Thermo-physical characterization of binder and feedstock for single and multiphase flow of PIM 316L feedstock

A thorough knowledge of the material properties of the feedstock and binder system is essential for successful powder injection moulding (PIM) as well as for numerical simulation. In view of the above, characterization of a developed binder system and feedstock has been reported in this paper for processing of 316L stainless steel powder through PIM route. The binder system consists of paraffin wax, stearic acid and low-density polyethylene. The feedstock comprises of 316L stainless steel powder and the above binder system. The thermal, physical and rheological characteristics of the binder system and feedstock have been investigated separately along with binder removal technique from the injection-moulded green compact. The thermal characterization revealed the semi-crystalline nature having distinct melting and solidification range for both the binder and feedstock. Data from DSC and TGA show that injection of the feedstock should be carried out above 102 °C (i.e. the upper melting temperature) but below 154 °C as beyond which the binder components paraffin wax and stearic acid start degrading and mould temperature should be below 57 °C. The binder and feedstock are found as shear-thinning fluid as viscosity decreases with the increase in shear strain rate and temperature. However, the viscosity of the binder is more sensitive to shear strain rate and temperature compared to that of the feedstock.     

Effects of milling and active surfactants on rheological behavior of powder injection molding feedstock

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W—Ni—Fe纳米晶粉末的流变特性

研究了W-Ni-Fe纳米晶粉末的注射成形（MIM）。纳米晶粉末采用机械合金化（MA）的方法制备,然后将这种纳米晶粉末与蜡基粘剂混合以制备出喂料。讨论了MA球磨时间、纳米粉末的体积装载量和实验温度以喂流料流变行为的影响。结果表明,随球磨时间增加,喂料粘度降低,粘度对剪切速率的敏感性也降低,因此,随球磨时间增加,喂料的流动性和成形性变好,随粉末装载量增加,喂料粘度呈非线性增加,喂料粘度与粉末装载量的关系为:η=η0A[1-（ΦΦm）]∧-n,其中n=0.68,粉末经球磨后,粘度变化随温度和剪切速率的变化不大。因此,注射温度和注射速度的变化对MTM产品的质量影响不大。     

表面活性剂添加对超细98W-1Ni-1Fe粉末注射成形喂料流变行为的影响(英文)

研究超细98W-1Ni-1Fe粉末的注射成形。系统研究球磨和硬脂酸(SA)添加对粉末特性以及喂料流变行为的影响。结果表明:球磨和SA添加均有效提高喂料的装载量。SA添加可以避免喂料制备过程中粉末与粘结剂间的表面反应,从而缩短混炼时间。SA添加可以降低喂料的粘度,但这种效果随温度升高而逐渐消失,在125℃以上时变为一种不利的效果。SA添加可以降低注射所需的温度。添加SA的粉末喂料在115℃时具有最低的粘度及剪切敏感性,而未加SA的粉末喂料在135℃时才具有最低的粘度及剪切敏感性。同时,添加SA的粉末喂料相比未添加SA的粉末喂料具有较低的温度敏感性及较佳的综合流变性能,因此,更适合于超细98W-1Ni-1Fe粉末的注射成形。     

大长径比超细WC-Co圆棒PIM充模过程的数值模拟

基于计算流体动力学的粉末-粘结剂双流体模型,采用CFX商业软件对大长径比超细WC/10Co粉末注射成形(PIM)充模过程进行数值模拟。结果表明:数值模拟结果与实际充模过程相一致,其假设条件和参数设置具有合理性,双流体模型具有可行性;粉末与粘结剂的温度分布一致,喂料熔体最低温度(≥330K)高于粘结剂的玻璃化温度,不发生凝固现象;粉末的粘度为50.0～379.4Pa·s,粘结剂的粘度为2.9～9.2Pa·s,粘度差是造成偏析现象的主要原因;从浇口处到模壁处,粉末与粘结剂的相对速度差从0.2%增加到1.8%,从浇口处到远端,相对速度差从0.1%增大到1.6%,相对速度差是引起偏析现象的主要原因。     

A new starch-based binder for metal injection molding

A composition of starch and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) was prepared as the binder and a mixture of this binder with 316L stainless steel powder was used to achieve a feedstock with 57% vol. powder loading. Rheological specifications of the binder and the feedstock were observed by means of capillary rheometery. Pseudo-plastic behavior of the binder and feedstock was investigated as a necessity in metal injection molding (MIM) process by proper flow characterization tests and their viscosity as the most significant flow characteristic was obtained in acceptable ranges. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out on feedstock in order to understand decomposition behavior of the binder components. In the next step, injection molding of the components was successfully conducted. Mechanical properties of compacts were then investigated through the triple point flexure test and the results showed that mechanical strength of specimens are very close to established ranges. The density of green parts was measured to assess the compaction of feedstock and it was achieved within the expected range for ferrous-based feedstocks. Debinding process was accomplished on compacted articles at three different temperature ranges including 70, 80 and 90 °C. Sintering process also was successfully accomplished on samples. For observing microstructures, the surface and cross section of specimens were compared before and after debinding as well as after sintering using scanning electron macrograph (SEM). Generally, this newly developed binder demonstrated a good potential for being utilized in MIM process.     

粘结剂组成对粘结剂和喂料热性能的影响

研究制备了PW，BO，OP3大系列10种组成的粘结剂及相应10种W-Ni-Fe粉末与粘结剂的混合料。并采用热失重-差热分析(TGA-DTA)分析了粘结剂和喂料的热性能。研究结果表明，粘结剂组成对粘结剂和喂料的热性能如熔点、热分解温度和热分解曲线有很大的影响。通过此变化可以更为准确地确定不同粘结剂组成的喂料中的粘结剂脱除工艺和脱除方式。     

IMPROVEMENT OF RHEOLOGICAL AND SHAPE RETENTION PROPERTIES OF WAX-BASED MIM BINDER BY MULTI-POLYMER COMPONENTS

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Effects of surfactant on properties of MIM feedstock

Effects of the surfactant for improving the properties of MIM feedstock were investigated. Feedstocks were prepared by 17-4PH stainless steel(SS) powder and paraffin wax-based binder containing different contents of stearic acid(SA) as the surfactant. The viscosity of the feedstock decreases significantly when the SA is added. Besides, the wetting angle of the binder against the 17-4PH SS powder decreases greatly and the critical solid loading increases with the adding of the SA. Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) analysis was used to prove the interaction between the SA and the 17-4PH SS powder. Chemical bonding is found on the surface of 17-4PH SS powder after mixing and it helps a lot to enhance the interacting force between the binder and the powder. Then an adsorbing model was adopted to estimate the least content of the surfactant that formed a monolayer adsorption on the mono-sized spherical powder (with smooth surface). The least content of the surfactant is calculated to be 0.19%. Whereas, the experiments indicate that about 5% is the optimal value to improve the properties of the feedstock. The reason may come from two aspects: firstly, the powders used in current experiment are not all mono-sized spheres and the coarse surface of the powder has a great effect on the adsorptive capacity of the powder; secondly, multilayer adsorption is likely to occur on the powder surface, which will also increase the adsorptive capacity.     

RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF METAL INVECTION MOLDING BINDER AND FEEDSTOCK

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表面活性剂对金属粉末注射成形喂料性能的影响

研究了表面活性剂对聚乙二醇-聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯/Fe-2Ni粉末注射成形喂料性能的影响。首先用单分子层吸附模型计算出形成单分子层吸附所需表面活性剂的理论值,然后分别将硬脂酸、司班-20、司班-80、吐温-60等不同表面活性剂加入粘结剂中,发现表面活性剂可通过降低粘结剂对粉末的润湿角、降低粘结剂-粉末喂料的粘度而提高最大粉末装载量,在超过单分子层吸附的量之后,继续增加表面活性剂、仍能进一步发挥其有益作用。不同表面活性剂对喂料性能影响的程度有所不同,通过选择合适的表面活性剂,该聚乙二醇-聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯粘结剂对Fe-2Ni羰基粉末装载量达55%（体积分数）。     

硬质合金增塑粉末螺杆挤压成形

探讨了用于硬质合金粉末螺杆挤压成形技术的新粘结剂制备及挤压棒的组织形貌。新粘结剂由几种低分子量组元与1种热塑性弹性体高分子组元构成。采用溶剂溶解与加热熔融相结合的办法制备粘结剂。室温下，用合适的剪切力搅拌，能很快将粘结剂与YG8粉末混合均匀，制得组成均一的料浆式挤压用喂料。用扫描电子显微镜观察了挤压毛坯的微观组织及脱脂试样的组织结构与缺陷。用热重(TG)与微分热重(DTG)方法研究了热脱脂机理与动力学，发现了三维扩散控制热脱脂的速率。在脱脂的第1阶段，低分子量组元被脱除掉，挤压毛坯内形成了连通毛细孔。在脱脂的第2阶段，剩下的高分子量组元被完全脱除；第2阶段的热脱脂能以较快的升温速率进行。制备出了φ20mm的硬质合金挤压棒。     

粉末注射成形粘结剂组分相容性的热力学判据

对粉末注射成形粘结剂组分的在数进行了计算，并通过实验观察得到了组分相容性的判据。分别以PVB，EVA，PMMA为高分子组分，讨论了它们与低分子量组分PEG的相容性，并通过混炼机混炼和偏光显微镜观察，得到了△G/T〈1、5可供工艺相容、 △G／T＞3．0不相容的热力学判据。     

YT5硬质合金注射成形喂料流变学行为研究

在金属注射成形(MIM)工艺中,喂料的流变性能直接决定注射坯的质量,进而决定最终制品的力学性能及尺寸精度。评价喂料流变性能的主要指标是粘度以及粘度对应变和温度的敏感性。本文比较研究了三种YT5硬质合金注射成形喂料的粘度与剪切速率、粘度与温度的关系。研究结果表明:复合粘结剂体系50～70%PW+20～30%EO+20～30%LLDPE+5～10%SA与YT5硬质合金粉末形成的注射成形喂料具有最佳的流变性能,其非牛顿指数n和粘流活化能△Eη分别为0.640,37.7 kJ·mol~(-1)·K~(-1)。     

金属注射成形用新型聚乙二醇基粘结剂的研究

研究了一种新型聚乙二醇（PEG）基热塑性粘结剂,它由高密度聚乙烯、聚乙二醇、聚合物W、硬脂酯、邻苯二甲酸和二辛脂和抗氧剂等组成。新型PEG基粘结剂与Fe-2Ni粉具有较强的相互作用,混合均匀性好,且粉末装载量高,喂料注射成形性好。用新型PEG基粘结剂和Fe-2Ni粉所制备的喂料是一种假塑性流体,具有良好的流变性能。新型PEG基粘结剂用乙醇溶剂脱脂,速度快、缺陷少、维形能力强,且可避免环境污染。     

A novel binder and binder extraction method for powder injection molding of tungsten cemented carbide

1　INTRODUCTIONPowderinjectionmolding (PIM ) ,whichisde rivedfromplasticinjectionmolding ,isakindofnet shapepowdermetallurgyformingprocess[13] .Com bininghigh partcomplexitywithhigh productionquantities ,itsupplementstheestablishedprocesseslikediecompaction ,machiningandinvestmentcasting[4 6 ] .Comparingtoconventionalpressing/sinteringprocess,thePIMhasgreattechniqueandcostadvantagesforthepro ductionofcementedcarbidecomponentswithcomplexshapes[7,8] .Sincehydraulicpressureisappliedduringi…     

金属注射成形喂料的流动行为及粘度参数的测定

从材料的综合流动曲线及聚合物、粘结剂的流动性能，分析了金属注射成形喂料的流动行为，给出了用毛细管粘度计测量金属注射成形喂料粘度并确定其流动曲线参数的分析方法。     

Thermal decomposition behavior of nano/micro bimodal feedstock with different solids loading

Debinding is one of the most critical processes for powder injection molding. The parts in debinding process are vulnerable to defect formation, and long processing time of debinding decreases production rate of whole process. In order to determine the optimal condition for debinding process, decomposition behavior of feedstock should be understood. Since nano powder affects the decomposition behavior of feedstock, nano powder effect needs to be investigated for nano/micro bimodal feedstock. In this research, nano powder effect on decomposition behavior of nano/micro bimodal feedstock has been studied. Bimodal powders were fabricated with different ratios of nano powder, and the critical solids loading of each powder was measured by torque rheometer. Three different feedstocks were fabricated for each powder depending on solids loading condition. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) experiment was carried out to analyze the thermal decomposition behavior of the feedstocks, and decomposition activation energy was calculated. The result indicated nano powder showed limited effect on feedstocks in lower solids loading condition than optimal range. Whereas, it highly influenced the decomposition behavior in optimal solids loading condition by causing polymer chain scission with high viscosity.     

硬质合金挤压成形喂料热脱脂特性

开发出了适用于硬质合金挤压成形的成形剂及相应的热脱脂技术，通过优化配方设计与制备方式及工艺条件，制得了性能优良，分布均匀的成表剂。研究了成形剂及喂料的热脱脂工艺与机遇，发现热脱脂可分为低温区与高温区2个阶段，其脱脂机理均为热扩散，但2阶段热脱脂反应活化能不同；无论是成形剂还是喂料，其它组元的加入起了催化剂的作用，能有产地降低热脱脂反应活化能。     

两种形状Nd-Fe-B粉末的混炼

采用快淬法和雾化法制得的2种不同形貌的NdFeB磁粉，以尼龙12作粘结剂，研究了注射成形粘结磁体的混炼过程。结果表明：混合料的均匀度与混合时间的关系近似符合Boltzmann方程，磁通热损失率近似符合指数函数，混合料的流变符合假塑性流体的特征；平均粒度相当的粉末、雾化粉的临界充填率、初始均匀度和充分混合后的均匀度都高于快淬粉；相同剪切速率下，雾化粉的粘度远比快淬粉低。