强流脉冲离子束辐照W6Mo5Cr4V2高速钢表面改性研究

利用强流脉冲离子束(HIPIB)技术对W6Mo5Cr4V2高速钢进行表面辐照处理，HIPIB主要由C^n (70％)和H^ (30％)组成，束流密度为160A／cm^2，加速电压为250kV，脉冲宽度为80—100ns，能流密度为3—4J／cm^2，脉冲次数分别为1，3和5次,利用XRD，SEM和EPMA研究了HIPIB辐照处理前后该高速钢表面层结构和成分的变化，结果表明，HIPIB辐照处理使该高速钢表面层发生由马氏体α′-Fe向奥氏体γ-Fe转变，其表面产生许多火山口状熔坑，熔坑中心处富含离子束元素成分，熔坑的形成可以用“雨滴”模型进行解释,由于HIPIB辐照压缩波的影响，处理后在深度达200μm左右的范围内该高速钢的显微硬度提高，表面层耐磨性能提高近2倍，而且耐腐蚀性能也有所提高。     

强流脉冲离子束辐照WC-Ni硬质合金的摩擦磨损性能

为进一步提高WC-Ni硬质合金的表面耐磨性,采用强流脉冲离子束(HIPIB)对其表面进行辐照处理。利用扫描电子显微镜、显微硬度计和环-块式摩擦磨损试验机研究了HIPIB辐照WC-Ni硬质合金的微观组织、硬度分布和摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:HIPIB辐照WC-Ni硬质合金表面发生快速重熔与烧蚀,组织显著细化、致密化;随着束流密度和辐照次数的增加,熔层厚度与硬化层深度增加、摩擦因数和磨损率降低,束流密度300A/cm~2辐照10次,熔层厚度约4μm,硬化层深度可达160μm,摩擦因数和磨损率分别降低45%和70%。辐照硬质合金表面重熔层的磨损主要表现为以均匀微观切削为主的磨粒磨损,近表层冲击硬化区的磨损仍以Ni粘结相的微观磨损和WC晶粒脱落为主,但辐照应力波的长程硬化作用使硬质合金中WC晶粒与Ni粘结相之间的结合力增强以及Ni粘结相自身强化有效抑制了这类磨损。     

金属材料表面强流脉冲离子束辐照强化

介绍了TEMP型强流脉冲离子束(HIPIB)装置及其工作原理。总结了HIPIB辐照不同金属材料表面后的硬度、耐磨性和耐蚀性的试验结果。HIPIB的瞬间高能量密度沉积导致金属表面快速加热冷却，产生显著的热-力学效应。辐照表面发生的细晶强化、加工硬化和相变强化，使金属材料在较大的深度范围(约100μm)内硬度提高，耐磨性改善；同时，辐照表面金属成分纯净化和组织结构均匀化，有利于提高金属材料耐蚀性。     

强流脉冲离子束辐照WC-Ni硬质密封材料表面改性研究

利用离子能量为300 keV,束流密度为300 A/cm~2,功率密度为10~8W/cm~2,脉冲宽度为70 ns的强流脉冲离子束(HIPIB)对用于核主泵轴密封的WC-Ni硬质合金材料进行了表面辐照处理,辐照次数分别为1,5.10次.利用XRD,SEM和EPMA研究了HIPIB辐照前后WC-Ni硬质合金表层相组成,表面形貌和元素分布的变化.借助显微硬度计和环一块式靡损仪测试了辐照前后硬质合金表层的性能.结果表明,HIPIB辐照硬质合金表层发生由六方碳化物WC向fcc碳化物β-WC_(1-x)转变,转变量随着辐照次数的增加而增加.HIPIB辐照引发硬质合金表层快速重熔和Ni黏结相的择优烧蚀,形成了许多丘状表面凸起,且随着辐照次数的增加,丘状凸起的尺寸增大,当辐照次数增加至10次,形成了网状峰-谷起伏结构的重熔烧蚀表面形貌,且具有微区光滑致密化特征.由于HIPIB辐照应力波的显著作用,辐照后硬质合金表层沿深度方向显著硬化.10次辐照后硬化层深度可达160μm,表面摩擦系数降低38%,耐磨性提高近3倍.     

强流脉冲离子束辐照对316L不锈钢表面改性的实验研究

利用离子能量为300 keV、束流密度为200 A/cm2、脉冲宽度为75 ns的混合离子束(70%H 30%C )组成的强流脉冲离子束(HIPIB)对316L不锈钢进行了表面辐照处理,辐照次数分别为1,5,10次.采用SEM,XRD,TEM和EPMA分析辐照后试样表面形貌、表面层相组成和微观结构及元素分布的变化.结果表明,HIPIB辐照使试样表面光滑化,表面层晶粒细化、产生择优取向,杂质元素选择性烧蚀,电化学腐蚀性能明显提高.由于HIPIB辐照引起的大应力和冲击波的影响,辐照后在深度达100μm表层内显微硬度提高,表面摩擦系数降低,表面抗磨损性能显著改善.随着辐照次数的增加,316L疲劳极限和蠕变断裂寿命延长,稳态蠕变速率降低.     

强流脉冲离子束表面再制造技术原理与应用

采用TEMP–6型强流脉冲离子束（HIPIB）装置开展了HIPIB表面再制造技术的研发。HIPIB装置主体由高压脉冲电源系统和高功率离子二极管系统组成，通过高压短脉冲在二极管中放电产生阳极等离子体并引出ns级强流离子束。HIPIB辐照材料表面，发生显著的熔融、蒸发和剧烈烧蚀，物质喷射的反冲作用在辐照表面形成由表及里的应力波，导致材料表层强烈的热-力学效应。利用HIPIB与材料表面的相互作用，应用于涡轮叶片表面的清洗维修，可有效去除涡轮叶片基体因高温氧化形成的氧化物，伴随表层的重熔将叶片基体表面微观缺陷焊合，获得了光滑、平整的涡轮叶片修复表面。实现了HIPIB辐照在涡轮叶片表面再制造方面的应用。     

脉冲离子束辐照致TiD_2膜力学性能的变化

金属氢化物(MH_x)应用于反应堆中子慢化剂、激光离子源片材料、中子发生器用靶时,会经历极端非平衡束流的辐照。本工作提出利用TEMP-6型强流脉冲离子束装置产生的强流脉冲离子束(high intensity pulsed ion beam,HIPIB)辐照Ti D_2膜,评估极端束流对膜力学性能的影响因素和影响程度。采用涂层附着力自动划痕仪、维氏显微硬度计对原始和辐照后的Ti D_2膜进行测试分析。研究结果发现:多次HIPIB的辐照效应导致膜面重熔再结晶,使其内部结构趋于更加致密化和平整化,能降低材料的摩擦系数并在一定程度上提高其初始临界载荷;D的释放有助于膜面韧性、显微硬度的提高,从而减轻了其塑性形变程度。     

强流脉冲离子束辐照WC-Ni硬质合金摩擦磨损行为

利用束流密度50~200 A/cm2、脉冲宽度70 ns的强流脉冲离子束(HIPIB)对WC-Ni硬质合金进行表面辐照处理,测试了辐照WC-Ni硬质合金的微观组织和表面硬度,采用环-块式摩擦磨损试验机、SEM和EDS考察了HIPIB辐照WC-Ni硬质合金的摩擦磨损性能及其磨损机理。结果表明,随束流密度增加,WC-Ni硬质合金表面发生重熔与Ni粘结相的选择性烧蚀,表面重熔致密化,表面硬度显著增加,摩擦系数降低、耐磨性提高,200 A/cm2辐照硬质合金表面熔层约1.6μm,组织明显细化,表面硬度可达14.86 GPa,摩擦系数和磨损率分别降低18%和58%。HIPIB辐照使硬质合金表面磨损机制从原始硬质合金的Ni粘结相优先去除引发WC颗粒剥落去除转变为以均匀微观切削为主的磨粒磨损,这归因于HIPIB辐照WC-Ni硬质合金表面重熔致密化及晶粒细化。     

强流脉冲离子束辐照WC-Co硬质合金的组织与性能

用扫描电镜(SEM)、表面轮廓仪、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、电子探针(EPMA)和显微硬度计等方法,研究了强流脉冲离子束辐照WC-Co硬质合金的组织与性能。结果表明,HIPIB辐照使硬质合金表面发生快速重熔和Co粘结相的优先烧蚀,导致六方α-WC相向立方β-WC_(1-x)相转变,形成丘状凸起重熔烧蚀形貌;硬质合金表面硬度随束流密度和辐照次数的增加先增加后减小,归因于辐照硬质合金表面重熔致密化、Co粘结相优先烧蚀、β-WC_(1-x)相转变以及表面微裂纹的产生。     

强流脉冲离子束辐照AZ31镁合金的干滑动磨损行为

用脉冲宽度为70~80 ns,束流密度为200 A/cm2,辐照次数为1、5和10次的强流脉冲离子束(HIPIB)辐照AZ31镁合金,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、光学显微镜(OM)以及干滑动磨损试验对辐照后试样进行表征和干滑动磨损行为研究。结果表明,HIPIB辐照试样获得了显著优于未辐照试样的耐磨性能,且随着辐照次数的增加改善作用增强。具有最高硬度的10次辐照试样的磨损率较未辐照试样减小约一个数量级,磨粒磨损倾向大大降低,HIPIB辐照使得镁合金的磨损机制从单一的磨粒磨损转变为磨粒磨损和氧化磨损的混合磨损,这主要归结于辐照表面改性层晶粒的细化而导致镁合金表面硬度的提高。     

RHEOLOGY FEATURE OF SIMPLE METAL MELT

The rheology feature of Sb, Bi melt and alloys was studied using coaxial cylinder high-temperature viscometer. The results showed that the curve of torsion-rotational speed for Sb melt presents a linear relation in all measured temperature ranges, whereas for the Bi melt, the curve presents obvious non-Newtonian feature within the low temperature range and at relative high shear stress. The rheology feature of Sb80Bi20 and Sb20Bi80 alloy melts was well correlated with that of Sb and Bi, respectively. It is considered that the rheology behavior of Sb melt plays a crucial role in Sb80Bi20 alloy and that of Bi melt plays a crucial role in Sb20Bi80 alloy.     

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of a Newly Developed Austenitic Heat Resistant Steel

The effect of heat treatment on the microstructures and mechanical properties of a newly developed austenitic heat resistant steel(named as T8 alloy) for ultra-supercritical applications have been studied. Results show that the main phases in the alloy after solution treatment are γ and primary MX. Subsequent aging treatment causes the precipitation of M_(23)C_6 carbides along the grain boundaries and a small number of nanoscale MX inside the grains. In addition, with increasing the aging temperature and time, the morphology of M_(23)C_6 carbides changes from semi-continuous chain to continuous network.Compared with a commercial HR3C alloy, T8 alloy has comparable tensile strength, but higher stress rupture strength. The dominant cracking mechanism of the alloy during tensile test at room temperature is transgranular, while at high temperature, intergranular cracking becomes the main cracking mode, which may be caused by the precipitation of continuous M_(23)C_6 carbides along the grain boundaries. Typical intergranular cracking is the dominant cracking mode of the alloy at all stress rupture tests.     

The 15th Global Foundry Sourcing Conference 2014held in Qingdao China

Organized by Suppliers China Co., Ltd and co-organized by the National Technical Committee 54 on Foundry of Standardization Administration of China, the 15th Global Foundry Sourcing Conference 2014 （hereinafter referred to as FSC 2014） was successfully held on Sep. 23rd in Grand Regency Hotel, Qingdao. More than 500 delegates from home and abroad attended this conference, including over 130 purchasers from 20 countries and 380 domestic and foreign suppliers.     

LASER CLADDED TiCN COATINGS ON THE SURFACE OF TITANIUM

Laser cladded coatings of TiCN were produced on the surface of titanium. To obtain the optimal techniques, several conditions were tested by varying the laser scanning rate. The choice of shielding gas was also studied. The cladded coatings were then evaluated from the surface mechanics point of view based on their microhardness. The microstructure of some interesting samples was investigated by optical micrographs (OM). The results showed that under the condition of fixed pulse frequency and pulse width, the laser scanning rate and the shielding gas are the main factors influencing the components of coatings. TiCN coatings were decompounded and oxidized during the cladding process in the condition of no shielding gas of N2. X-ray diffraction results indicated that the composite coatings composed of TiCN, TiC, Ti2N, and TiO2 were produced using appropriate techniques. The results indicated that the best condition in terms of the surface microhardness is obtained when the scanning rate is 1.5mm / s, the pulse frequency is 15Hz, the pulse width is 3.0ms, and N2 is chosen as the shielding gas. The microhardness of the composite coatings is about 1331kg · mm - 2, which is about 4 times that of the substrate. The optical micrographs indicated that the cladding zone is made up of TiCN, TiO2, and some interdendritic Ti, but the diffusion zone mainly consists of the dendrites phase, and the cladded depth is about 80m, which is more than 2 times that of the laser nitrided sample. There were no microcracks or air bubbles in the cladded sample, which was cladded using the above optimal techniques.     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of X80 Pipeline Steel Joints by Friction Stir Welding Under Various Cooling Conditions

X80 pipeline steel plates were friction stir welded(FSW) under air, water, liquid CO_2 + water, and liquid CO_2 cooling conditions, producing defect-free welds. The microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of these FSW joints were studied. Coarse granular bainite was observed in the nugget zone(NZ) under air cooling, and lath bainite and lath martensite increased signifi cantly as the cooling medium temperature reduced. In particular, under the liquid CO_2 cooling condition, a dual phase structure of lath martensite and fi ne ferrite appeared in the NZ. Compared to the case under air cooling, a strong shear texture was identifi ed in the NZs under other rapid cooling conditions, because the partial deformation at elevated temperature was retained through higher cooling rates. Under liquid CO_2 cooling, the highest transverse tensile strength and elongation of the joint reached 92% and 82% of those of the basal metal(BM), respectively, due to the weak tempering softening. A maximum impact energy of up to 93% of that of the BM was obtained in the NZ under liquid CO_2 cooling, which was attributed to the operation of the dual phase of lath martensite and fi ne ferrite.     

INDUSTRY NEWS

China Securities News reported on March 21, 2014： Guangdong Hongtu Wuhan Die Casting Co., Ltd. （Wuhan Hongtu）, a wholly owned subsidiary of Guangdong Hongtu Technology （Holdings） Co., Ltd., held a groundbreaking ceremony recently. With the registered capital of 50 million Yuan, Wuhan Hongtu has a total land area of 100,000 square meters and a plant construction area of 72,000 square meters. It is expected to have a production capacity of about 30,000 tonnes of aluminum castings annually after it is put into production.     

GROWTH MORPHOLOGIES OF A BINARY ALLOY WITH LOW ANISOTROPY IN DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION

Two new classes of growth morphologies, called doublons and seaweed, were simulated using a phase-field method. The evolution of doublon and seaweed morphologies was obtained in directional solidification. The influence of orientation and velocity on the growth morphology was investigated. It was indicated that doublons preferred growing with its crystallographic axis aligned with the heat flow direction. Seaweed, on the other hand, could be obtained by tilting the crystalline axis to 45°. Stable doublons could only exist in a range of velocity regime. Beyond this regime the patterns formed would be unstable. The simulation results agreed with the reported experimental results qualitatively.