Precipitation Behavior of σ Phase in Ultra-Supercritical Boiler Applied HR3C Heat-Resistant Steel

The precipitation kinetics of σ phase in commercial HR3C heat-resistant steel during aging at 650–800 °C was studied in the paper. Through morphology, composition and structural analyzing on the second phase in the HR3C steel, it was confi rmed that the precipitations after aging were mainly NbCrN, M_23C_6 and FeCr type σ phase. The time-dependent mass change of the three precipitated phases showed that the linearly increased σ phase after aging at 750 °C–2000 h was transformed from NbCrN phase or M_23C_6 phase. According to the calculation on the volume fraction of electrolytically dyed σ phase, the time–temperature transformation(TTT) curve for σ phase at 1 vol% in two kinds of commercial HR3C steel(different in grain size) was obtained and analyzed. The nose of the TTT curve was located at around 750 °C for the two kinds of HR3C steel, and the larger grain size HR3C steel displayed a inhibit effect on the precipitation of σ phase. The impact energy of the HR3C steel after aging at 700 °C decreased obviously with the fracture mechanism changing from ductile fracture to intergranular brittle fracture, which was considered to be related to the density of σ-brittle phase after aging.     

Characterization of γ′ precipitates in a nickel base superalloy quenching from aging temperature at different rates

The characteristics of γ′ precipitates in a superalloy quenched from 1050°C at different rates were investigated using field emission scanning electron microscope(FESEM).When quenched from 1050°C, the size of primary aging γ′ precipitates has a small increase in the specimens that experienced iced-brine-quenching, oil-quenching, and air-cooling-quenching conditions and a drastic increase in the specimen that experienced a furnace-cooling-quenching condition.The cooling γ′ precipitates have unimodal distributions after quenching at the air-cooling rate and bimodal distributions after quenching at the furnace-cooling rate, but there are not these distributions in the specimens that experienced iced-brine-quenching and oil-quenching conditions.When aging at 760°C, the size of primary aging γ′ precipitates appears unaffected in the specimens that experienced iced-brine-quenching, oil-quenching, and air-cooling-quenching conditions.However, it has a drastic increase in the specimen that experienced a furnace-cooling-quenching condition, and it is interesting that the bigger cooling γ′ precipitates have a coalescence and octodendritic shape.The microhardness study indicates that the hardness has no variation in the specimens that experienced iced-brine-quenching, oil-quenching, and air-cooling-quenching conditions and has a drastic decrease in the specimens that experienced a furnace-cooling-quenching condition and obtains the minimum microhardness value 390.8 HV.     

Effect of CuO Particle Size on the Microstructure Evolution of Al_2O_(3P)/Al Composites Prepared Via Displacement Reactions in the Al/CuO System

An Al2O3P/Al composite was successfully synthesized using a displacement reaction between 80 wt% Al and20 wt% Cu O powders at a heating rate of 5 °C/min. Two different sizes Cu O particles were used, and all the experiments were conducted under an argon atmosphere. To analyze the microstructural evolution during synthesis, the Al–20 wt%Cu O samples were heated to the temperatures selected according to the differential scanning calorimetry curve and then immediately quenched with water. The phase composites and microstructure of the water-quenching samples were investigated using X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectrometry.The results indicate that the Cu O particle size has a significant effect on the microstructural evolution of the samples during the heating stage and on the microstructure of synthesized composites. Smaller Cu O particles can decrease the reaction temperature, narrow the reaction temperature range at the different reaction stages during the heating stage and make the size and distribution of in situ Al2O3 particles more uniform. The reaction between Al and Cu O can be complete as the temperature rises to 900 °C. The size of the in situ Al2O3 particles is approximately 5 lm when the size of the Cu O particles is less than 6 lm. This sample has a relatively high Rockwell hardness of 60 HRB.     

Effect of Sintering Temperature and Heating Rate on Crystallite Size,Densification Behaviour and Mechanical Properties of Al-MWCNT Nanocomposite Consolidated via Spark Plasma Sintering

Powder mixture of ball-milled aluminium and functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes was compacted via spark plasma sintering(SPS) to study effects of sintering temperature and heating rate. An increase in sintering temperature led to an increase in crystallite size and density, whereas an increase in heating rate exerted the opposite effect. The crystallite size and relative density increased by 85.0% and 14.3%, respectively, upon increasing the sintering temperature from 400 to 600 °C, whereas increasing the heating rate from 25 to 100 °C/min led to respective reduction by 30.0% of crystallite size and 1.8% of relative density. The total punch displacement during SPS for the nanocomposite sintered at 600 °C(1.96 mm) was much higher than that of the sample sintered at 400 °C(1.02 mm) confirming positive impact of high sintering temperature on densification behaviour. The maximum improvement in mechanical properties was exhibited by the nanocomposite sintered at 600 °C at a heating rate of 50 °C/min displaying microhardness of 81 ± 3.6 VHN and elastic modulus of 89 ± 5.3 GPa. The nanocomposites consolidated at 400 °C and 100 °C/min, in spite of having relatively smaller crystallite size, exhibited poor mechanical properties indicating the detrimental effect of porosity on the mechanical properties.     

Characterizations of precipitation behavior of Al-Mg-Si alloys under different heat treatments

The solidification-precipitation behavior of Al-Mg-Si multicomponent alloys has long been an absorbing topic. Experiments were carried out to analyze the precipitation behaviors of Al-Mg-Si alloys under different heat treatments. All specimens were homogenized at 570 °C for 8 h, and then solution treated at 540 °C for 55 min. Subsequently, the specimens were age treated for different times at temperatures of 100 °C, 150 °C and 180 °C, respectively. The experimental results show that the occurrence of dispersed free zones(DFZ) is caused by the uneven distribution of dispersed phase. During the aging process, pre-β″ phases form at the initial stage and an aging temperature of 100 °C is too low to complete the transformation of pre-β″ to β″. At 150 °C, the precipitation sequence is concluded as SSSS-pre-β″-pre-β″+β″-β″-β′-β. Moreover, changes in sizes and densities of the pre-β″, β″and β′ phases during the aging process has an important influence on the evolution of microhardness and electrical resistivity. The microhardness peak value of 150 °C is similar to that of 180 °C, which is ~141 HV. While, at 100 °C, the microhardness increases slowly, and the attainable value is 127 HV up to 19 days. When the aging temperature is 100 °C, the electrical resistivity has the highest average value. When the aging temperature exceeds 100 °C, with the occurrence and growth of β″and β′, the resistivity has a distinct decrease with prolonged aging time.     

Strengthening mechanism of Fe-Cu alloy during aging

To give a further research on strengthening mechanism of binary Fe-Cu alloys during the aging process, the compositions, size distributions and volume fractions of precipitates were investigated by carbon extraction replicas. Both the size and the volume fraction of precipitates increase with the aging time prolonged. The precipitate sizes are corresponding with Weibull distribution. The stability of the sample aged for 35 min is worse than that aged for 1800 min and 18000 min. The precipitate is Cu-rich phase in the early aging process, and Cu content increases with the prolonging aging time. Before aging peak, the precipitation of Cu-rich phase plays a dominant role in strengthening. The growth and the change in crystal structure of the precipitate particles are the main factors leading to the decrease in strengthening after the aging peak.     

Coarsening behavior of(Ni,Co)_2Si particles in Cu-Ni-Co-Si alloy during aging treatment

The coarsening behavior of(Ni,Co)_2Si particles in Cu-Ni-Co-Si alloy was investigated by experimental observations and coarsening kinetics calculations when aged at 450,500,550 and 600℃ for different durations.The results show that the critical particle radius for coherence mismatch is found to be 10.3 nm,and particles larger than 25 nm are generally semi-coherent.The relationship of(Ni,Co)_2Si particles size and aging time follows Lifshitz,Slyosov and Wagner(LSW) theory.The particle size distributions fit well to the LSW theoretical distribution.The activation energy for(Ni,Co)_2Si coarsening is accurately determined to be(216.21 ± 5.18)kJ mol~(-1) when considering the effect of temperature on the solution concentrations in matrix.The coarsening of(Ni,Co)_2Si particles in Cu-Ni-Co-Si alloy is controlled by diffusion of Ni,Co and Si in Cu matrix.The growth of particles for long durations suggests that vacancies can be trapped within the structure for long time despite their mobility.     

Surface plasmon resonance and electrical properties of RF: magnetron sputtered carbon–nickel composite films at different annealing temperatures

In this work, the optical absorption spectra of carbon–nickel films annealed at different temperatures(300–1000 °C) with a special emphasis on the surface plasmon resonance(SPR) were investigated. The films were grown on quartz substrates by radio-frequency(RF)magnetron co-sputtering at room temperature with a deposition time of 600 s. The optical absorption peaks due to the SPR of Ni particle are observed in the wavelength range of 300–330 nm. With annealing temperature increasing up to 500 °C due to the increase in Ni particle size, the intensity of the SPR peaks increases, but weakens with annealing temperature increasing over 500 °C. The Ni nanoparticle size, the dielectric function of carbon matrix(ε_m) and the plasma frequency of the free electrons(ω_p) at500 °C have the maximum values of 21.63 nm, 0.471 and5.26 9 10~(15)s~(-1), respectively. The absorption peak shows a redshift trend up to 500 °C and then turn to blueshift with annealing temperature increasing over 500 °C. These observations are in a good agreement with the electrical measurements in temperature range of 15–520 K and the Maxwell–Garnett(M–G) effective medium theory(EMT).     

Compositional Variants of Cu-rich Precipitate in Thermally Aged Ferritic Steel

Atom probe tomography was utilized to investigate Cu precipitation in a high-strength low-alloy steel isothermally aged at 500℃ for 1, 4, 16, and 64 h after water-quenching from 900℃. With prolonged aging time, the Curich precipitates(CRPs) increased in size and decreased in number density, and gradually evolved from spheroidal to elliptical in morphology. The small CRPs were rich in a high amount of Fe and a certain amount of Ni and Mn at their early nucleation stage. The large CRPs with increased size due to extensive aging contained less Fe and more Cu at their later growth stage. Additionally, Ni and Mn were both readily to segregate at the CRP/matrix heterophase interfaces, and Mn was higher in content than Ni in the precipitate interior especially when the CRPs were large in size.     

Preparation of BaPbO3 functional ceramics from leaded waste

In this study, Pb was separated and used to prepare BaPbO3 conductive ceramics from leaded waste.The experimental results show that BaPbO3 powder synthesized at 700 °C has particle size of 2–5 lm. The powders were densified by sintering at 1,000 °C for 2 h in the air.Synthesized BaPbO3 ceramics have high Curie temperature and high-temperature positive temperature coefficient（PTC） resistivity characteristics. Electrical resistivity of BaPbO3 compact increases from 5 × 10^-6Ω·m at room temperature to 4 × 10^-4Ω·m at 750 °C. Compared with the one prepared by pure chemical reagents, the BaPbO3 prepared from leaded waste has the similar characteristics of high Curie temperature and PTC resistivity.     

Coarsening behavior of γ′ particles in a nickel-base superalloy

The coarsening behavior of γ′ particles in a nickel-base superalloy FGH95 was investigated by means of experimental observations and growth kinetics calculations. The results show that when aging at 1000, 1080 and 1140°C for different times, the relation of average particle size to time obeys the cube law (ā/2)³ = kt, where k is 15.49 × 10³, 77.5 × 10³ and 230.04 × 10³ nm³/min, respectively. The particle size distributions are better fit to the LSW theoretical distributions when aging at 1000°C within 1440 min. The activation energy for γ′ particles coarsening is determined to be 288.20±1.79 kJ/mol, which correlates well to the diffusion activation energies of Al, Ti, and Nb in the nickel matrix. This indicates that the coarsening of γ′ particles is controlled by the diffusion of Al, Ti, and Nb in the nickel matrix. The coarsening kinetics of γ′ particles in FGH95 is predicted as _t ³ = 1.04×10¹⁶ t exp[−(288200±1790)/RT]     

激光立体成形Rene88DT高温合金γ′相的高温粗化行为研究

采用激光立体成形技术(LSF)制备Rene88DT高温合金,对其在760～840℃温度区间进行高温短时(4～16h)时效处理,采用微观测试分析方法对高温短时时效处理后γ′相形态、尺寸变化及粗化动力学行为进行了研究。结果表明:激光立体成形Rene88DT高温合金在高温短时时效条件下,γ′相分布均匀,形态基本为球形,时效温度对γ′相的影响比时效时间更为显著;γ′相的粗化规律符合Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner(LSW)理论,γ′粗化激活能Q=211.65kJ/mol,γ′相的粗化行为主要由Ti和Al在基体中的扩散所控制。     

Phase-field simulation of coarsening of γ precipitates in an ordered γ′ matrix

The evolution of the microstructure and coarsening kinetics of disordered γ precipitates in an ordered monovariant γ′ matrix was studied using a diffuse-interface phase-field model in two dimensions. Specifically, we studied the morphological evolution, average precipitate size and size distribution as a function of time for a given temperature and for different concentrations. It was found that the coarsening kinetics for the average particle size are described by a t^1/3 power law with a rate constant that increases with the volume fraction of the γ phase. The particle size distribution scaled by the average particle size is time invariant. We find that the particle shapes are perturbed by elastic interaction and local distributions of γ particles. Comparison of the phase-field simulation results with experiments shows good qualitative agreements.     

Coarsening of γ′ in Ni–Al alloys aged under uniaxial compression: I. Early-stage kinetics

The kinetics of coarsening of γ′ precipitates under applied compressive stress were investigated in monocrystalline Ni–Al alloys (nominal composition 13.36 at.% Al) aged at 640 °C. The specimens tested were doubly tapered cylinders or right circular cylinders. The maximum stress used was ~150 MPa; plastic deformation was less than 4% at the longest aging time (1021 h). The scatter in the data was large and is attributed to experimental factors discussed in the text. We find that compressive stress retards the kinetics of coarsening by 20–25% at 150 MPa. The particle size distributions become broader as the stress increases. We attribute the slower kinetics under compressive stress to its effect on the coefficient of diffusion of Al. A semiquantitative model in support of this idea is the subject of a companion paper.     

Al—Yb合金的析出强化行为

研究了稀二元Al一Yb合金在不同时效温度下的析出强化行为。结果表明,在时效过程中析出了细小、弥散的L12结构Al3Yb相,时效析出所能达到的峰值硬度为400～416MPa,各温度的峰值硬度比较接近。L12结构的Al3Yb析出相的粗化动力学遵循LSW理论,表明粗化由溶质原子扩散控制。当Al3Yb析出相的半径小于11nm时其与基体保持共格关系,大于11nm时开始出现半共格现象。当析出相的半径小于2nm时,时效强化的机理是位错切割机制,大于2nm时则主要为位错绕过的Orowan机制。     

热暴露下预应变对CMSX-4单晶高温合金的显微组织演变的影响

在室温下,对经完全热处理的第二代单晶高温合金CMSX-4实施压缩和拉伸预应变。压缩和拉伸预应变在单晶CMSX-4中产生了剪切带。单晶CMSX-4在950℃下热暴露10h,沿剪切带产生了γ′粒子择优粗化。剪切带上的γ′粒子逐渐侵入γ通道。最后,γ通道沿着剪切带消失。TCP状粒子伴随着γ通道的消失而出现。然而,热暴露10h的普通单晶CMSX-4没有产生TCP沉淀,也没有γ′粒子择优粗化。热暴露100h的预应变CMSX-4沿剪切带产生了γ′粒子和TCP相粒子择优粗化,基体中也有γ′粒子粗化。     

Phase field modeling of channel dislocation activity and γ′ rafting in single crystal Ni–Al

Dislocation-precipitate interaction and directional coarsening (rafting) of γ′ precipitates in single crystal Ni–Al alloys under external load are investigated by three-dimensional computer simulations. The simulation technique is based on an integrated phase field model that characterizes simultaneously the spatiotemporal evolution of both precipitate microstructure and dislocations. The initial configurations consisting of cuboidal γ′ particles and dislocations in γ channels are constructed according to experimental observations and phase field simulations of the dislocation filling process in the γ channels. For a given state (sign and magnitude) of the lattice misfit and external load commensurate with experimental values, the predicted morphologies of the rafted γ′ precipitates and the rafting kinetics agree well with experimental observations. This indicates that plasticity plays a dominant role in the rafting process as compared to elastic modulus mismatch between γ and γ′ phases, which has been ignored in the present simulations. The spatial variation of chemical potential of solute atoms caused by the coupling between channel dislocations and misfit stress is evaluated from concentration and stress distributions, from which diffusion fluxes in the γ channels are analyzed.     

Effect of Diffusivity on the Pseudospinodal Decomposition of the γ′ Phase in a Ni-Al Alloy

The effect of diffusivity on pseudospinodal decomposition of γ′ (Ni₃Al) phase precipitation was investigated in a Ni-Al alloy using the diffuse interface phase field model. The γ′ phase microstructure, coarsening dynamics and interfacial composition width between the γ and γ′ phases were studied as a function of the diffusivity magnitude. Increasing the diffusivity results in a reduced number of γ′ nuclei, and accelerated growth and coarsening of the γ′ phase. The cube of the γ′ average radius versus time shows a linear relation during coarsening, and the Al concentration in the γ matrix follow the relations \(\Delta c_{\text{Al}}^{\gamma } \sim t^{ - 1/ 3}\) regardless of the diffusivity magnitude. The γ/γ′ interfacial composition width decreases with increased diffusivity and average radius. An obvious Al concentration depleted region is present at the γ/γ′ interface during the nucleation and growth stage of γ′ phase indicates that growth occurs by down-hill diffusion in the matrix γ phase. That combined with the gradual increase in γ′ composition demonstrates that pseudospinodal decomposition is the transformation mechanism.     

Aging response of transient liquid phase bonded wrought IN718 superalloy: influence of post-bond heat treatment

Aging response of transient liquid phase Nb bearing wrought IN718 nickel base superalloy is studied. The aging behaviour of the joint is influenced by low Nb+Al+Ti content of isothermal solidification zone (ISZ) and formation of Nb–Cr–Mo based boride precipitates in diffusion affected zone (DAZ). It was shown that applying a post-bond heat treatment which was able to eliminate the diffusion induced boride precipitates in DAZ and increase the Nb+Al+Ti content of the ISZ improved the aging response and shear strength of the joint.     

热处理工艺对铸造高温合金K480组织的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜对K480镍基高温合金的铸态组织和不同固溶、时效处理后的组织进行了观察。研究了不同固溶和时效处理对K480合金组织行为的影响。结果表明,合金经过1130℃亚固溶处理后,组织为大小两种尺寸的γ’相;经过1190、1210和1230℃过固溶处理后空冷,析出均匀的γ’相,并且随着固溶温度的升高,碳化物和共晶的含量逐渐降低。一次时效处理,固溶态γ’相平均尺寸随时效温度升高而增大,合金经1050、1090和1110℃×4 h时效后,γ基体通道中均有更细小的三次γ’相析出,而在之后的二次时效和全时效过程中,这些细小的三次γ’相又重新溶解到基体或周围的大尺寸γ’相中。