涂层厚度对再制造零件失效形式的影响

目的研究不同厚度涂层的再制造零件在弯曲疲劳情况下的失效形式。方法利用电弧喷涂对零件进行再制造处理,并进行四点弯曲疲劳实验,利用扫描电镜对不同厚度涂层的再制造零件断口形貌进行观察,研究不同厚度涂层的疲劳裂纹萌生、扩展以及断裂方式。结果疲劳裂纹萌生形式主要为多源疲劳失效,在疲劳裂纹的扩展过程中,不同平面内扩展的裂纹相交,形成了台阶形貌。当涂层厚度为100、200μm时,裂纹主要萌生于四点弯曲实验中应力最集中的部位,萌生于涂层和基体之间,并逐渐地向涂层和基体扩展,直至试样断裂。而涂层厚度为300、400μm时,裂纹萌生部位主要集中于四点弯曲疲劳试验中应力最大部位的两侧,并呈对称式分布,裂纹在界面处连接,使得涂层和基体产生分层现象,之后分层部位处裂纹沿着基体方向扩展,直至试样断裂。结论涂层厚度不同,整个系统的失效模式也不同。对于较薄的涂层,裂纹模式主要为垂直于涂层-基体界面的裂纹,此时拉伸失效占主导。对于较厚的涂层,界面裂纹为主要的裂纹模式,此时剪切失效占主导。     

航空发动机涡轮叶片热障涂层失效分析研究

采用扫描电镜及能谱对航空发动机涡轮叶片热障涂层进行失效分析,将叶片划分为9个区域,发现其前缘区域由于涂层的使用温度高、粘结层氧化、尖晶石等大量生长,导致在TGO/陶瓷层界面处产生大量的生长应力,呈TGO/Top coat界面分层失效。后缘区域呈粘结层/基体分层分裂失效,同时所有区域都有CMAS腐蚀。CMAS附着在涂层表面,沿着纵向裂纹等缺陷渗透到涂层内部,引发涂层产生横向分层,并导致涂层腐蚀剥落。     

MoB-CoCr涂层耐锌液腐蚀性能研究

研究了超音速火焰喷涂制备的MoB-CoCr涂层在熔融锌液中的腐蚀情况,并分析锌液对MoB-CoCr涂层的腐蚀机理。结果表明,涂层中的缺陷孔隙成为裂纹源,而MoB-CoCr涂层的残余应力、淬火应力以及涂层与不锈钢热膨胀系数不匹配所产生的应力使涂层开裂,甚至涂层与基体发生剥离,锌渗入到涂层缺陷中使裂纹扩展,形成沿着裂纹的腐蚀,加速了涂层的失效。     

激光重熔对Ni-WC涂层组织与开裂的影响

利用火焰喷涂的方法在45钢基体上制备了Ni-WC涂层,并对涂层进行激光重熔处理。通过扫描电镜、能谱仪、XRD分析了其界面结合界面组织的生长形态、元素及残余应力分布特性。结果表明,经激光重熔后,涂层变得致密,且涂层与基体发生相互扩散;激光重熔后WC颗粒部分烧损,获得了WC颗粒均匀分布的涂层,实现了涂层与基体界面良好的冶金结合;火焰喷涂制备的涂层为拉应力,会导致微裂纹扩展,而激光重熔处理后的涂层则表现为压应力,使涂层表面裂纹产生闭合效应。     

热障涂层系统的热梯度机械疲劳应力分析

基于IN738高温合金基体上涂覆的热障涂层系统(Thermal barrier coating system,TBCs),分析热循环和热梯度机械疲劳加载条件下涂层的应力分布及演变。通过有限元分析研究了热生长氧化层(Thermally growth oxidation,TGO)的应力分布,以预测不同载荷作用下TBCs的失效行为。结果可知,在热循环的基础上施加应变载荷会造成TGO应力性质及大小的改变。只施加温度载荷,在加热过程中TGO/粘结层(Bond coat,BC)界面波峰位置会承受轴向较大的拉伸应力,裂纹多会在此处萌生,且以层间开裂的方式失效。而在温度与机械载荷的共同作用下,冷却过程中会承受较大的拉伸应力,显著增大的轴向应力与径向应力共同作用,使垂直于TGO/BC界面的裂纹沿着界面方向扩展,从而造成陶瓷层(Top coat,TC)剥落。进一步对比分析了同相和反相加载时的应力分布,结果表明反相加载时一次循环周期内会产生拉伸平均应力,更易发生TBCs的失效。     

超音速火焰喷涂CoCrW涂层热震过程中的裂纹扩展行为

为研究CoCrW涂层的抗冷热冲击性能,采用JP5000型超音速火焰喷涂设备在高温合金表面制备了该涂层,分析了裂纹在热震过程中的扩展行为。结果表明,在800 ℃保温,25 ℃水淬的热循环条件下,经过40次热震后,涂层表面均匀地分布着网状裂纹,截面上存在垂直裂纹,但未出现涂层脱落现象;在裂纹与基体、涂层界面交汇处生成了弥散分布的以Al2O3为主要成分的氧化物。分析认为,热应力和组织应力是裂纹产生和扩展的主要驱动力,但裂纹吸收了热震过程中产生的能量,避免了应力集中,有利于提高涂层的抗热震性能。界面处弥散分布的氧化物降低了涂层与基体的结合强度,热震试验最终的失效形式可能是界面处涂层的剥离。     

石墨团聚对铁素体球墨铸铁微区裂纹演变的影响北大核心CSCD

基于粘聚力模型和代表体积单元,采用原位显微观察和扩展有限元模拟,分析了石墨团聚对铁素体球墨铸铁单轴拉伸下的微区应力分布和裂纹演变机理的影响。结果表明,当石墨间距与直径的比值(l/d)高于1.8时,石墨与铁素体基体中裂纹萌生关联较小。随着团聚程度增大(l/d≤1.8),石墨与基体脱粘,裂纹易萌生在团聚石墨间的铁素体内,并沿垂直于拉应力方向扩展。团聚的石墨数量越多,团聚区域越容易产生裂纹。     

钼合金MoSi2涂层高温热震行为与裂纹扩展

采用料浆烧结法在钼合金表面制备了MoSi₂涂层,利用内热法测试了涂层室温～1600℃抗热震性能,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、电子探针(EPMA)、波谱分析(WDS)和X射线衍射(XRD)等测试手段分析了不同热震次数的涂层微观形貌、组织结构以及裂纹萌生扩展。结果表明：涂层可承受室温～1600℃热震400次,热震过程中涂层由原始的MoSi₂-Mo₅Si₃双层结构演变为SiO₂-MoSi₂-Mo₅Si₃多层结构,涂层热震初期形成纵向裂纹并不断向基体扩展,热震后期裂纹贯穿涂层到达基体,MoO₃挥发使涂层/基体界面应力增大产生横向裂纹,导致涂层剥落失效。     

再制造件涂覆层内部裂纹扩展行为研究

目的研究再制造件涂层内部不同形状、尺寸的裂纹扩展行为。方法利用扩展有限元和内聚力单元结合的方法,通过设定断裂能G值作为控制裂纹扩展的参数,对三点弯曲试验以及拉伸试验下涂覆层内部的裂纹进行模拟,并通过实验进行验证。结果随着载荷的增加,涂层中的垂直裂纹和45°倾斜裂纹均沿着涂层厚度方向扩展,到达界面时裂纹发生偏转,沿着界面继续扩展而并没有越过涂层-基体界面向基体扩展。模拟得到三点弯曲试验下初始长度为0.2 mm的垂直裂纹和45°倾斜裂纹开裂的临界载荷分别为3.47 k N和4.49 k N,裂纹长度增加至0.3 mm时,临界载荷降低为3.29 k N和4.31 k N。裂纹越靠近试件中心,临界载荷越小,越易发生裂纹扩展现象。另一方面,在拉伸试验下,0.2 mm的垂直裂纹的临界开裂载荷(3.47 k N)小于投影长度相同的倾斜裂纹的临界载荷(5.21 k N),而与拉应力平行的裂纹并未扩展。实验得到0.2 mm的垂直裂纹在弯曲试验下的平均临界载荷为3.49 k N,而倾斜裂纹为4.46 k N。结论三点弯曲试验下,垂直裂纹比倾斜裂纹更危险,初始长度越长、越靠近试件中心的裂纹越易发生裂纹扩展现象。在拉伸试验下,与拉应力平行的裂纹并未扩展,最安全。模拟结果与实验相近,验证了模拟的正确性。     

铝合金表面激光熔覆NiCrAl+Y_2O_3硬质合金涂层裂纹产生机理的研究

为了研究硬质合金涂层裂纹产生的机理,在6061铝合金表面激光熔覆NiCrAl+Y_2O_3硬质合金涂层,通过观察金相组织分析了熔覆层中裂纹的产生原因和分布。研究结果表明,裂纹是在热应力和拘束应力作用下,发生的应变大于熔覆层的延性而产生的,属于低塑性脆化裂纹。裂纹均分布于熔覆层中,大部分裂纹萌生于熔覆层表层和靠近结合区的区域,呈纵向和横向扩展。纵向裂纹的产生受两侧基体拉应力的影响较大,横向裂纹则受组织分布、热应力、气孔以及基材应力状况等多种因素的影响。     

Q235钢基体表面微晶玻璃功能梯度涂层接触应力的数值模拟

接触应力状态是涂层材料表层破坏、整体分层剥落的重要影响因素。运用有限元软件ANSYS对Q235钢基体表面TiN/LZAS微晶玻璃梯度涂层在法向静载下的接触应力进行了分析,建立了该复合涂层的有限元分析模型,通过比较有限元数值解和Hertz理论解,验证了有限元模型的可靠性,探讨了不同层数和层厚对涂层体系接触应力分布的影响。结果表明:涂层的径向接触应力和Mises应力的最大值均位于接触区域中心处,最大剪切应力位于接触中心附近;涂层层数和厚度对涂层表面径向应力、界面剪切应力和整体Mises应力均有明显影响。模拟分析的结果可以为该复合材料的设计和制备提供一定的理论依据。     

On the thermally induced interfacial delamination of a segmented coating

The thermally induced interfacial delamination problem of a segmented coating is investigated using finite element method (FEM). The coating-substrate system, modeled as a coated semi-infinite medium with periodic segmentation cracks within coating, is assumed to be exposed to convective cooling from surface. The failure criterion based on the interfacial fracture toughness is adopted, in which the energy release rate for an interface crack is considered to be the driving force for interfacial delamination extension. The results confirm that a segmented coating has higher delamination resistance than an intact one under the same thermal transients, as the segmentation crack spacing is smaller than a critical value. Based on dimensional analysis, sensitivity analyses of the crack driving force are also obtained as a function of various dimensionless parameters such as time, convection severity and material constants. These results may provide some helpful references for the integrity of coating-substrate systems under thermal loading.     

Finite element analysis of stress distribution in thermal barrier coatings

A numerical simulation of crack development within APS TBC systems is presented. The TGO thickening and creep deformation of all system constituents is modelled. Two dimensional periodic unit cell is used to examine the effect of interfacial asperity on stress distribution and subsequent delamination of APS TBC. A study of cyclic loading and of creep of the base material on the stress distribution close to the asperity at the TGO/BC interface is made, revealing a small in?uence influence of both on the stress state in the thermal barrier coating system subjected to temperature loading. Cohesive zone elements at the oxide/ceramic interface model the development of the interfacial micro-crack. The finite element analysis shows that the development of the interfacial crack allows for a micro-crack formation within APS TBC. Subsequent TGO growth results in a tensional zone within the oxide layer. Linking of the micro-cracks at the interface and within TBC through TGO could lead to a coating delamination in the unit cell.     

Application of Acoustic Emission Technology for Quantitative Characterization of Plasma-Sprayed Coatings Subjected to Bending Fatigue Tests

Plasma-sprayed coatings are widely used in industry, e.g., in applications subject to high wear and corrosion damage, or requiring thermal insulation. However, the failure behavior of such coatings has a great influence on the service safety of mechanical parts. Acoustic emission (AE) has attracted much attention due to its proven usefulness for real-time monitoring of damage evolution and high sensitivity to fracture sources. In this study, the damage evolution behavior of a plasma-sprayed coating subjected to three-point bending fatigue tests was monitored using the AE method. A method combining parameterized, Fourier, and wavelet analysis was used to distinguish the damage modes in the coating. The analysis results revealed two crack modes (surface vertical crack and interface crack) with two different peak frequencies. A finite element method was used to quantify the fracture stress and propagation behavior of cracks, revealing that the thickness of the coating had a strong influence on its spalling.     

Delamination Strength of WC-Co Thermal-Sprayed Coating Under Combined Stresses by Torsion-Tension Pin-Test Method

In this report, the delamination strength of WC-Co thermal-sprayed coatings under combined torsion and tension is evaluated using a newly developed method, which is called the torsion-tension pin-test. First, the effects of both the pin diameter and the coating thickness on the apparent delamination strength were investigated experimentally. Second, the stress distributions around the interface edge between the pin and the coating were numerically obtained by using the finite element analysis program “MARC.” It was confirmed that the fractured plane of the torsion pin coincides with the interfacial plane between the coating and the pin. The apparent delamination strength obtained experimentally decreased linearly with increasing pin diameter and increased with increasing coating thickness t, but it was stable at t of 400 μm or more. The shear delamination strength decreased with increasing tensile stress. Similar stress distributions were observed at the interface when delaminations occurred for rather thick coatings, independent of the pin diameter. The critical combination of the strength of shear stress fields (Ks) with that of tensile stress fields (Ka), i.e., the delamination criteria of the coating under combined shear and tensile loadings, was obtained for a WC-12Co thermal-sprayed coating. These combinations were found to be independent of pin diameter and coating thickness.     

Finite Element Modeling of the Different Failure Mechanisms of a Plasma Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coatings System

A new finite element model is used to investigate catastrophic failures of a thermal barrier coatings system due to crack propagation along the interfaces between the ceramic top-coat, thermally grown oxide, and bond-coat layers, as well as between the lamellas structure of the ceramic layer. The thermo-mechanical model is designed to take into account a non-homogenous temperature distribution and the effects of the residual stresses generated during the coating process. Crack propagation is simulated using the contact tool ??Debond?? present in the ABAQUS finite element code. Simulations are performed with a geometry corresponding to similar or dissimilar amplitudes of asperity, and for different thicknesses of the oxide layer. The numerical results have shown that crack evolution depends crucially on the ratio of the loading rate caused by growth and swelling of the oxide layer and also on the interface roughness obtained during the spraying of coatings.     

Interface fracture behavior of zinc coatings on steel: Experiments and finite element calculations

Hot-dipped galvanized steels are widely used in the automotive industry. The formability and damage resistance of zinc coatings depend strongly on their microstructure and adhesion to the steel substrate. In order to improve the mechanical performance of zinc coatings, the influence of their thickness, grain orientation and grain size on the zinc coating/steel substrate interface cracking behavior was studied. To this end, scanning electron microscopic observations during in situ tensile testing of zinc coated IF steel sheets were performed. After partial delamination of the zinc coating, cross sections of zinc coated steel were prepared to determine the location and extent of the interface cracking and the crystallographic orientation of the delaminated zinc grains. A two-grain model using a finite element method is proposed to analyze the zinc coating/steel substrate interface cracking behavior. In addition, the coating adhesion strength can be estimated based on this model. Both calculations and experimental observations show that: (i) a preferential zinc grain orientation with the [0001] direction parallel to the interface and (ii) a small grain size mitigate zinc coating/steel substrate interface cracking.     

X80管线钢焊接接头SSCC研究及数值模拟

硫化氢应力腐蚀破裂(sulfide stress corrosion cracking,SSCC)是制约管线钢应用的主要因素.针对X80管线钢焊接接头进行恒位移硫化氢应力腐蚀试验研究,分别测得母材、焊缝和热影响区的应力强度因子门槛值KISCC和裂纹扩展速率da/dt.通过对X80管线钢焊接接头的金相显微组织、断口形貌观察以及硬度测试,分析了X80管线钢SSCC性能的影响因素.并对WOL试样进行了三维弹塑性有限元分析,得到裂纹尖端应力场分布和氢浓度的分布特征.结果表明,热影响区的KISCC最小,裂纹扩展速率最大,具有较差的抗应力腐蚀开裂的能力,其应力腐蚀试验结果与有限元数值分析相互验证.     

MoSi2/Mo涂层热震过程中界面应力分布和裂纹扩展的有限元模拟

在氢气保护下将MoSi₂/Mo涂层加热至1000 ℃,再迅速冷却至室温进行热震循环,表征了材料在热震循环过程中裂纹的演变过程并评估了MoSi₂/Mo涂层的热冲击行为。采用Abaqus软件计算了MoSi₂/Mo涂层在热冲击过程中的应力分布,讨论了热震循环中裂纹的发展过程。结果表明：Mo基体与MoSi₂涂层之间存在较高的热冲击应力,这将导致裂纹的萌生和扩展。计算结果显示：在最初的10次热震循环中,涂层产生了垂直于界面的裂纹,在界面上没有出现裂纹,涂层与基体仍结合良好;在随后的热震循环中开始出现界面裂纹,界面裂纹开始于垂直裂纹的末端区域,当垂直裂纹与界面裂纹汇聚,会导致涂层剥离和涂层失效。     

喷涂层接触疲劳损伤的声发射研究

用超音速等离子喷涂设备在45钢基体上制备了铁基合金涂层。以球盘式疲劳试验机为平台,研究了涂层的接触疲劳损伤行为,探测并分析了涂层在不同应力水平下疲劳损伤的声发射反馈信号。结果表明,涂层的接触疲劳损伤过程主要包括弹塑性变形、裂纹萌生和缓慢扩展、裂纹亚临界扩展、裂纹失稳扩展4个阶段。裂纹萌生和缓慢扩展阶段是决定疲劳寿命长短的主要阶段。接触应力越大,裂纹亚临界扩展时间和失稳扩展时间越短。涂层的最终失效模式可以根据裂纹失稳扩展阶段声发射幅值的最大值来判断,发生点蚀失效时幅值最大值约为82.4 dB,剥落失效时幅值最大值约为90.2 dB,分层失效时幅值最大值约为91.3 dB。