基于高抗热震性能的陶瓷刀具材料的微观结构设计

本文以现有的抗热震断裂和抗热震损伤的评价理论为基础，通过对材料中微裂纹的长度进行预测，从而实现了对陶瓷刀具材料的抗热震性能的微观结构设计。根据此理论对现有材料的抗热震性能的进行预测，预测结果与实际的测量结果相符，验证了该理论的正确性。     

可加工Al2O3/BN纳米复合材料的抗热震性能

通过原位化学包覆工艺制备的可加工Al2O3/BN纳米复合材料,其抗热震性能明显优于Al2O3基体材料.热震温差△Tc从195℃提高到约395℃,抗热震损伤性能也得到相应的改善.高的抗热震断裂性能源于材料的弹性模量的大幅下降和保持了较高的强度;而优良的抗热震损伤性能则是因为具有弱层间结合的BN易产生大量的微裂纹,屏蔽了热弹性应变能,从而使热震裂纹趋向于准静态扩张.     

反应烧结Si_3N_4的热震断裂行为

研究了四种 Si_3N_4材料的热震断裂行为。分析了材料的断裂参数(K_(1c)、γ(?) 和 σ(?))与抗热震参数之间的关系。无掺杂的 Si_3N_4-B_0的临界抗热震温差ΔT_c 为400℃左右,其热震裂纹以准静态的方式扩展。含 BN 的 Si_3N_4-B_1,Si_3N_4-B_2和 Si_3N_4-B_2材料的临界抗热震温差较高(ΔT_c=500℃),并在该温度点发生动态的裂纹扩展。当热震温差进一步提高,BN 含量较高的 Si_3N_4-B_2以及含有 BN 和 C 的 Si_3N_4-B_3在一定的温差增量范围内(ΔT_c′-ΔT_c=200℃)保持了裂纹的稳定;然后随着温差的继续扩大,其裂纹又逐步扩展。BN 含量较低的Si_3N_4-B_1则不同,其热震裂纹在作了动态扩展之后紧接着再逐步扩展。在实验的基础上阐明了 Si_3N_4材料的热震断裂行为是由抗热震参数控制的,而抗热震参数是断裂参数的函数。指出 Si_3N_4-B_2是适用于力学和热学环境下的结构材料,因其具有较高的抗热震参数和较小的热震强度衰减率。     

基于第一抗热震因子的BN纳米管/Si_3N_4复合材料抗热震性能评价

利用Kingery抗热震断裂理论构建了BN纳米管(BNNTs)强韧化陶瓷复合材料的第一抗热震因子模型,通过真空热压烧结法制备了四组BNNTs含量分别为0.5wt%、1.0wt%、1.5wt%和2.0wt%的BNNTs/Si_3N_4复合材料,并采用水浴淬冷法和三点弯曲法测试了复合材料的抗热震性能(震后弯曲强度和临界热震断裂温差)。测试结果验证了在急剧加热和急剧冷却条件下第一抗热震因子模型的正确性。结果表明:添加BNNTs使BNNTs/Si_3N_4复合材料第一抗热震因子增大,抗热震性能提升。分布在晶界上的BNNTs起到裂纹钉扎、桥联和裂纹偏转作用,增加了裂纹扩展的阻力;纳米管孔隙的存在改变了裂纹扩展路径,提高了BNNTs/Si_3N_4的断裂韧度,从而有效提高了其抗热震断裂能力。     

基于第二抗热震因子的BNNTs/Si3N4复合材料抗热震性能评价

利用Kingery抗热震断裂理论构建了氮化硼纳米管（BNNTs）强韧化陶瓷复合材料的第二抗热震因子模型,通过真空热压烧结法制备了BNNTs质量分数分别为0.5wt%、1.0wt%、1.5wt%和2.0wt%的BNNTs/Si₃N₄复合材料,并采用预制裂纹法测试了复合材料的抗热震性能,测试结果证实了在平稳状态下模型的正确性。结果表明,BNNTs的存在使复合材料第二抗热震因子增大,抗热震性能提升。分布在晶界上的BNNTs起到裂纹钉扎、桥联和裂纹偏转作用,增加了裂纹扩展的阻力,从而有效提高了BNNTs/Si₃N₄复合材料抗热震断裂能力。     

氧化铝基陶瓷复合材料的阻力曲线行为及其抗热震性能

采用压痕-弯曲强度法获得了Al₂O₃-SiC_W和Al₂O₃-TiC_P陶瓷基复合材料的裂纹扩展阻力曲线(R-曲线),并测试了材料的抗热震性能,分析了材料的阻力曲线行为与其抗热震性能之间的内在联系。结果表明:材料的阻力曲线行为与抗热震性之间存在明显的相关性。热震引起材料强度的下降幅度与其阻力曲线的陡峭程度及上升幅度有关。阻力曲线越陡峭,上升幅度越大,抗热震性也越好。其中Al₂O₃-SiC_W复合材料显示出更为优越的抗裂纹扩展能力与抗热震性能。扫描电镜观察及理论分析显示:晶须的拔出与桥联补强增韧机制是产生这一现象的主要原因。     

SiC/BN层状陶瓷的抗热震性能研究

采用水中急冷法研究了SiC/BN层状陶瓷的抗热震性能,并同SiC块体陶瓷作比较.实验结果表明SiC/BN层状陶瓷的热震断裂临界温差ΔTc为300℃,略低于SiC块体陶瓷的抗热震断裂临界温差.当热震温差ΔT >ΔTc 时,SiC/BN层状陶瓷的热震剩余强度的下降趋势明显比块体陶瓷的下降趋势缓慢.这同热震断裂和热震损伤理论计算的热震参数R和R的结果相一致.这表明:与SiC块体陶瓷相比,SiC/BN层状陶瓷的热震裂纹形核阻力略有降低,但热震裂纹扩展阻力却大大提高.分析认为BN弱界面对裂纹的吸收和偏转是材料断裂能提高的主要原因,断裂能的提高有利于材料热震阻力的提高.     

ZrO2-Ni功能梯度材料的热冲击与热疲劳行为

通过抗热震参数分析和热循环试验研究了ZrO2-Ni功能梯度材料（FGM）的热冲击与热疲劳行为及其影响因素。结果表明,ZrO2-Ni FGM热热震参数呈梯度分布,ZrO2侧抗热冲击断裂能力强而富Ni区热疲劳抗力高。其热震破坏符合热疲劳损伤机理,裂纹的准静态扩展为其控制因素。热疲劳裂纹在梯度层内以微孔聚集、连接方式萌生和扩展,而在梯度层间无横向贯穿裂纹,克服了传统陶瓷／金属结合体的界面热应力剥离问题。     

晶须及颗粒增韧氧化铝基陶瓷复合材料的抗热震性能

对Ａl2O3-SiCw和Ａl2O3-TiCp陶瓷基材料的抗热震笥能进行测试和分析,结果表明：Ａl2O3-SiCw和Ａl2O3-TiCp陶瓷在复合材料基体相比抗热震性能均有较大幅度的提高,其中,Al2O3-SiCw复合材料显示出更为优越的抗裂纹扩展能力与抗循环热震性能,材料增韧效果的差异是产生这一现象的主要原因。     

ZrO_2—Al_2O_3复合陶瓷的强化与增韧及其对抗热震性的改善

研究了4～12mol%ZrO_2的引入对 Al_2O_3陶瓷的增韧和强化作用。检测了热震损伤的 Al_2O_3基陶瓷的强度衰减行为和声发射特征。分析了该系列材料的抗热震性和断裂参数之间的关系。发现陶瓷材料中 ZrO_2粒子的弥散不仅增加了韧性,强度略有提高,还改善了材料的抗热震性。与纯 Al_2O_3材料相比,掺以4mol%和8mol%ZrO_2的 Al_2O_3材料的临界抗热震温差ΔT_c 提高了50～100℃,其强度和断裂韧性亦都有提高。含12mol%ZrO_2的 Al_2O_3基材料的强度、韧性和ΔT_c 都与纯 Al_2O_3材料相当。然而,以各种淬火温差处理过的热损伤12mol%ZrO_2-88mol%Al_2O_3材料,残存强度率 σ_(?)/σ_(?)却总是比其他热损伤材料高。这种抗热震损伤能力的强化归因子大量热震裂纹的成核,强烈地吸收了弹性应变能,以致缓和了紧接着的裂纹动态扩展和随后的准静态扩展趋势。这与12mol%ZrO_2～88mol%Al_2O_3材料具有较高的抗热震损伤参数,R″≈(K_(1c)/σ(?))~2,和裂纹稳定系数,R_(?)≈(γ(?)/α~2E)~(1/2),是一致的。可以认为,在4mol%ZrO_2-Al_2O_3和8mol%ZrO_2-Al_2O_3材料中,保持着的介稳四方 ZrO_2弥散粒子所引起的压应变能,有利于抑制热震裂纹的成核,必然提高其临界抗热震温差ΔT_(co)当 ZrO_2粒子的含量增大,如12mol%ZrO_2Al_2O_2材料,就     

Experimental technique to analyze the influence of cutting conditions on specific energy consumption during abrasive metal cutting with thin discs

Specific energy consumption is an important indicator for a better understanding of the machinability of materials. The present study aims to estimate the specific energy consumption for abrasive metal cutting with ultra-thin discs at comparatively low and medium feed rates. Using an experimental technique, the cutting power was measured at four predefined feed rates for S235JR, intermetallic Fe-Al(40%), and C45K with different thermal treatments. The variation in the specific energy consumption with the material removal rate was analyzed through an empirical model, which enabled us to distinguish three phenomena of energy dissipation during material removal. The thermal treatment and mechanical properties of materials have a significant impact on the energy consumption pattern, its corresponding components, and cutting power. Ductile materials consume more specific cutting energy than brittle materials. The specific cutting energy is the minimum energy required to remove the material, and plowing energy is found to be the most significant phenomenon of energy dissipation.The full text can be downloaded at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40436-021-00361-2     

Thermomechanical characterization of stress localization in glass: An experimental and numerical study

Thermoelastic stress analysis and quantitative calorimetry are full‐field noncontact techniques widely used to study the thermomechanical behaviour of materials. The first one linearly relates the sum of the principal stresses to the temperature variation, and the second one can be used to measure the mechanical dissipation. However, brittle materials such as glass are a priori bad candidates for these techniques. Indeed, their low‐temperature variations under loading lead to very noisy infrared images, and their brittle mechanical behaviour does not allow to deform them significantly. In the present paper, the thermomechanical characterization of a holed glass sample under cyclic loading is performed. A preliminary new filtering methodology has been applied to the thermal movie to remove the noise. The stress field obtained from the thermoelastic stress analysis is well correlated to the finite element model showing that this technique is adapted to study the thermoelastic response of brittle materials. Finally, the corresponding calorimetric response has been determined by using a simplified formulation of the heat diffusion equation. This permits to quantify heat sources and to carry out energy balances.     

Energy Balance in Dynamic Fracture, Investigated by a Potential Drop Technique

A puzzling question in dynamic fracture has been why cracks in amorphous brittle materials always travel at velocities smaller than the Rayleigh wave speed. The answer is that the energy per length needed for the crack to propagate depends strongly on velocity. As the energy flux to the crack tip increases, the crack chooses new modes of dissipation such as micro-cracking and the creation of subsurface damage zones to dissipate this energy. In this paper we use a potential drop technique to measure length and velocity of a crack with high spatial precision and time resolution so as to investigate the modes of dissipation in Homalite-100 and make qualitative comparisons with PMMA. The technique is capable of resolving crack initiation, run, and arrest. Using this technique we search for a 'forbidden band' of velocities in PMMA, Homalite-100, and glass, and we show that no such velocity gap exists in these amorphous materials at room temperature.     

铝电解惰性阳极近10年发展状况

铝电解惰性阳极的研究和应用对环境、能源和国民经济有着深远的影响.概述了近10年来4种铝电解惰性阳极的最新进展,评述了它们各自的优点及存在的问题,面临的挑战及应用前景.其中金属陶瓷、金属合金和梯度材料是当前研究的重点.尽管它们的设计方案不同,其原理都是利用金属改善阳极的导电导热性、抗热震性和可加工性;陶瓷或在阳极表面形成陶瓷以抵抗熔融冰晶石的腐蚀.     

Fatigue limit evaluation of various martensitic stainless steels with new robust thermographic data analysis

Thermography represents an important tool to study fatigue behaviour of materials.In this work, the fatigue limit of martensitic and precipitation hardening stainless steels has been determined with thermographic methods. Despite their use in corrosive and cryogenic environments, there is a data lack in literature concerning the study of fatigue behaviour.The peculiarity of these materials is the brittle behaviour: therefore, during fatigue tests the characteristic small deformations determine small changes of temperature. Thus, to properly determine the fatigue limit of aforementioned stainless steels, a more accurate setup is necessary in order to correctly detect surface temperature of specimens due to dissipation heat sources.In literature, different procedures have already been proposed to evaluate the fatigue limit from thermal data but very few works lead to an early detection of dissipation process which can obtain a further reduction of overall testing time. The aim of the paper is to propose a new robust thermal data analysis procedure for estimating fatigue limit of stainless steels in automatable way.     

用示波落锤试验法评价14Mn VTiRe钢的韧脆断裂行为

采用示波落锤试验法对 5mm热连轧 1 4MnVTiRe钢的韧脆断裂行为进行了研究并对落锤撕裂试样的动态断裂特征进行了评价。结果表明 ,当裂纹扩展功远大于裂纹萌生功时 ,试样处于韧性断裂状态 ;当裂纹扩展功小于裂纹萌生功时 ,试样处于脆性断裂状态 ;当裂纹扩展功与裂纹萌生功相当时 ,试样处于混合断裂状态。该结果与按标准测定的剪切面积百分数有良好的对应关系 ,说明示波落锤试验法可作为一种评定材料韧脆断裂特征的实用方法     

Simulation of fracture in heterogeneous elastic materials with cohesive zone models

In brittle composite materials, failure mechanisms like debonding of the matrix-fiber interface or fiber breakage can result in crack deflection and hence in the improvement of the damage tolerance. More generally it is known that high values of fracture energy dissipation lead to toughening of the material. Our aim is to investigate the influence of material parameters and geometrical aspects of fibers on the fracture energy as well as the crack growth for given load scenarios. Concerning simulations of crack growth the cohesive element method in combination with the Discontinuous Galerkin method provides a framework to model the fracture considering strength, stiffness and failure energy in an integrated manner. Cohesive parameters are directly determined by DFT supercell calculations. We perform studies with prescribed crack paths as well as free crack path simulations. In both cases computational results reveal that fracture energy depends on both the material parameters but also the geometry of the fibers. In particular it is shown that the dissipated energy can be increased by appropriate choices of cohesive parameters of the interface and geometrical aspects of the fiber. In conclusion, our results can help to guide the manufacturing process of materials with a high fracture toughness.     

Influence of particle breakage on the dynamic compression responses of brittle granular materials

The dynamic compression responses of dry quartz sand are tested with a modified spilt Hopkinson pressure bar (MSHPB), and the quasi-static compression responses are tested for comparison with a material testing system. In the experiments, the axial stress–strain responses and the confining pressure of the jacket are both measured. Comparison of the dynamic and the quasi-static axial stress–strain curves indicate that dry quartz sand exhibits obvious strain-rate effects. The grain size distributions of the samples after dynamic and quasi-static loading are obtained with the laser diffractometry technique to interpret the rate effects. Quantitative analyses of the grain size distributions show that at the same stress level, the particle breakage extent under quasi-static loading is larger than that under dynamic loading. Moreover, the experimental and the theoretical relationships of the particle breakage extent versus the plastic work show that the energy efficiency in particle breakage is higher under quasi-static loading, which is the intrinsic cause of the strain-rate effects of brittle granular materials. Using the discrete element method (DEM), the energy distributions in the brittle granular material under confined compression are discussed. It is observed that the input work is mainly transformed into the frictional dissipation, and the frictional dissipation under dynamic loading is higher than that under quasi-static loading corresponding to the same breakage extent. The reason is that more fragmentation debris is produced during dynamic breakage of single grains, which promotes particle rearrangement and the corresponding frictional dissipation significantly.     

Elastic ceramic aerogels for thermal superinsulation under extreme conditions

Thermal insulation under extreme conditions requires materials that can withstand sharp thermal shocks as well as extended high-temperature exposure. In this regard, a new generation of elastic ceramic aerogels (CAGs) are attractive for their tunable structure, light weight, low thermal conductivity, high thermal stability, excellent fire and corrosion resistances, as well as mechanical flexibility. Here we review recent progress in elastic CAGs for thermal superinsulation, focusing on elastic deformability, thermal stability, and thermal insulation. In particular, we first summarize various structure engineering strategies, including one-dimensional nanofibrous structures and two-dimensional nanolayered structures to endow the elasticity that can overcome the intrinsic brittle nature of ceramic materials. We next discuss strategies to further enhance the thermal stability by tuning ceramic crystallinity, oxidation resistance, and thermal expansion behavior, and then elaborate on approaches to reduce the thermal conductivity. Finally, we highlight the optimized elastic CAGs with extreme-low thermal conductivity, ultra-high working temperature, and excellent elasticity for a variety of applications in thermal insulation, gas catalysis, energy storage, and environmental remediation.