Study of the recrystallization process of AlMgSi alloys containing transition elements

The addition of small amounts of the transition elements such as Zr, Mn and Cr, which have a low solubility in the α-aluminium solid solution and thus form dispersoids, to AlMgSi alloys showed that these elements inhibit recrystallization when the alloys are pre-heated prior to deformation. The formation of coarse particles during casting is mainly due to the presence of Fe. This type of particles found, even, in solution treated samples. The particles, with a diameter exceeding 3 μm, accelerate the recrystallization as they provide good sites for nucleation of recrystallization. Precipitate free zones (PFZ's) developed around the coarse particles favour nucleation of recrystallization by subgrain growth. The presence of dispersoid particles is found to shift the recrystallization energy peak towards higher temperatures. Intermediate annealing before deformation allowed to achieve a high rate of deformation by cold rolling due to the removal of the solute from the matrix by the formation of the hardening phases. Optical and transmission electron microscopy, hardness measurements and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to study the kinetics of precipitation and recrystallization of the AlMgSi alloys.     

Effect of hot and cold deformation on the P {0 1 1}4 5 5 recrystallization texture in a continuous cast Al–Mn–Mg aluminum alloy

The effect of different relative amounts of hot and cold deformation on the P {0 1 1}4 5 5 recrystallization texture in a continuous cast Al–Mn–Mg aluminum alloy was investigated by X-ray diffraction. The results show that at a given total rolling strain the sheet with a high hot rolling strain exhibits a significantly stronger P texture than the sheet with a low hot rolling strain. Hot deformation strongly promotes the formation of the P texture during recrystallization annealing.     

Increase in grain size during recrystallization of heat resistant nickel alloys

Conclusions We have shown that the critical increase in grain size during recrystallization occurs only when recrystallization proceeds during plastic deformation or during the cooling of the alloy after plastic deformation or under certain conditions (heating rate) during repeated heating. If recrystallization does not occur during plastic deformation (cold deformation) and the rate of repeated heating is such that polygonization processes have time to occur then there is no critical increase in the grain size.Central Scientific Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 1, pp. 22–24, January, 1966     

Recrystallization of nickel alloy KhN62BMKTYu during hot deformation and quenching

Conclusions Structural diagrams of recrystallization plotted in coordinates of temperature and deformation indicate regions of unrecrystallized, mixed, and completely recrystallized structure after deformation and quenching of alloy KhN62BMKTYu. The structure is polygonal in unrecrystallized sections after quenching from 1050–1080°.All-Union Institute of Light Alloys. Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 8, pp. 55–57, August, 1982.     

超高强DP980钢的动态再结晶模型

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对超高强DP980钢进行热压缩试验,研究其在变形温度为900~1 200℃、应变速率为0.05~30s~(-1)条件下的动态再结晶行为,分析了变形温度和应变速率对真应力-真应变曲线的影响。结果表明:超高强DP980钢在变形过程中,存在动态再结晶和动态回复两种软化机制,且随着温度的升高和应变速率的降低,临界应变越小,动态再结晶越容易发生;同时,得到了发生动态再结晶时的形变激活能,建立了峰值应变模型、动态再结晶临界应力模型和动态再结晶动力学模型。     

低合金钢Q345B动态再结晶动力学模型

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟实验机对低合金钢Q345B进行热压缩实验,研究其在变形温度为900～1100℃和应变速率为0.01～10s-1条件下的动态再结晶行为。结果表明:低合金钢Q345B在变形过程中存在动态再结晶现象,且随着温度的升高和应变速率的降低,临界应变越小,动态再结晶越易发生。根据流变应力、应变速率和变形温度的相关性,得到了动态再结晶激活能。通过对热模拟实验数据的分析计算,建立了峰值应变模型,动态再结晶临界应变模型和动态再结晶动力学模型。并对动态再结晶动力学模型进行了误差分析,证明了模型具有较高的精确性。最后,通过所建立的模型分析了变形条件对动态再结晶的影响,验证了实验所得出的在高温、低应变速率下更有利于动态再结晶发生的规律。     

300M钢动态再结晶动力学

基于等温恒应变速率压缩实验,对300M钢在变形温度为850℃～1180℃、应变速率为0.01s-1～10s-1条件下的热变形行为,及其动态再结晶动力学行为进行研究。结果表明,当ln Z>33.37时,300M钢应力-应变曲线呈双峰不连续动态再结晶型,热变形过程发生两轮动态再结晶;当ln Z<33.37时,300M钢的应力-应变曲线呈单峰不连续动态再结晶型,热变形过程仅发生一轮动态再结晶。根据压缩实验结果,分别构建300M钢第一轮动态再结晶和第二轮动态再结晶的峰值应变、临界应变、平均晶粒尺寸和体积分数动力学模型。     

Recrystallization and grain growth in Ni3Al with and without boron

The recrystallization and grain growth of boron-free and boron-doped (500 ppm by weight) Ni₃Al polycrystals were investigated in the temperature range 700–1000°C. The levels of deformation were 17% reduction in length in compression for both alloys and 40% rolling reduction applied only to the boron-doped alloy. For alloys with or without boron, the Kolmogorov-Johnson-Mehl-Avrami relationship holds, with the Avrami exponent near unity, and the recrystallization rate is very slow. The activation energies for recrystallization are respectively 480 and 492 kJ/mol for boron-free and boron-doped to 40%. The grain growth kinetics obey a power law with the time exponent ranging from 0·2 to 0·4. The boron effect at 500 ppm was found to be small on both recrystallization and grain growth in Ni₃Al.     

Relating Initial Texture to Deformation Behavior During Cold Rolling and Static Recrystallization Upon Subsequent Annealing of an Extruded WE43 Alloy

Deformation behaviors during cold rolling and static recrystallization behaviors upon subsequent annealing of an extruded WE43 alloys with different initial textures were investigated in this study. Three types of differently textured WE43 initial alloys were labeled as samples I, II and III. The results showed that multiple twinning modes and basal slip dominated the deformation of samples during cold rolling. Cold-rolled sample I activated the larger number of double twins with high strain energy, accompanied by the more uniform strain distribution, than cold-rolled samples II and III. During subsequent annealing, recrystallized grains preferentially occurred in double twins, twin-twin intersections and grain boundaries, thereby making cold-rolled sample I have the more rapid recrystallization rate. Similar recrystallization textures formed in three types of cold-rolled samples at the recrystallization nucleation stage, and they never largely changed with the annealing time due to the uniform grain growth induced by the solute drag and the precipitation pinning at grain boundaries. After full recrystallization, the grain growth was controlled by the solute drag, instead of precipitates which were re-dissolved into the matrix. Finally, the nucleation and growth kinetics of static recrystallization were calculated, and the effects of initial texture on activation energies of recrystallization nucleation and growth were discussed.     

The Kinetics and Mechanism of Thermal Oxidation of Electrolessly Deposited Ni–B and Ni–W–B Alloys

The kinetics and mechanism of thermal oxidation of electrolessly reduced Ni–B and Ni–W–B alloys are studied by precision thermogravimetry and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It is shown that the oxidation is mainly determined by properties of boron oxides. At temperatures over 300°C, the oxidation is accompanied by a sublimation of boron oxides formed. Traces of water and hydrogen in freshly deposited alloys affect significantly both the kinetics of the alloys oxidation and sublimation of the oxides. The vitreous oxide film well adsorbs water vapor and can be readily removed from the sample surface.     

Mesoscopic Analysis of Deformation Heterogeneity and Recrystallization Microstructures of a Dual-Phase Steel Using a Coupled Simulation Approach

Microstructure-based numerical modeling of the deformation heterogeneity and ferrite recrystallization in a cold-rolled dual-phase(DP) steel has been performed by using the crystal plasticity finite element method(CPFEM) coupled with a mesoscale cellular automaton(CA) model. The microstructural response of subsequent primary recrystallization with the deformation heterogeneity in two-phase microstructures is studied. The simulations demonstrate that the deformation of multi-phase structures leads to highly strained shear bands formed in the soft ferrite matrix, which produces grain clusters in subsequent primary recrystallization. The early impingement of recrystallization fronts among the clustered grains causes mode conversions in the recrystallization kinetics. Reliable predictions regarding the grain size, microstructure morphology and kinetics can be made by comparison with the experimental results. The infl uence of initial strains on the recrystallization is also obtained by the simulation approach.     

Kinetics and critical conditions for initiation of dynamic recrystallization during hot compression deformation of AISI 321 austenitic stainless steel

Dynamic recrystallization behavior of AISI 321 austenitic stainless steel were studied using hot compression tests over the range of temperatures from 900 °C to 1200 °C and strain rates from 0.001 s^-1 to 1 s^-1. The critical strain and stress for initiation of dynamic recrystallization were determined by plotting strain hardening rate vs. stress curves and a constitutive equation describing the flow stress at strains lower than peak strain. Also, the strain at maximum flow softening was obtained and the effect of deformation conditions (Z parameter) on the critical strain and stress were analyzed. Finally, the volume fraction of dynamic recrystallization was calculated at different deformation conditions using these critical values. Results showed that the model used for predicting the kinetics of dynamic recrystallization has a great consistency with the data, in the form of θ-ε curves, directly acquired from experimental flow curves.     

Static Recrystallization Behavior of Z12CN13 Martensite Stainless Steel

In order to increase the hot workability and provide proper hot forming parameters of forging Z12CN13 martensite stainless steel for the simulation and production, the static recrystallization behavior has been studied by double-pass hot compression tests. The effects of deformation temperature, strain rate and inter-pass time on the static recrystallization fraction by the 2% offset method are extensively studied. The results indicate that increasing the inter-pass time and the deformation temperature as well as strain rate appropriately can increase the fraction of static recrystallization. At the temperature of 1050-1150 °C, inter-pass time of 30-100 s and strain rate of 0.1-5 s^?1, the static recrystallization behavior is obvious. In addition, the kinetics of static recrystallization behavior of Z12CN13 steel has been established and the activation energy of static recrystallization is 173.030 kJ/mol. The substructure and precipitates have been studied by TEM. The results reveal that the nucleation mode is bulging at grain boundary. Undissolved precipitates such as MoNi₃ and Fe₃C have a retarding effect on the recrystallization kinetics. The effect is weaker than the accelerating effect of deformation temperature.     

Some observations on deformation-related discontinuous precipitation in an Al-14.6at.%Zn alloy

The discontinuous precipitation (DP) in a supersaturated Al-14.6at.%Zn alloy in relation to different forms of deformation structures has been investigated with optical and electron microscopy. It has been found that intense surface scribing, followed by short-term ageing at 65 °C, resulted in a recrystallized duplex structure with nanoscale equiaxed β-Zn particles and α-Al grains. In the absence of recrystallization and shear banding, moderate surface grinding increased the transformation kinetics of DP on the alloy surface by an order of magnitude compared with that of the undeformed counterpart. The enhanced transformation kinetics is attributed to intragranular nucleation and growth of DP colonies associated plausibly with dislocation cell wall structures induced by the surface strain. In contrast, bulk deformation by means of cold-rolling (13-66% reduction) and in situ stress-ageing (∼1% strain) both suppressed the development of DP in the alloy. The role of deformation bands as nucleation sites of DP and the driving force determining the development of DP colonies in deformed matrices are discussed.     

1235铝合金动态再结晶动力学模型及氧化夹杂的影响

通过Gleeble热模拟试验建立动态再结晶动力学模型,研究氧化夹杂对1235铝合金的动态再结晶行为的影响。研究表明,经不同净化处理的1235铝合金在热变形条件下均发生一定程度的动态再结晶。动态再结晶体积分数的计算值与实测值接近(相关系数R大于0.92),相关性高。在相同热变形条件下,含杂量越低,热压缩时动态再结晶的速度越慢,细小的夹杂物阻碍了动态再结晶晶粒的长大,再结晶晶粒细小。     

热轧Mg-1Zn和Mg-1Y合金退火组织演变及静态再结晶行为

对比研究了高温轧制制备的Mg-1.02Zn及Mg-0.76Y(质量分数,%)合金在不同温度退火条件下的组织演变及静态再结晶和晶粒长大动力学行为.结果表明,Mg-1Zn合金的轧制组织以剪切带和孪晶为主,在剪切带和孪晶内伴随着动态再结晶;而Mg-1Y合金的轧制组织中只有孪晶,未观察到剪切带和再结晶发生.退火过程中,Mg-1Zn合金静态再结晶过程主要受控于形核过程,而Mg-1Y合金则既受控于形核过程又受控于长大过程.利用经典的JMAK模型和长大模型分别描述了2种合金热轧制后的静态再结晶和晶粒长大动力学过程,结果表明,静态再结晶过程的Avrami因子n值与理想预测值偏离可能来自于再结晶的不均匀形核.固溶稀土Y原子比Zn原子对晶界移动的拖曳作用更强,导致Mg-1Y合金比Mg-1Zn合金晶粒长大因子n’更高.     

Investigation of recrystallization in an Al-0.3 Mg alloy by the method of internal friction

The Al-0.3 at % Mg alloy subjected to deformation by rolling (ɛ = 90%) at room temperature has been investigated by the method of internal friction. The influence of deformation and subsequent recrystallization on the temperature dependence of the amplitude-dependent and amplitude-independent internal friction has been determined. Effects of anelasticity due to recrystallization and grain-boundary relaxation have been revealed and investigated; parameters of corresponding peaks of internal friction have been determined and discussed. When studying the kinetics of recrystallization, the high sensitivity and selectivity of the procedure used have been shown.     

Wear resistance of laser-clad Ni–Cr–B–Si alloy on aluminium alloy

Using a 5 kW CO₂ laser, two kinds of plasma-sprayed coatings, Ni–Cr–B–Si and Ni–Cr–B–Si+WC alloys, were remelted on aluminium alloy. The wear resistance of both laser-treated samples and plasma-sprayed samples were investigated using a pin-on-disc sliding friction wear tester. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to analyse the abrasion phenomena of the samples and a transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used to study the microstructure of the laser-clad zone. Experimental results showed that the laser-clad samples had double the wear resistance of the plasma-sprayed samples, and that the laser-clad Ni–Cr–B–Si sample exhibited the highest wear resistance. The results of wear surface analysis showed that the microstructure of the alloyed layer of the laser-clad samples was quite compact and the surfaces were also very smooth, and there was less peeling phenomenon of the granules. The microstrucutre of the plasma-sprayed sample was rather loose and there were a lot of granular peelings left on the worn surface. A study of the microstructure showed extensive amorphous and ultra-crystalline structures in the laser-clad zone, to which the increase in hardness and wear resistance may be attributed.     

A Model to Predict Recrystallization Kinetics in Hot Strip Rolling Using Combined Artificial Neural Network and Finite Elements

A thermo-mechanical model has been developed to establish a coupled heat conduction and plastic flow analysis in hot-rolling process. This model is capable of predicting temperature, strain, and strain rate distributions during hot rolling as well as the subsequent static recrystallization fraction and grain size changes after hot deformation. Finite element and neural network models are coupled to assess recrystallization kinetics after hot rolling. A new algorithm has been suggested to create differential data sets to train the neural network. The model is then used to predict histories of various deformation variables and recrystallization kinetics in hot rolling of AA5083. Comparison between the theoretical and the experimental data shows the validity of the model.     

A Multi-phase Field Model for Static Recrystallization of Hot Deformed Austenite in a C–Mn Steel

A multi-phase-field model has been developed to simulate the microstructure evolution and kinetics of the austenite static recrystallization(SRX) in a C–Mn steel. In this model, the bulk free energy that coupling the deformation stored energy with a special interpolation function is incorporated. Both the deformed grain topology and the deformation stored energy have been included in order to investigate the influence of pre-deformation on the subsequent austenite SRX at different hot deformation levels. Diverse scenarios of microstructure evolution show different deformation-dependent recrystallized grain sizes. The transformation kinetics is then discussed by analyzing the overall SRX fraction and the average interface velocity on the recrystallization front.