Kinetic process of oxidative leaching of chalcopyrite under low oxygen pressure and low temperature

Kinetic process of oxidative leaching of chalcopyrite in chloride acid hydroxide medium under oxygen pressure and low temperature was investigated. The effect on leaching rate of chalcopyrite caused by these factors such as ore granularity, vitriol concentration, sodium chloride concentration, oxygen pressure and temperature was discussed. The results show that the leaching rate of chalcopyrite increases with decreasing the ore granularity. At the early stage of oxidative reaction, the copper leaching rate increases with increasing the oxygen pressure and dosage of vitriol concentration, while oxygen pressure affects leaching less at the later stage. At low temperature, the earlier oxidative leaching process of chalcopyrite is controlled by chemical reactions while the later one by diffusion. The chalcopyrite oxidative leaching rate has close relation with ion concentration in the leaching solution. The higher ion concentration is propitious for chalcopyrite leaching.     

Acid equilibrium during bioleaching of alkaline low-grade sulfide copper ore

This article reports the study on acid equilibrium during bioleaching of alkaline low-grade copper sulfide ore. Adding auxiliary agents 1# （sulfur） and 2# （pyrite） makes bacterial leaching of copper and acid production carried out simultaneously because the auxiliary agents can be oxidized by bacteria and the oxidation products involve acid. The acid required for dissolving alkaline gangue during bacterial leaching is produced, and acid equilibrium is reached during the ore bio-leaching. The recovery of copper reaches more than 95%.     

生物因素对次生硫化铜矿堆浸过程动力学的影响

假定生物浸出过程细菌的作用是间接作用,以实验室柱浸模拟次生硫化铜矿生物堆浸,基于细菌生长Monod方程及收缩核模型建立细菌生长动力学因子影响硫化矿浸出速率的动力学模型,研究铜浸出速率、溶液总铁、溶液中细菌浓度与时间的关系、细菌产出率和细菌饱和系数对浸出速率影响的动力学规律。动力学研究表明,在浸出早期,氧化浸出速率、溶液中总铁浓度以及溶液中的细菌数量增长较快,而在浸出后期则增长较慢。计算与实际结果表明,细菌最大生长比速率、细菌产出率、细菌饱和常数及溶液中Fe离子的浓度均对硫化矿的氧化浸出速率有明显影响,尤其在浸出早期影响较大。应用动力学模型仿真结果与实际基本符合,可分析生物因素对浸出的影响趋势。     

Simulated small-scale pilot heap leaching of low-grade copper sulfide ore with selective extraction of copper

The bioleaching of low-grade copper sulfide ore and the selective extraction of copper were investigated. Lix984 dissolved in kerosene was used as extractant. The results show that it is possible to selectively leach copper from the ores by heap leaching. The copper concentration of leaching liquor after 250 d is 2.17 g/L, and the copper concentration is 0.27 g/L after solvent extraction. The leach liquor was subjected to solvent extraction, scrubbing and selective stripping for the enrichment of copper and the removal of impurities. The pregnant copper sulfate solution produced from the stripping cycle is suitable for copper electro-winning.     

Recovering gold from copper concentrate via the HydroCopper™ process

HydroCopper? technology comprises a chloride-leaching method for copper sulfide concentrates and copper production up to semi-products. As compared with the commonly used sulfate solutions, brine solutions offer aggressiveness and stability of the copper(I) ion and, consequently, a lower energy consumption in leaching. Copper(II) ions and oxygen are used as oxidants. Iron reports to the leaching residue as oxide and sulfur as elemental sulfur. Gold is dissolved and recovered in the third stage of the counter-current leaching when the redox potential reaches higher levels.     

Dissolution kinetics of low grade complex copper ore in ammonia-ammonium chloride solution

The leaching kinetics of Tang-dan refractory low grade complex copper ore was investigated in ammonia-ammonium chloride solution. The concentration of ammonia and ammonium chloride, the ore particle size, the solid-to-liquid ratio and the temperature were chosen as parameters in the experiments. The results show that temperature, concentration of ammonia and ammonium chloride have favorable influence on the leaching rate of copper oxide ores. But, leaching rate decreases with increasing particle size and solid-to-liquid ratio. The leaching process is controlled by the diffusion of the lixiviant and the activation energy is determined to be 23.279 kJ/mol. An equation was also proposed to describe the leaching kinetics.     

Effect of technological factors on bacterial leaching of low-grade Ni-Cu sulfide ore

1　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＢａｃｔｅｒｉａｌｌｅａｃｈｉｎｇｗｉｔｈａｕｔｏｔｒｏｐｈｉｃｂａｃｔｅｒｉａ ,ｓｕｃｈａｓＴｈｉｏｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｆｅｒｒｏｏｘｉｄａｎｓ (Ｔ .ｆ.) ,ｈａｓｂｅｅｎｅｘｔｅｎｄｅｄｔｏｓｏｍｅｐｏｌｙｍｅｔａｌｌｉｃｓｕｌｆｉｄｅｏｒｅｓ[1] .ＡｆｅｗｏｆｐａｐｅｒｓｏｎｂｉｏｌｅａｃｈｉｎｇｏｆＮｉ Ｃｕｓｕｌｆｉｄｅｏｒｅｗｅｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｓｈｅｄ .Ｔｏｒｍａ[2 ] ｒｅｐｏｒｔｅｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｌｅａｃｈｅｄＮｉ,ＣｕａｎｄＣｏｗｅｒｅａｌｌｏｖｅｒ 6 0 %ｉｎ 10ｄ…     

低品位氧化铜矿氨-硫酸铵体系过硫酸铵氧化浸出

以过硫酸铵为氧化剂,研究低品位氧化铜矿在氨-硫酸铵体系氧化浸出工艺。讨论氨/铵离子摩尔比、总氨浓度,氨、硫酸铵和过硫酸铵的浓度,反应温度,液固比,反应时间和搅拌速度等操作条件对铜浸出的影响。结果表明:在92.8%的矿样粒径小于0.045 mm,氨、硫酸铵和过硫酸铵浓度分别为2.4、1.8和0.100 mol/L,浸出时间为90 min,温度为30℃,液固比(mL/g)为5:1,搅拌速度为500 r/min时的优化条件下,低品位铜矿的铜浸出率达87.7%。     

STUDY ON BIOLEACHING OF PRIMARY CHALCOPYRITE ORE WITH THERMOACIDOPHLIC ARCHAE

A high temperature-tolerating thermoacidophilic archae (TA) was isolated from water samples collected from a hot sulfur-containing spring in the Yunnan Province, China, and was used in bioleaching experiments of a low-grade chalcopyrite ore. The TA grow at temperatures ranging from 40 to 80℃, with 65℃ being the optimum temperature, and at pH values of 1.5 to 4.0, with an optimum pH value of 2.0. The bioleaching experiments of the chalcopyrite ore were conducted in both laboratory batch bioreactors and leaching columns. The results obtained from the bioreactor experiments showed that the TA bioleaching rate of copper reached 97% for a 12-day leaching period, while the bioleaching rate was 32.43% for thiobacillus ferrooxidans (Tf) leaching for the same leaching time. In the case of column leaching, tests of a two-phase leaching (196 days), that is,a two-month (56 days) Tf leaching in the first phase, followed by a 140-day TA leaching in the second phase were performed. The average leaching rate of copper achieved for the 140-day TA leaching was 195mg/(L· d), while for the control experiments, it was as low as 78mg/(L· d) for the Tf leaching, indicating that the TA possesses a more powerful oxidizing ability to the chalcopyrite than Tf. Therefore, it is suggested that the two-phase leaching process be applied to for the heap leaching operations, whereas, the TA can be used in the second phase when the temperature inside the heap has increased, and the primary copper sulfide minerals have already been partially oxidized with Tf beforehand in the first phase.     

Study on bioleaching of primary chalcopyrite ore with thermoacidophilic archae

A high temperature-tolerating thermoacidophilic archae （TA） was isolated from water samples collected from a hot sulfur-containing spring in the Yunnan Province, China, and was used in bioleaching experiments of a low-grade chalcopyrite ore. The TA grow at temperatures ranging from 40 to 80℃, with 65℃ being the optimum temperature, and at pH values of l.5 to 4.0, with an optimum pH value of 2.0. The bioleaching experiments of the chalcvpyrite ore were conducted in both laboratory batch bioreactors and leaching columns. The results obtained from the bioreactor experiments showed that the TA bioleaching rate of copper reached 97% for a 12-day leaching period, while the bioleaching rate was 32.43% for thiobacillus ferrooxidans （Tf） leaching for the same leaching time. In the case of column leaching, tests of a two-phase leaching （196 days）, that is, a two-month （56 days） Tf leaching in the first phase, followed by a 140-day TA leaching in the second phase were performed. The average leaching rate of copper achieved for the 140-day TA leaching was 195mg/（L.d）, while for the control experiments, it was as low as 78mg/（L .d） for the Tf leaching, indicating that the TA possesses a more powerful oxidizing ability to the chalcopyrite than Tf Therefore, it is suggested that the two-phase leaching process be applied to .for the heap leaching operations, whereas, the TA can be used in the second phase when the temperature inside the heap has increased, and the primary copper sulfide minerals have already been partially oxidized with Tf beforehand in the first phase.     

Study on Grey Forecasting Model of Copper Extraction Rate with Bioleaching of Primary Sulfide Ore

A model GM(grey model)(1,1) for forecasting the rate of copper extraction during the bioleaching of primary sulphide ore was established on the basis of the mathematical theory and the modeling process of grey system theory. It was used for forecasting the rate of copper extraction from the primary sulfide ore during a laboratory microbial column leaching experiment. The precision of the forecasted results were examined and modified via "posterior variance examination". The results show that the forecasted values coincide with the experimental values. GM(1,1) model has high forecast accuracy;and it is suitable for simulation control and prediction analysis of the original data series of the processes that have grey characteristics,such as mining,metallurgical and mineral processing,etc. The leaching rate of such copper sulphide ore is low. The grey forecasting result indicates that the rate of copper extraction is approximately 20% even after leaching for six months.     

铜阳极泥加压酸浸预处理脱铜富集贵金属

铜阳极泥是铜电解精炼中的一种副产品,是回收贵金属的重要原料。以空气代替氧气为加恪气体,系统悁究了铜阳极泥加恪酸浸预处理工艺。悁究的影响因素包括硫酸浓度、空气分恪、浸出温度、浸出时间和液固比等。结果表明,在最优工艺条件下,铜的浸出率高达98%;碲、硒、银的浸出率分别为49%、13%、1%。试验数据表明：铜阳极泥经过加恪酸浸预处理,几乎所有的铜和部分的碲,能有效的从贵金属中分离出来,使贵金属得以富集。机理悁究表明：充分利用阳极泥中水溶性铜离子的自催化氧化作用,能有效提高铜的溶解速度。     

从低品位含金尾矿中回收金的堆浸参数研究

辽宁丹东某铜矿尾矿金品位为1.35 g/t,属低品位难处理金矿。采用柱浸模拟现场堆浸工艺条件,对工艺参数进行了模拟试验。条件实验表明,在浸出剂氰化钠浓度为0.10%、石灰水喷淋调整浸出液pH=11、矿层高度305 mm、在10℃以上浸出120 h,金浸出率为58.14%。放大试验延长浸出时间至480 h,金浸出率达到70%左右。获得的工艺参数可为堆浸生产提供指导。     

微生物浸出黄铜矿适应性研究

采用微生物浸矿技术,以西部矿业黄铜矿为对象,进行了从黄铜矿中提取铜的实验研究。菌种为氧化亚铁杆菌（T.f）。先进行菌种富集制备T．f菌浸出液,用细菌摇瓶浸出法做实验,了解影响浸出率的各种技术因素。研究结果得出,西部矿业黄铜矿在一般温度（25℃）下,T．f菌浸液的起始pH值为2．5,细菌浸出效果良好,浸出率平均在40％～65％之间,最高达到67％左右。为明确了解T．f菌浸出的效果,进行了无菌化学浸出的平行实验,两组系列实验结果得出,在整个浸出过程中,有菌浸出与无菌浸出相比,前期有菌浸出占有明显优势,但在后期浸出,效果与无菌浸出相当。这是由于有菌浸出后期pH值较前期低,不利于细菌的生长繁殖,此时,浸出时应使用pH值控制器,使其pH保持在合适的范围内,就能继续高的浸出速率。     

以废茶叶为还原剂在硫酸溶液中还原浸出氧化锰矿（英文）

采用废茶叶在硫酸溶液中还原浸出加蓬和湘西氧化锰矿石,探索废茶叶用量、硫酸浓度、固液比、浸出温度和反应时间对浸出过程的影响。对加蓬氧化锰矿,优化的浸出条件为:氧化锰矿与废茶叶的质量比10:4、硫酸浓度2.5 mol/L、固液比7.5:1、浸出温度368 K、浸出时间8 h;在此条件下,加蓬氧化锰矿的浸出率几乎达100%。对于湘西氧化锰矿,优化浸出条件为:氧化锰矿与废茶叶的质量比10:1、硫酸浓度1.7 mol/L、液固比7.5:1、温度368 K、浸出时间8 h;在此条件下,锰的浸出率达到99.8%。氧化锰矿的还原浸出过程符合内扩散控制模型,加蓬和湘西氧化锰矿石的还原浸出反应表观活化能分别为38.2 kJ/mol和20.4 kJ/mol。采用X-射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对浸出前、后的锰渣进行表征。     

高效浸矿混合菌种的筛选及其在浸矿过程中的微生物群落结构演变

为了筛选可高效浸出低品位硫化矿的混合菌株,从10个典型的硫化矿矿区的酸性矿坑水中分离富集到混合菌株。以浸出率作为筛选的主要标准,筛选后的高效菌株,利用群落基因组芯片分析混合菌群的组成和过程变化。浸矿持续进行24d后,采集自江西德兴银山铅锌矿的混合菌浸出率最高,为68.89%。群落基因组芯片结果表明银山菌群包含9种菌,可被分为6类,在浸出过程中群落始终在变化。该研究为加速浸出和了解浸出过程中群落演替提供了一个较好的方法。     

Valence variation of arsenic in bioleaching process of arsenic-bearing gold ore

The concentration and variational trend of As3+ and As5+, the bacterial resistance for the As3+ and As5+ and converting conditions from As3+ to As5+ were analyzed. The additive was used to prompt the bacterial leaching efficiency by changing valence state of arsenic. The results show that the concentration of As3+ is larger than that of As5+ in the lag phase. The concentration of As3+ decreases in the log phase, and is lower than that of As5+. HQ-0211 typed bacteria express better resistance for As3+ and As5+ and remain growing when the concentrations of As3+ and As5+ are above 6.0 g/L and 12.0 g/L, respectively. It is found that Fe3+ cannot oxidize As3+ singly as strong oxidant in the leaching system, but can cooperate with pyrite or chalcopyrite to do that. The oxidation of As3+ is prompted with addition of H2O2. The bacterial activity is improved in favor of bacterial leaching efficiency. NaClO restrains the bacterial growth to depress leaching efficiency because of the chloric compounds affecting bacterial activity.     

Catalytic effect of activated carbon on bioleaching of low-grade primary copper sulfide ores

The catalytic effect of activated carbon on the bioleaching of low-grade primary copper sulfide ores using mixture of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans was investigated. The results show that the addition of activated carbon can greatly accelerate the rate and efficiency of copper dissolution from low-grade primary copper sulfide ores. The solution with the concentration of 3.0 g/L activated carbon is most beneficial to the dissolution of copper. The resting time of the mixture of activated carbon and ores has an impact on the bioleaching of low-grade primary copper sulfide ores. The 2 d resting time is most favorable to the dissolution of copper. The enhanced dissolution rate and efficiency of copper can be attributed to the galvanic interaction between activated carbon and chalcopyrite. The addition of activated carbon obviously depresses the dissolution of iron and the bacterial oxidation of ferrous ions in solution. The lower redox potentials are more favorable to the copper dissolution than the higher potentials for low-grade primary copper sulfide ores in the presence of activated carbon.     

Silver sulfide leaching with a copper-thiosulfate solution in the absence of ammonia

Leaching from silver sulfide using a copper-thiosulfate solution in the absence of ammonia was investigated.It is found that silver sulfide could be effectively dissolved in the copper-thiosulfate system without ammonia.The effects of thiosulfate concentration,copper-to-thiosulfate ratio,agitation vigorousness,pH values,and dissolved gases on the leaching of silver sulfide with the copper-thiosulfate solution were studied.A maximum extraction of 95.1% was achieved with the 0.12 mol/L thiosulfate and the 0.048 mol/L copper sulfate.It is shown that copper-to-thiosulfate ratio is an important factor in silver sulfide dissolution and oxygen is not needed to leach silver sulfide,which leads to the instability of the leaching system at high copper-to-thiosulfate ratio.On the other hand,the silver extraction is not affected by the pulp pH values.     

硫酸介质中氯化物参与下氧化浸出铜渣过程

研究了镍铳选择性氧化浸出产生的铜渣在硫酸介质中氯离子参与下的氧气氧化浸出,考察和比较了氯化物用量、氧气流量、硫酸浓度、温度等因素对铜和镍浸出的影响,并讨论了其原因,确认了在硫酸介质中加入少量氯化物即可在常压下用氧气有效地浸出主要由辉铜矿或类似的硫化铜矿物组成的铜渣。