Cu-Cr合金初始凝固界面形态对组织形成的影响

依据定向凝固初始过渡区的溶质分布,探讨了Cu-1.0wt%Cr合金凝固界面形态对组织形成的影响.研究表明:亚共晶Cu-1.0wt%Cr合金初始非稳态定向凝固过程经历了平面状初生α相、完全(α+β)共晶组织以及枝晶状α相和共晶的混合组织的三个演变阶段.随着凝固速度的增加,初始过渡区内单相α的凝固长度减小;初始凝固平界面易在初始过渡区的单相α生长阶段发生失稳,并导致完全(α+β)共晶组织的凝固过程不会发生.理论分析得到的初始过渡区平界面失稳及组织演变的规律,与实验结果相吻合.     

Sn-Cd包晶合金定向凝固的多场耦合模拟

在有限体积软件FLUENT的基础上建立了包晶合金定向凝固的多场耦合模型,并计算了Sn-Cd包晶合金定向凝固时的温度场、流场、溶质场以及固液界面形态等特征。研究表明,试样直径是决定自然对流强度的主要因素,随着试样直径的增大,固液界面前沿熔体流速增大,径向溶质偏析程度先增强后减弱;抽拉速率增大时,自然对流强度变化较小,固液界面前沿的环流区域减小,溶质径向偏析程度减弱;试样直径越小,抽拉速率越大,试样初始过渡区长度越短。     

定向凝固下Cu-Cr合金初始凝固的平界面距离及界面失稳

讨论了定向凝固下合金初始过渡区的溶质分布,说明合金可以在初始过渡区内发生平界面失稳现象,给出了界面失稳的临界速率表达式,获得了两种定向凝固过程中初始凝固的平界面距离与凝固速率之间的关系.对Cu-Cr合金初始凝固的平界面距离进行了分析,发现Cu-Cr合金中由于存在密度差,使得合金初始凝固的平界面距离增加,理论获得的规律与实验测量的结果基本吻合.     

Numerical simulaton of cellular/dendritic transition and its growth during unidirectional solidificationin of Ti–Al alloy

采用基于溶质扩散控制模型CA方法对Ti44Al合金定向凝固初始阶段变速冷却过程中胞/枝晶转变过程进行了数值模拟.模拟结果表明,在胞/枝转变过程中,存在胞-枝混合生长区,在一些胞晶相邻面无二次枝晶生长.在给定的冷却速率下,枝晶臂间距大于胞晶臂间距;而在过渡区,枝晶间距达到最大.另外,晶核数量对柱状晶间距产生影响,随着植入晶核数量的增加,柱状晶间距非均匀化程度明显减小.出现过渡区的原因与枝晶生长所引起固/液界面前沿成分波动有关.模拟与实验结果吻合较好.     

CuFe合金微观组织中的枝晶生长

研究了含铁20%、30%和40%的Cu-Fe包晶合金微观组织中的富Fe枝晶生长行为.结果表明,过冷液相的传热能力影响微观组织中枝晶的分布.当传热能力较强时,枝晶的分布较为均匀,枝晶的大小差别较小;反之,则枝晶分布不匀,且尺寸差别较大.对于溶质含量较低的合金,微观组织中枝晶分布的随机性与浓度起伏的不确定性有关.在溶质富集微区的过冷液相中容易产生枝晶晶核.随着溶质Fe含量的增加,单位面积上富Fe枝晶所占的比例、枝晶分枝的层次、枝晶分枝长度和密度都明显增加,而分枝的直径增加较少.溶质富集主要影响枝晶的侧向生长,而枝晶尖端的生长受溶质富集的影响较小.     

定向凝固Ti—43Al—3Si合金的组织演化规律Ⅰ.初始过渡区组织演化规律

对Ti-43Al-3Si(原子分数,%)合金在3-100μm/s的生长速度下进行了系统的定向凝固实验.研究了生长速度对固/液界面形态及初始过渡区组织演化规律的影响.合金在3-60μm/s的生长速度范围内均以胞晶形态生长,胞晶间距随着生长速度的增大而减小;当生长速度达到90μm/s时,开始出现枝晶生长.在定向凝固初始启动阶段,存在清晰的热过渡区,热过渡区内Ti5Si3相分布及过渡区组织与定向凝固区组织的关联性对于籽晶材料的引晶效果有重要影响.生长速度在10μm/s以内时,热过渡区内Ti5Si3相分布连续,且热过渡区组织与定向凝固区组织的关联性好,有利于该合金的引晶.     

STRUCTURE EVOLUTION OF DIRECTIONALLY SOLIDIFIED Ti--43Al--3Si ALLOY I. Microstructure Evolution in the Transition Region

对Ti--43Al--3Si (原子分数, %) 合金在3---100 μm/s 的生长速度下进行了系统的定向凝固实验. 研究了生长速度对固/液界面形态及初始过渡区组织演化规律的影响. 合金在3---60 μm/s 的生长速度范围内均以胞晶形态生长, 胞晶间距随着生长速度的增大而减小; 当生长速度达到90 μm/s 时, 开始出现枝晶生长. 在定向凝固初始启动阶段, 存在清晰的热过渡区, 热过渡区内Ti₅Si₃ 相分布及过渡区组织与定向凝固区组织的关联性对于籽晶材料的引晶效果有重要影响. 生长速度在10 μm/s 以内时, 热过渡区内Ti₅Si₃ 相分布连续, 且热过渡区组织与定向凝固区组织的关联性好, 有利于该合金的引晶.     

定向凝固Al-4%Cu合金微观组织和溶质浓度影响因素研究

以Al-4%Cu亚共晶合金为研究对象,研究不同试样尺寸、初始变形量以及晶体取向条件下定向凝固单晶Al-4%Cu合金微观组织、固溶体中溶质浓度变化,以及凝固过程中溶质的分布规律和影响因素。结果表明,随着试样直径增大,Al-4%Cu合金内非平衡共晶相体积分数提高,Cu溶质成分曲线越平缓,α-Al固溶体Cu溶质分布更加均匀,晶内偏析减小,这主要是由于大尺寸试样熔体中自然对流更加充分,促进了溶质在液相中的扩散,减轻了固液界面前沿溶质的富集;施加一定塑性变形后,由于变形导致试样中位错密度增加,位错增殖和运动过程中形成的空位缺陷可以容纳更多溶质原子,因而凝固初期Cu成分曲线升高,α-Al固溶体中溶质浓度增大;对于不同取向的试样,随着晶体取向偏离[001]方向角度增大,微观偏析先降低后增大,而固溶体中溶质浓度先增大后降低。这是由于固/液界面能存在各项异性,溶质原子进入固/液界面的难易程度与晶体取向相关,不同晶面原子的吸附能力不一致,从而导致固液界面前沿溶质富集和固溶体中溶质浓度存在差异。     

Ti-Al合金定向凝固过程中胞/枝晶间距选择的计算机模拟

利用溶质扩散控制模型对Ti-Al合金定向凝固初始阶段变速冷却过程中胞/枝晶转变过程进行了数值模拟。在给定的冷却速率下,枝晶臂间距大于胞晶臂间距,而在过渡区,枝晶间距达到最大。另外,模拟结果也显示,晶核数量对柱状晶间距产生影响,随着植入晶核数量的增加,柱状晶间距非均匀化程度明显减小。出现过渡区的原因与枝晶生长所引起固/液界面前沿成分波动有关。模拟与试验结果吻合较好。     

定向凝固包晶合金带状组织的形成机制及相选择Ⅰ.带状组织的形成机制

对定向凝固包晶合金在不同生长条件下,初生相和包晶相分别作为单相和充分形核相以低速平界面生长时,从初始到稳态的整个过渡区间,两相在界面及界面前沿液相中的溶质分布进行了分析,利用充分形核假设和成分过冷准则以及相稳定生长的最高界面温度判据,分析了初始过渡区内可能发生的第二相形核转变,确定了形成带状组织的成分条件,考虑到相生长的历史相关性,将带状组织区分为周期性带状组织区和单一带状组织区,更能够对实验现象进行合理的解释,对Ti-Al合金的计算结果与理论分析一致。     

A phase field investigation of dendrite morphology and solute distributions under transient conditions in an Al–Cu welding molten pool

A quantitative phase field model is developed to simulate dendrite morphology and solute distributions of the Al–4?wt-% Cu alloy in Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) welding molten pool under transient conditions. The functions of temperature gradient and travel velocity are used to obtain transient conditions of the welding molten pool. Time evolutions of the dendrite morphology, solute distributions of different positions and interfaces are obtained. The dendrite growth process can be divided into four stages, namely linear growth, non-linear growth, competitive growth and short-term steady growth. The solute concentration near the primary dendrite tip region is the smallest, while solute concentration is larger in the front of plane crystals growth interface and the solute concentration in the liquid region among the primary dendrites is obviously the largest, where the solute segregation forms readily. For the given welding parameters, the dendrite morphology and the initial instability of solid/liquid interface agree well with the experimental result.     

Quantitatively comparing phase-field modeling with direct real time observation by synchrotron X-ray radiography of the initial transient during directional solidification of an Al-Cu alloy

The initial transient during directional solidification of an Al-4 wt.% Cu alloy was simulated by a quantitative phase-field model solved with the adaptive finite element method. The simulated solidification process was compared with the related analytical theory and in situ and real time observations by means of X-ray radiography at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The simulated velocity of the planar interface and solute profile ahead of the solidification front in the liquid are close to the predictions of the Warren-Langer model of the initial planar solidification transient, but in fair quantitative agreement with experimental results only at early stages of planar solidification. After the accelerated flat interface lost its stability a transition to cellular solidification was initiated. The initial cell spacing predicted by the phase-field simulation agreed well with the experimental observations in the region where the cell growth direction was perpendicular to the fluid flow, whereas a discrepancy was obvious in the corners where the fluid flow was parallel to growth. An analytical relation describing the wavelength of the initial solid-liquid interface corrugations under diffusion-limited transport is screened out by comparing the phase-field simulation data with expressions based upon the Mullins-Sekerka linear stability analysis theory or derived for primary spacing. The gravity-driven natural convection in the experiment resulted in misfits between the phase-field predictions and the experimental observations in the late stage of planar solidification, onset and development of morphological instability.     

Modeling the overall solidification kinetics for undercooled single-phase solid-solution alloys. II. Model application

An overall solidification kinetic model was applied to undercooled Ni–15 at.% Cu alloy. A good agreement between the model predictions and the measured cooling curves was obtained by adopting a “phenomenological” heat boundary condition. Applying numerical calculations, it was demonstrated that solute is uniformly distributed at the purely thermal-controlled growth stage; a transition from non-equilibrium to near-equilibrium solidification occurs at the mainly thermal-controlled growth stage only if sufficiently high initial undercooling is available; and a transition from recalescence to post-recalescence occurs at the solutal-controlled growth stage wherein the current model reduces to Scheil’s equation. The volume fraction solidified during recalescence is the same as the ratio of the initial undercooling to the hypercooling limit, and solidification should end generally at a temperature between the prediction of Scheil’s equation and that of the Lever rule if back diffusion is considered.     

Relating Initial Texture to Deformation Behavior During Cold Rolling and Static Recrystallization Upon Subsequent Annealing of an Extruded WE43 Alloy

Deformation behaviors during cold rolling and static recrystallization behaviors upon subsequent annealing of an extruded WE43 alloys with different initial textures were investigated in this study. Three types of differently textured WE43 initial alloys were labeled as samples I, II and III. The results showed that multiple twinning modes and basal slip dominated the deformation of samples during cold rolling. Cold-rolled sample I activated the larger number of double twins with high strain energy, accompanied by the more uniform strain distribution, than cold-rolled samples II and III. During subsequent annealing, recrystallized grains preferentially occurred in double twins, twin-twin intersections and grain boundaries, thereby making cold-rolled sample I have the more rapid recrystallization rate. Similar recrystallization textures formed in three types of cold-rolled samples at the recrystallization nucleation stage, and they never largely changed with the annealing time due to the uniform grain growth induced by the solute drag and the precipitation pinning at grain boundaries. After full recrystallization, the grain growth was controlled by the solute drag, instead of precipitates which were re-dissolved into the matrix. Finally, the nucleation and growth kinetics of static recrystallization were calculated, and the effects of initial texture on activation energies of recrystallization nucleation and growth were discussed.     

溶质浓度分布对焊接熔池凝固结晶的影响

本文创建了瞬时定态新方法。首次测出焊接熔池固-液界面前沿Si 溶质浓度分布呈指数形式衰减。展现出焊缝金属晶体萌生、长大不同时刻的凝固瞬时Si 溶质浓度分布。找到以固-液界面为界固相中Si 溶质堆积层厚度与液相中Si 溶质扩散层厚度之间的关系。提出界面组成过冷度是晶体变速生长的动力,表明在焊接过热条件下不存在均质形核假说。     

Numerical simulation of dendrite growth in Ni-based superalloy casting during directional solidification process

An understanding of dendrite growth is required in order to improve the properties of castings. For this reason, cellular automaton?finite difference (CA?FD) method was used to investigate the dendrite growth during directional solidification (DS) process. The solute diffusion model combined with macro temperature field model was established for predicting the dendrite growth behavior. Model validation was performed by the DS experiment, and the cooling curves and grain structures obtained by the experiment presented a reasonable agreement with the simulation results. The competitive growth of dendrites was also simulated by the proposed model, and the competitive behavior of dendrites with different misalignment angles was also discussed in detail. Subsequently, 3D dendrites growth was also investigated by experiment and simulation, and both were in good accordance. The influence on dendrites growth of initial nucleus was investigated by three simulation cases, and the results showed that the initial nuclei just had an effect on the initial growth stage of columnar dendrites, but had little influence on the final dendritic morphology and the primary dendrite arm spacing.     

Phase field crystal model of solute drag

The atomic scale interaction of solute with a migrating grain boundary has been studied using a binary phase field crystal (PFC) model. This model bridges between atomistic and continuum simulation techniques as it operates on diffusive timescales but at atomistic length scales. For this study, a two-dimensional channel containing two grains separated by a flat grain boundary has been constructed that allows for a channel length on the order of one micrometer. A new formalism has been developed to allow for the application of an external driving pressure for the growth of one grain. These simulations account for solute/grain boundary interactions, resulting in a solute drag effect on the grain boundary motion. The PFC simulations show good agreement with classical solute drag theory, though deviations due to the atomic scale nature of the interface exist.     

溶质扩散控制层片共晶生长

基于平界面溶质扩散假设,改进界面物质守恒边界条件求得了层片共晶稳态生长的溶质边界层.结果表明,层片共晶组织生长过程中沿生长方向的溶质边界层与沿界面方向的溶质边界层相关.对CBr4-C2Cl6透明合金系的分析表明,共晶合金层片组织生长过程中界面处液、固相平均成分的差值随凝固速率增大而增大.合金成分偏离共晶成分时,界面处液相平均成分与共晶成分非常接近.在给定的凝固速率下,共晶相界面处液、固相平均成分差值与层片宽度的比值随合金成分的不同而不同.     

Phase-field simulation of dendritic growth for binary alloys with complicate solution models

1 INTRODUCTION The formation of complex microstructures during solidification of metals and alloys have fas- cinated researchers in materials science and related areas for so many years , especially the formation of dendritic structures . In many commercial al- loys , microstructural features that determine the mechanical integrity of a cast ingot ,such as solute segregation, grain size and porosity , all depend critically on the morphologies and velocities of in- dividual or arrays of gr…