不同围压和轴压下花岗类岩石的动力特性分析

岩石的动态力学性能是研究岩石介质中应力波传播规律和岩石动载破坏机理的关键,是评价围岩在爆炸、地震等动荷载作用下稳定性的关键参数,同时也是开展岩石材料和结构动荷载作用下的数值计算以及抗震抗爆结构工程设计的基础,本文以某预选厂址的花岗类岩石为研究对象,在Φ50 mm杆径SHPB试验系统上进行冲击压缩试验研究,针对不同围压、不同轴压和不同冲击荷载的作用下,研究花岗类岩石在冲击荷载作用下的动态力学响应,获得其在不同应变率加载时的动态力学参数(动态破坏强度、动弹性模量、动粘聚力和动内摩擦角等)和变化规律,为各类防护工程岩石的抗爆性能研究提供依据。     

热处理砂岩在干燥和饱水条件下的动态拉伸强度与破坏机理（英文）

为了研究不同加载速率下具有水热耦合损伤岩石的拉伸强度和破坏机理,在干燥和饱水条件下,对热处理砂岩进行一系列静态和动态劈裂试验。实验结果表明,高温有效地削弱砂岩试件的抗拉强度,P波速度随温度的升高而降低。总体而言,岩石热损伤随温度的升高而逐渐增大,但在100°C时出现明显的负损伤。饱水砂岩试样的间接抗拉强度低于干燥砂岩的,说明水-岩相互作用导致热处理岩石产生二次损伤。砂岩在干燥和饱水条件下的动态拉伸强度均随应变率的增大而增大。饱水砂岩比干燥砂岩表现出较强的加载率依赖性,但岩石的加载速率敏感性随热处理温度的升高而降低。利用扫描电子显微镜技术,对极端温度引起的岩石热破裂进行分析,进一步探讨热处理后砂岩在不同加载速率条件下的水物理机制。     

不同卸荷路径下岩石卸荷破坏的能量演化规律（英文）

基于岩石能量交换原理和3种不同卸荷路径下(恒轴压卸围压、加轴压卸围压、轴压围压同时卸载)卸围压(初始围压为10 MPa、20 MPa、30 MPa)试验,研究卸荷条件下岩石轴向吸收应变能、环向扩容消耗应变能、弹性应变能以及耗散能的演化特征与演化速率。研究结果表明,3个方案中,岩石轴向吸收的应变能主要转化为环向扩容消耗应变能,扩容程度为:方案3方案1方案2,而转化为耗散能较少,只有在临近破坏时耗散能才明显增加。初始围压对轴向应变能、环向扩容消耗应变能及弹性应变能的影响程度明显大于卸载路径,且都随着初始围压的增大呈近似线性增加。卸载路径和初始围压对耗散能有显著的影响。三个方案中应变能的演化速率均随着初始围压的增大而增加,初始围压对应变能演化速率的影响与卸载路径有关。     

基于PFC3D的路基土细观特征数值模拟研究

为研究围压作用对路基土细观特征的影响,本文以辽宁某在建高速公路为工程背景,采用颗粒流软件PFC^3D对该公路路基土进行不同围压下的三轴压缩数值模拟试验,分析试样内部裂隙及颗粒间接触力随围压的分布规律。结果表明:在宏观上,随着围压的增大,峰后曲线逐渐由应变软化向应变硬化过渡;在细观上,随着围压的逐渐增大,试样内部裂隙逐渐增多,且拉伸裂隙明显多于剪切裂隙;颗粒间法向接触力和切向接触力均随围压逐渐增大,土样的各向异性在围压的作用下逐渐增强。     

基于圆环劈裂试验的岩石静态和动态拉伸破坏特性（英文）

对不同内径的大理岩圆环试样进行静态和动态劈裂试验,研究其在不同加载速率下的抗拉强度和破坏模式随内外径比值(ρ)的变化规律。结果表明:圆盘试样的动态抗拉强度约为其静态抗拉强度的5倍。圆环试样的破坏模式与试样内径大小以及加载速率有关。在静载试验条件下,当试样内外径比较小(ρ0.3)时,试样以沿加载径向劈裂破坏为主,而随着内外径比的增大,在垂直加载方向上产生次生拉伸裂纹。在冲击荷载作用下,圆环破裂成4块,且当试样内外径比为0.5时,次生裂纹靠近入射杆。采用Hobbs公式计算的抗拉强度均比巴西圆盘的劈裂强度大,且静态劈裂试验的峰值荷载和圆环试样的内外径比呈负指数变化规律。利用圆环试样确定的岩石抗拉强度更像是材料的一种试验指标而不是材料属性。     

基于应变率效应的岩石动态Mohr-Coulomb准则和Hoek-Brown准则研究

在考虑强度准则参数粘聚力c、内摩擦角φ和岩石材料常数m随应变率增加而变化的基础上,分别提出了基于应变率效应的岩石动态Mohr-Coulomb准则和Hoek-Brown准则。花岗岩材料在6种围压下的三轴试验结果表明:当应变率从10~(-4) s~(-1)增加到100 s~(-1)时,粘聚力c和岩石材料常数m均随应变率增加而增加,但是内摩擦角φ则随应变率增加而减小。为此,给出了上述3项参数随应变率变化的函数关系,并在此基础上,分别提出了考虑率效应的动态Mohr-Coulomb准则和Hoek-Brown准则表达式。通过理论计算结果与试验数据的对比,发现动态Mohr-Coulomb准则适应于低围压情况,而动态Hoek-Brown准则在低围压和高围压情况下均适用。     

基于DISL方法的硬岩矿柱脆性破坏数值模拟

以板裂为表现形式的岩石脆性破坏行为是深埋硬岩岩体开挖卸荷造成的典型围岩破坏现象。在简要比较4种硬岩脆性破坏数值模拟方法的基础上,基于损伤启裂-板裂界限(Damage initiation and spalling limit,DISL)模型,借助FLAC^3D开展硬岩矿柱原位压缩及单轴压缩数值模拟,探讨DISL方法的适用性并进一步探究硬岩矿柱的脆性破坏过程及其特征。结果表明:原位压缩模拟中,当卸荷总时步大于某一临界数值时,矿柱两侧发生V形破坏,进而矿柱整体形成沙漏状;不同均质度下屈服破坏单元主要分布在V形破坏区内及周围,其分布范围受低围压区及张拉区范围的控制;V形剪切带主要以拉剪破坏为主,剪切带内部靠近矿柱边壁一侧,伴有张拉破坏单元;单轴压缩模拟中,峰后阶段矿柱两侧仍然产生V形破坏,并且张拉裂隙的形成范围受剪切带控制。     

不同强弱组合下岩-煤-岩串联模型的破坏特征(英文)

针对不同强度煤、岩单元建立4种不同强弱组合的岩-煤-岩三元体串联模型。通过对强-弱交界面的应力状态分析,建立交界面附近区域强、弱体的三轴压缩强度;基于三维快速朗格朗日元法,强、弱体均采用Coulomb-Mohr剪切破坏和拉伸破坏的复合应变软化模型,数值模拟4种不同组合三元体模型在不同围压下的应力-应变曲线特征,分析不同组合的剪切破坏带及塑性破坏区随围压的变化趋势。结果表明:强-弱组合体交界面的层间约束作用会派生出附加应力,导致交界面附近区域强体强度变弱,弱体强度增强;弱胶结软岩体和煤体在单轴压缩下呈现拉剪破坏,表现出明显的应变软化行为,随着围压的增大,拉伸破坏消失,向整体剪切破坏发展,但不同组合下的破坏带数目及破坏区域不同。该研究对地震、岩爆、矿山冲击地压等灾害机理研究具有重要指导意义。     

脆性岩石高温剪切（Ⅱ型）断裂的微观机理

采用剪切盒和扫描电镜实验研究脆性岩石的高温剪切(Ⅱ型)断裂特征及微观机理,并通过密度、单轴压缩实验研究岩石高温的物性和力学性能.实验表明:在高温加载下,胶结物材料的干脱和岩石内部微裂纹的形成、发育,这两种因素共同影响着岩石的弹性模量、抗压强度、断裂峰值荷载,前者占主导地位起强化作用,后者占主导地位起弱化作用,临界温度为250℃.在高温剪切盒加载下,岩石发生沿原裂纹面断裂破坏,裂纹核随着温度增加而增大,断口多为穿晶断裂.晶面上具有多而密的平行线条纹和较多的岩屑等典型的剪切破坏特征,表明岩石破坏为剪切断裂(Ⅱ型).     

冻融循环下砂岩动力特性及其破坏规律

冻融作用下岩石的动态力学特性研究对揭示岩石冻融损伤机理及寒区岩体工程冻融灾害防控具有很重要的意义,通过选取5组砂岩试样,按照-30~20℃的温度范围开展0、20、40、60和80次的冻融循环,并利用霍普金森压杆装置对冻融循环后的试样开展冲击气压为0.45 MPa的动态力学试验,从动态应力-应变曲线、动态强度、峰值应变和破坏形式等方面对冻融循环下砂岩的动力性特性和破坏规律进行研究。结果表明:砂岩的动力学性能随冻融次数的增加而降低,其主要的力学指标如动态弹性模量、动态强度及峰值应变均有所劣化;砂岩内部损伤随冻融次数的增加而累积,但累积速度不均匀,当冻融次数为40时,速度变缓,这一现象在砂岩饱水质量、孔隙度、强度和峰值应变曲线上都有体现;砂岩的破坏程度随冻融循环次数的增加而增加,当循环次数为0~40时,其破坏形式与未冻融时类似,以轴向的拉伸破坏为主;当循环次数为60和80时,试样碎块呈均匀细小化分布。     

Failure behavior of horseshoe-shaped tunnel in hard rock under high stress: Phenomenon and mechanisms

A particle flow code (PFC) was first applied to examining the mechanical response of a horseshoe-shaped opening in prismatic rock models under biaxial compression. Next, an improved complex variable method was proposed to derive the stress distribution around the opening. Lastly, a case study of tunnel failure caused by rock burst in Jinping II Hydropower Station was further analyzed and discussed. The results manifest that a total of four types of cracks occur around the opening under low lateral confining stress, namely, the primary-tensile cracks on the roof-floor, sidewall cracks on the sidewalls, secondary-tensile cracks on the corners and shear cracks along the diagonals. As the confining stress increases, the tensile cracks gradually disappear whilst the spalling failure becomes severe. Overall, the failure phenomenon of the modelled tunnel agrees well with that of the practical headrace tunnel, and the crack initiation mechanisms can be clearly clarified by the analytical stress distribution.     

Analyses and predictions of rock cuttabilities under different confining stresses and rock properties based on rock indentation tests by conical pick

The rock indentation tests by a conical pick were conducted to investigate the rock cuttability correlated to confining stress conditions and rock strength. Based on the test results, the regression analyses, support vector machine (SVM) and generalized regression neural network (GRNN) were used to find the relationship among rock cuttability, uniaxial confining stress applied to rock, uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and tensile strength of rock material. It was found that the regression and SVM-based models can accurately reflect the variation law of rock cuttability, which presented decreases followed by increases with the increase in uniaxial confining stress and the negative correlation to UCS and tensile strength of rock material. Based on prediction models for revealing the optimal stress condition and determining the cutting parameters, the axial boom roadheader with many conical picks mounted was satisfactorily utilized to perform rock cutting in hard phosphate rock around pillar.     

Failure characteristics of three-body model composed of rock and coal with different strength and stiffness

Four different types of three-body model composed of rock and coal with different strength and stiffness were established in order to study the failure characteristics of compound model such as roof-coal-floor. Through stress analysis of the element with variable strength and stiffness extracted from the strong-weak interface, the tri-axial compressive strength of the weak body and strong body near the interface as well as the areas away from the contact surface was found. Then, on the basis of three-dimensional fast Lagrangian method of continua and strain softening constitutive model composed of Coulomb-Mohr shear failure with tensile cut-off, stress and strain relationship of the four three-body combined models were analyzed under different confining pressures by numerical simulation. Finally, the different features of local shear zones and plastic failure areas of the four different models and their development trend with increasing confining pressure were discussed. The results show that additional stresses are derived due to the lateral deformation constraints near the strong-weak interface area, which results in the strength increasing in weak body and strength decreasing in strong body. The weakly consolidated soft rock and coal cementation exhibit significant strain softening behavior and bear compound tension-shear failure under uni-axial compression. With the increase of confining pressure, the tensile failure disappears from the model, and the failure type of composed model changes to local shear failure with different number of shearing bands and plastic failure zones. This work shows important guiding significance for the mechanism study of seismic, rock burst, and coal bump.     

深部饱水岩石蠕变试验及其流变模型(英文)

选取冬瓜山铜矿的深部饱水岩石试样,以单轴压缩单级加载和分级增量循环加卸载两种方式进行蠕变试验,得到不同应力状态下饱水岩石的流变试验曲线。以同一地点的干燥岩石的蠕变规律为对比,分析深部岩石在饱水情况下的流变规律,并基于统一流变力学模型,对深部饱水岩石的流变模型进行辨识,确定流变模型的相关参数。结果表明:在低应力条件下,饱水岩石的蠕变曲线非常平稳,但在高应力时,蠕变曲线出现波动,有突变现象产生,岩样内部承载能力随着时间的延长而不断弱化;在深部高应力条件下,饱水岩石的流变特性与干燥情况下的差别很大,尤其是在高应力卸载时,岩石质量劣化、损伤加剧,水的影响不可忽略。选定HH|NN|S模型(SchofieldScottBlair模型)描述深部饱水岩石的流变规律,模型的拟合曲线与试验数据符合得很好,表明所选的模型是合理的。     

STABILITY ANALYSIS OF THE SUBLEVEL CAVING METHOD

本文归纳了用线弹性和非线性的弹-塑性有限元法对于在不同应力场条件下的分段回采巷道的应力分析的结果。从分析中发现,在废石已崩落的分段水平或崩矿的分段水平下面的分段回采巷道将出现临界应力集中。在爆破和放矿的循环中,如果中央回采巷道开采滞后时,将在该进路巷道出现拉伸和剪切破坏。在水平应力场条件下,回采巷道顶板的所有拉伸破坏都不再出现,只有在回采巷道底板上将出现轻微的屈服。与在重力应力场下的分析结果互相比较,当水平应力随着深度增加以后,在分段回采巷道附近的屈服破坏带将会大大变小。然而,预料将有另一种破坏出现,这就是在矿石柱体的测面的中部可能出现过分大的剪应力而导致的剪切破坏。 从分段崩落法稳定性的研究中,可以得出两个主要结论:(1)回采巷道的宽度必须仔细地控制在一定的范围内,并且要选择好恰当地回采顺序;(2)分段崩落法可以用于开采深部矿体,如果将矿柱宽度随开采深度而作相应的增加的话。     

围压卸载下高应力岩石动力扰动的破坏特性(英文)

利用改造后的动?静组合加载SHPB装置,系统研究砂岩预先经三维加载再围压卸载的动?静组合加载的破坏特性。结果表明:采用动?静组合加载,当动载荷较大时,试样整体失稳,应力—应变曲线为典型的I型曲线;随着动载荷的减小,应力—应变曲线逐渐向II型曲线转变,即向岩爆曲线过渡,揭示了高应力下动力扰动诱发岩爆,释放弹性储能的现象。使用高速摄像仪拍摄试样破坏过程,直观反映试样的动态破坏过程。剥落碎片的断口表面形貌特征分析显示,用较低能量冲击时,试样受到张剪性破坏和膨胀性破坏的共同作用;当用较高能量冲击时,试样以膨胀破坏为主。碎块分形结果表明,采用高应力动?静组合加载,当用小能量冲击时,引发弹性储能释放能提高试样的破碎程度。     

Strength weakening effect of high static pre-stressed granite subjected to low-frequency dynamic disturbance under uniaxial compression

This study aimed to elucidate the strength weakening effect of high static pre-stressed rocks subjected to low-frequency disturbances under uniaxial compression. Based on the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of granite under static loading, 70%, 80%, and 90% of UCS were selected as the initial high static pre-stress (σ_p), and then the pre-stressed rock specimens were disturbed by sinusoidal stress with amplitudes of 30%, 20%, and 10% of UCS under low-frequency frequencies (f) of 1, 2, 5, and 10 Hz, respectively. The results show that the rockburst failure of pre-stressed granite is caused by low-frequency disturbance, and the failure strength is much lower than UCS. When the σ_p or f is constant, the specimen strength gradually decreases as the f or σ_p increases. The experimental study illustrates the influence mechanism of the strength weakening effect of high static pre-stress rocks under low-frequency dynamic disturbance, that is, high static pre-stress is the premise and leading factor of rock strength weakening, while low-frequency dynamic disturbance induces rock failure and affects the strength weakening degree.     

等离子钻井过程中岩石破碎的实验研究

为了明确工作电流、击穿电压、脉冲宽度、电极直径、电极极性和电解质溶液浓度等加工因素对等离子钻井过程中岩石破碎的影响,采用环状电极结合实验室自主研发的电源,在无围压的条件下进行了室内实验研究。结果表明:工作电流、击穿电压、脉冲宽度和脉冲间隔对岩石破碎的效果有明显影响;岩石破碎效率随着工作电流、击穿电压和脉冲宽度的增加而逐渐提高,随着脉冲间隔、电极直径的增加而降低;当内电极与电源阴极相连时,岩石破碎的效果更好。实验结果同时表明,随着电解质溶液浓度的增加,岩石破碎的效率先增加、后减小。     

Spalling fracture mechanism of granite subjected to dynamic tensile loading

Rocks are likely to undergo spalling failure under dynamic loading. The fracture development and rock failure behaviours were investigated during dynamic tensile loading. Tests were conducted with a split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) in four different impact loading conditions. Thin sections near failure surfaces were also made to evaluate the growth patterns of fractures observed by polarizing microscope. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe mineral grains on failure surfaces and to evaluate their response to loading and failure. The results indicate that the number of spalling cracks increases with increase in peak impact loads and that quartz sustains abundant intergranular fracturing. Cleavage planes and their direction relative to loading play a vital role in rock strength and fracturing. Separation along cleavage planes perpendicular to loading without the movement of micaceous minerals parallel to loading appears to be unique to the rock spalling process.