结果吻合较好。     

The random crack core model for predicting the longitudinal tensile strengths of unidirectional composites

A perfect evolvement process of random crack cores is presented and a random crack core model for predicting the longitudinal tensile strengths of unidirectional composites is built in this paper. Based on the crack propagation rules, the numerical relationship of the number of random crack cores, evolvement probability of a random crack core evolving to critical size, and failure probability of a unidirectional composite are deduced. With considering some fibers breaks simultaneously and the influenced-length of the random crack cores increasing with the number of broken fibers, evolvement probability algorithms of a random crack core are developed based on the perfect evolvement process. At last, the longitudinal tensile strengths of unidirectional composites are predicted by the random crack core model, and the result shows that the random crack core model is more accurate than the classical theoretical models.     

单向碳/碳复合材料拉-拉疲劳寿命及剩余强度预测模型

基于预测单向复合材料纵向拉伸强度的随机核模型,引入纤维单丝剩余强度二参数Weibull模型及纤维单丝与基体界面剩余强度模型,研究建立了单向复合材料纵向拉-拉疲劳寿命及剩余强度的预测模型。对经过一定次数拉-拉疲劳载荷循环后的纤维束抽取其纤维单丝进行剩余强度拉伸试验,建立了纤维单丝剩余强度的二参数Weibull模型,测试单向碳/碳（C/C）复合材料的纤维与基体界面强度。通过单向C/C复合材料算例分析表明,92.5%、90.6%和87.5%应力水平下对数预测寿命与对数试验寿命比值分别为0.79、1.00和1.11,表明所建立的寿命预测模型用于预测单向C/C复合材料疲劳寿命是可行的;纵向拉伸剩余强度预测值与试验值误差在10%以内,吻合较好,表明所提出的剩余强度预测模型具有较高的精度。     

基于纤维束增强树脂基复合材料测试的单向层合板层间剪切性能的预估方法

纤维束增强树脂基复合材料（FBC）及其单向层合板在标准Iosipescu剪切实验中表现出非常相似的破坏特征,然而测量得到的剪切强度却有明显差异。本文使用两种碳纤维和两种环氧树脂制备了3种FBC和单向层合板,对FBC剪切强度和单向层合板层间剪切强度进行了测量与分析。应用界面单元方法分析了纤维束与基体之间的界面应力场,发现FBC剪切试件中纤维束/基体界面附近的应力状态为拉剪耦合,而单向层合板中界面处于纯剪切应力状态,这一差异导致FBC剪切实验测量的强度低于单向层合板的剪切强度。本文基于Yamada-Sun强度理论建立了FBC剪切强度与单向层合板剪切强度之间的关系模型,应用该模型预测的单向层合板剪切强度与实测强度之间达到良好的一致性,相对偏差为10%左右。根据本文提出的方法,通过制样较简单的FBC试验能够预测和评估相应单向层合板的层间剪切性能。     

Compressive splitting response of glass-fiber reinforced unidirectional composites

An analytical and experimental study of the compressive behavior of unidirectional glass/epoxy composites loaded in the fiber direction has been carried out for a range of fiber volume fractions. It was observed experimentally that glass/epoxy composites failed predominantly by splitting at lower fiber volume fractions (V_f) and by a combination of splitting and kinking at higher V_f. In contrast, carbon/epoxy composites were found to fail by kinking only. A mechanical model developed by Lee and Waas is used to predict the compressive strength of the composites. The predicted compressive strengths were then compared with existing experimental data in the literature. The effectiveness of the model in including the effect of initial misalignment of fibers on the predicted compressive strengths has also been studied.     

Strength evaluation and failure analysis of unidirectional composites using Monte-Carlo simulation

Tensile strength and failure process of composite materials depend on the variation in fiber strength, matrix properties and fiber–matrix interfacial shear strength. A Monte-Carlo simulation considering variation in these factors has been widely used to analyze such a complicated phenomenon as a strength and simulate the failure process of unidirectional composites. In this study, a Monte-Carlo simulation using 2-D and 3-D (square and hexagonal array) model was performed on unidirectional graphite/epoxy and glass/polyester composites. The results simulated by using 3-D hexagonal array model have a good agreement with the experimental data which were tensile strength and failure process of unidirectional composites.     

Strength degradation of glass fibers at high temperatures

This article presents an experimental investigation into the effects of temperature and heating time on the tensile strength and failure mechanisms of glass fibers. The loss in strength of two glass fiber types (E-glass and Advantex^®, a boron-free version of E-glass) was investigated at temperatures up to 650 °C and heating times up to 2 h. The tensile properties were measured by fiber bundle testing, and the maximum strength was found to be temperature and time dependent. The higher softening point of the Advantex^® fibers is reflected in superior high-temperature performance. A phenomenological model is presented for calculating the residual strength of glass fiber bundles as functions of temperature and time. The strength reduction mechanism was determined by single-fiber testing. Fracture mirror sizes on the E-glass fibers were related to the fiber strength after high-temperature treatment. Based on fracture mirror measurements, it was established that (1) the mirror constant of the glass, which reflects the network structure, does not change during heat treatment and (2) the strength degradation is a result of larger surface flaws present after heat treatment.     

Probabilistic inter-fiber dependence and the asymptotic strength distribution of classic fiber bundles

This paper discusses the asymptotic tensile strength distribution of a special class of classic fiber bundles. The bundles are assumed to be composed of several sub-bundles wherein the random variables associated with the loading and failure of any two fibers in the same sub-bundle are allowed to be probabilistically dependent. Derivation of the basic asymptotic results involves an adaptation of earlier analysis by Phoenix and Taylor. Examples involve a modification of Daniels' earlier bundle model to include both random fiber and random sub-bundle slack. Second order approximate results are developed which indicate that random slack results in a loss in asymptotic bundle strength mean and a change in asymptotic variance both of which are approximately proportional to the random fiber slack variance. Coleman's earlier model is modified to demonstrate the effects of such slack on the strength distribution of bundles of brittle linearly elastic fibers. The results have implications in forecasting the tensile strength behavior of fibrous cables and unidirectional composite materials.     

Mechanical behavior of SiC fiber reinforced brittle-matrix composites

The failure process of unidirectional BN-coated HI-NICALON^TM SiC fiber reinforced glass matrix composites was examined under tensile loading. In situ observation of the mean matrix crack interval was conducted by the replica observation during tensile testing. Axisymmetric cylindrical models extended to the system considering the strength distribution of fibers were proposed to predict the whole stress-strain curve for comparison with the experimental results.     

单向连续碳纤维-玻璃纤维层间混杂增强环氧树脂基复合材料的力学性能

为了研究连续单向纤维的层间混杂方式对复合材料力学性能及破坏方式的影响,采用碳纤维-玻璃纤维体积比为1∶1,以拉-挤成型法制备了具有不同层间混杂结构的连续单向纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料,并研究了不同层间混杂结构的连续单向碳纤维-玻璃纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料的力学性能及破坏形式。结果表明：具有层间混杂结构的复合材料抗拉强度处于纯碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料和纯玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料之间,复合材料的拉伸断裂方式为劈裂;具有层间混杂结构的复合材料的层间剪切强度均优于纯碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料和纯玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料,复合材料的剪切断裂方式为层间断裂。