脉冲激光与电弧布置方式对铝合金焊接熔滴过渡与焊缝形貌的影响

以2219铝合金为基板，研究了不同脉冲激光-电弧布置方式下的熔滴过渡与焊缝形貌特征，分析了熔深增加的机理. 结果表明，当脉冲激光照射母材时，脉冲激光主要提供对母材的热输入，母材温度的增加有助于促进熔滴铺展，稳定熔滴过渡过程；当脉冲激光照射熔滴缩颈时，主要提供对熔滴的力输入，蒸发反力的作用下形成"一脉一滴"，显著提高熔滴过渡频率与熔滴飞行速度，增加了熔滴对熔池的冲击力，熔深增加；当脉冲激光交替的照射熔池和熔滴时，一方面能够对母材进行加热，有助于熔滴的铺展，另一方面能够提高熔滴过渡频率，提高焊缝的均匀性.     

Analysis of arc voltage,current, and light signals in pulsed gas metal arc welding of aluminium

Abstract

The use of readily acquired weld arc data such as voltage, current, or light emissions to identify droplet transfer events or transfer mode, or for quality purposes such as seam tracking is of interest for thin section applications in arc welding of aluminium. In the present study, voltage, current, and light emission signals are acquired at high rates, and synchronised with high speed shadowgraphing. The usefulness of the various signals for identifying droplet detachment events and transfer modes during pulsed gas metal arc welding of aluminium is compared. It is found that individual droplet detachments are consistently identifiable during globular, spray, and streaming transfer, and during peak and background current detachment, using the voltage signal. Although the arc light signal also contains droplet detachment data, it is difficult to identify droplet detachments occurring during the background phase at low background current levels. Preliminary measurements show that these signals can also be used for seam location in thin section lap fillet welding.     

Study on arc characteristics and behavior of metal transfer in pulse current flux-cored arc welding of mild steel

The variation in arc characteristics and behavior of metal transfer with the change in pulse parameters has been studied by high speed video camera during pulse current flux cored arc weld deposition. A comparative study of similar nature has also been carried out during flux-cored arc weld deposition in globular and spray transfer modes. The effect of pulse parameters has been studied by considering their mean current and arc voltage. The arc characteristics studied by its root diameter, projected diameter and length, and the behavior of metal transfer noted by the metal transfer model and the droplet diameter have been found to vary significantly with the pulse parameters. The observation may help in understanding the arc characteristics with respect to the variation in pulse parameters which may be beneficial in using pulse current FCAW to produce desired weld quality.     

2219铝合金激光驱动GMAW熔滴过渡行为

以2219铝合金为研究对象,搭建了激光驱动GMAW熔滴过渡试验系统,采用高速摄像系统拍摄熔滴过渡行为,分析了激光的加入对熔滴过渡行为的影响. 结果表明,通过改变工艺参数,激光的加入改变了熔滴的受力状态从而改变了熔滴过渡模式和飞行轨迹. 脉冲激光作用在熔滴缩颈处形成的蒸发反力可以有效促进熔滴过渡,得到“一脉一滴”的射滴过渡形式,提高熔滴过渡频率和熔滴过渡的稳定性,同时能够有效改善焊缝成形解决铝合金焊接射滴过渡工艺区间窄,对母材热输入高以及焊接过程稳定性差等问题.     

脉冲熔化极气体保护焊熔滴过渡电信号特征及建模

脉冲熔化极气体保护焊(GMAW-P)熔滴过渡形式对焊接质量有着重要的影响,同时脉冲参数是影响GMAW-P熔滴过渡行为的主要参数.利用高速数字摄像技术,记录熔滴过渡过程,同时采集焊接过程的电流、电压信号,并将各个信息传输到PC机中,实现数据的保存.综合分析熔滴过渡图片与对应的电信号的关系,提取了GMAW-P熔滴过渡过程特征电信号.通过统计分析建立了GMAW-P熔滴过渡逻辑回归模型.结果表明,此模型预测熔滴过渡的正确率达93%,为实现一脉一滴最佳脉冲熔滴过渡形式闭环控制开辟了新的途径.

Abstract：

Metal droplet transfer mode which is influenced by the pulse parameters such as pulse current ( I_p ) , pulse time ( t_p ) , base current ( I_b ) and pulse frequency (f) has play an important role in the weld quality. An experimental system based on the Lab VIEW virtual instrument and high speed photography technology was developed to sample the transient electrical parameters and record the images of droplet transfer process simultaneously. A transition voltage U_(dd) in the pulse voltage drop edge of electrical waveform was discovered according to analysis of synchronous electric and image signals. The relationship between the metal transfer mode and the slope of the transition voltage was proposed. The result of experiments shows that the model can be used in closed-loop controlling of one droplet per pulse transfer mode and also can help for optimizing the welding parameters.     

Arc characteristics and behaviour of metal transfer in pulsed current GMA welding of stainless steel

The variation in arc characteristics, stability in shielding of arc environment and behaviour of metal transfer with a change in pulse parameters have been studied by high speed video-photography during pulsed current gas metal arc (P-GMA) weld deposition using austenitic stainless steel filler wire. A comparative study of similar nature has also been carried out during gas metal arc (GMA) weld deposition in globular and spray transfer modes. The effect of pulse parameters has been studied by considering their hypothetically proposed summarized influence defined by a dimensionless factor ? = [(I_b/I_p) ft_b], mean current and arc voltage and correlation between welding parameters and arc characteristics have been established. The arc characteristics studied by its root diameter, projected diameter, length and stiffness measured in terms of arc pressure and the behaviour of metal transfer noted by the droplet diameter and velocity of droplet at the time of detachment have been found to vary significantly with the variation in ?. At a given ? the experimentally measured values of the behaviour of metal transfer are found well in agreement to their corresponding theoretical values estimated through mathematical expressions reported earlier. The increase of ? and the ratio of (I_b/I_p) have been found to adversely affect the stability of shielding jacket and arc profile especially at high arc voltage.     

MIG(MAG)脉冲焊熔滴的过渡行为

利用微机控制脉冲电源，配合高速摄影，研究了脉冲ＭＩＧ焊各种熔滴过渡形式的过渡行为及其对焊缝成形的影响，研究结果表明，一个脉冲可以过渡多滴，一滴，或多个脉冲过渡一滴，不同熔滴过渡形式，熔滴的体积，速度及冲量参量都不一样，对焊接过程及焊缝成形也有影响，只有一脉冲一滴在基值电流期间过渡是最佳的熔滴过渡形式。     

GMAW-P焊后中值脉冲波形控制工艺

一脉一滴是GMAW-P焊最理想的一种过渡形式.为了获得这种过渡形式,需要焊接脉冲波控参数之间的良好配合.结合仿真与试验研究,从能量的观点研究了在后中值波形控制方法中两个关键脉冲参数--中值时间和中值电流对GMAW-P焊的影响.试验表明;当设置适当的中值电流和中值时间时,能向熔滴过渡过程提供合适的能量,有利于实现一脉一滴,熔滴过渡过程的可控性好,焊接过程稳定,焊缝质量好.     

双丝三电弧焊中熔滴过渡及焊缝成形机理

为了验证双丝三电弧焊接过程中M弧不同的电流、脉冲频率对其熔滴过渡行为的影响;试验搭建了双丝三电弧焊的焊接系统以及高速摄像与波形同步采集系统.结果表明,熔滴过渡行为变化的主要原因是在M弧作用下熔滴的受力变化.其次,熔滴过渡行为和M弧电流的变化存在着对应关系:随着M弧电流增大,熔滴过渡行为依次为焊缝成形最佳的短路过渡+射流过渡、以及成形依次变差的大滴过渡、射滴过渡、射流过渡.随着M弧脉冲频率增加,熔滴过渡行为依次为一脉多滴、一脉一滴、多脉一滴三个阶段;其中焊接成形最理想的为一脉一滴的熔滴过渡阶段.     

激光增强GMAW熔滴短路过渡行为分析

高能量密度的激光照射熔滴,使熔滴局部产生强烈蒸发,利用蒸发反力驱动熔滴受迫短路,促进熔滴脱离焊丝.以低碳钢为研究对象,搭建激光增强GMAW短路过渡焊接试验系统,对比研究了激光增强GMAW短路过渡焊接过程中激光入射位置、电弧高度对熔滴短路过渡行为的影响规律.结果表明,在焊接过程中施加一定功率的激光对熔滴短路过渡行为有明显的改善作用,可以通过激光改变熔滴的受力状态,控制过渡熔滴的尺寸,熔滴短路时间减小,燃弧时间增加,增加过渡频率,提高了焊接过程中的稳定性,激光增强后,焊缝表面成形均匀饱满,焊缝成形良好.     

激光对脉冲MIG焊熔滴过渡的改善作用

采用脉冲熔化极惰性气体保护焊（MIG）的方法焊接304不锈钢,在试验中利用电信号采集系统和高速摄像进行同步采集,研究熔滴过渡情况. 结果表明,送丝速度调节适当时,可以实现一脉一滴的射滴过渡形式. 送丝速度偏大时,焊接过程中会夹杂部分瞬时短路过渡,短路时间小于1 ms,影响焊接过程的稳定性. 当采用激光-脉冲MIG复合焊时,对瞬时短路现象有改善作用. 在一定范围内,激光功率增加,瞬时短路过渡出现的次数减少,改善作用增强. 当激光功率达到一定阈值时可完全消除瞬时短路现象,实现一脉一滴的过渡形式,焊接过程稳定. 即激光的加入提升了焊接品质与焊接效率.     

保护气体对金红石型药芯焊丝电弧行为影响分析

采用高速摄像装置及汉诺威弧焊分析仪分析了金红石型药芯焊丝在100% CO₂及80% Ar+20% CO₂气体保护焊时的熔滴过渡模式及电弧形态.结果表明,100% CO₂气体保护焊时小、中、大参数均出现排斥过渡特征,随电弧电压与焊接电流增加,熔滴尺寸减小,过渡频率增加,出现滴状过渡,波形呈锯齿状;80% Ar+20% CO₂气体保护焊时以滴状过渡为主,大参数时出现射滴过渡,波形近似直线.前者渣柱仅出现于熔滴形成长大的初期,后者在熔滴过渡全过程均有渣柱存在,且对熔滴过渡有一定的导向与稳定作用.这与电弧形态不同,熔滴与渣柱受电弧热作用的效果不同有关.     

双丝脉冲MAG焊的熔滴过渡及工艺特征

搭建了并列式双丝脉冲MAG焊工艺试验系统,通过双丝脉冲协调控制器连接试验所用的两台电焊机,在试验过程中采集了焊接电流、电弧电压信号,并用高速摄像机对焊接过程的电弧行为与熔滴过渡过程进行了同步拍摄．应用上述试验系统,在实现稳定焊接过程的基础上,分别研究了脉冲峰值电压与脉冲基值电压、两个焊丝在垂直于焊道方向上的距离、焊枪倾角这三个因素对电弧行为、熔滴过渡过程及焊缝表面成形与焊缝几何尺寸的影响．确定了最理想的脉冲峰值一基值电压,并且发现在文中所述试验参数下,焊丝间距11mm为两电弧形成共熔池、同焊道的上临界距离．结果表明,随着焊枪倾角的增加,焊缝熔深增加,熔宽减小,在焊接速度和送丝速度不变的前提下余高增加．     

脉冲TCGMAW电流占空比对熔滴过渡和焊缝成形的影响

基于建立的熔滴过渡高速摄像分析系统,对高速脉冲TCGMAW在脉冲电流占空比变化下的熔滴过渡过程进行观察分析,并就脉冲电流占空比变化对熔滴过渡和焊缝成形质量的影响进行了研究。试验结果表明,在所用焊接规范下,当脉冲电流占空比较小时,焊丝熔化速度不能与送丝速度匹配,熔滴过渡方式表现为短路过渡形式,焊缝成形较差,甚至出现断弧、焊不起来的情况;随着脉冲电流占空比的提高,焊丝熔化能量加大,熔滴过渡方式逐渐过渡到射滴过渡和射流过渡,电弧电压的波动范围变小,焊缝成形良好。     

脉冲等离子-MIG复合焊熔滴过渡行为研究

将脉冲等离子电弧与MIG电弧同轴复合,期望利用等离子弧脉冲峰值电流产生的高速等离子射流冲击熔滴和熔池,促进熔滴过渡,同时增加焊缝熔深。开发了一套高速视觉与电信号精确同步的焊接数据采集系统,对脉冲等离子-MIG复合焊熔滴过渡行为进行研究。研究发现将等离子电流调制成脉冲波形,等离子弧对工件总体热输入下降,等离子峰值电流产生的等离子流力可以有效促进熔滴过渡。在此基础上深入分析了等离子脉冲峰值电流、脉冲宽度及熔滴在等离子弧过渡位置等参数对熔滴过渡的影响,获得了脉冲等离子-MIG复合焊一脉一滴过渡的工艺参数窗口。     

铝合金脉冲MIG焊机研制

铝合金在高速列车制造中,占有很重要的地位。铝合金因其独特的时有特殊的要求。本文研制的脉冲ＭＩＧ焊机,主电路采用大功率晶体管作为主控元件,从铝合金ＭＩＧ焊特点出发,采用电流脉冲技术控制铝合金ＭＩＧ焊熔滴过渡行为,在整个焊接电流范围内,均得到小滴流过渡,电弧挺度好,熔滴过渡均匀。脉冲参数采用一元化调节,操作方便,只要给定送比脉冲参数由焊机内部自动产生,实现了自适应控制。铝合金ＭＩＧ焊在不同的状态有不同     

带状电极MAG焊工艺熔滴过渡分析

采用氙灯背光高速摄像系统对带状电极MAG焊的熔滴过渡进行了研究.试验发现,随焊接工艺参数的增大,钢带端部熔化变得均匀,由多个熔滴并存转变为只产生一个熔滴.熔滴在长大过程中沿钢带端部移动,过渡位置不定.随焊接参数由小到大变化,熔滴依次呈现短路过渡、大滴过渡、射滴过渡、射流过渡和旋转射流过渡等形式.结果表明,射滴过渡是带状电极MAG焊熔滴过渡的主要方式;电流、电压波形与熔滴过渡形式之间有很好的对应关系;由于其特殊的电极形状和熔滴过渡特点,带状电极MAG焊适合大电流高速焊,可以提高焊接效率.     

激光-MIG电弧的复合作用及对熔滴过渡的影响

试验研究激光与MIG电弧的相互影响与相互作用,以及激光的加入对MIG电弧形态与熔滴过渡形式的影响.搭建了YAG激光-脉冲MIG电弧复合焊接试验系统,进行了焊接试验并同步采集了焊接过程中的电信号和高速摄像图片信号.通过分析电信号和高速摄像图片可以发现,对于一脉一滴的焊接过程,加入激光后熔滴过渡形式由一脉一滴变为两脉一滴过...     

环境压力对高压干法GMAW熔滴过渡影响分析

采用红外激光作为背光源,应用高速摄像系统对高压干法GMAW熔滴过渡进行了研究.通过0.4 MPa以内氩气环境的试验发现,环境压力超过临界压力后熔滴过渡形式会发生转变.随着环境压力的增加,在小电流情况下,过渡形式先由大滴过渡转变为短路过渡,进而转变为排斥过渡;在焊接电流较大情况下,熔滴依次呈现射流过渡、短路与射流混合过渡、排斥过渡.并从熔滴受力的角度分析了压力环境熔滴过渡形式转变机理.指出产生排斥过渡的原因是在环境压力的作用下电弧与弧根收缩,改变了熔滴的受力状态而产生的.     

不锈钢焊条熔滴过渡及其影响因素研究

采用水中收集熔滴、平板堆焊、高速摄影等试验方法,研究了典型不锈钢要熔滴过渡特性及其影响因素。结果表明,熔滴过渡指数为优化值时,焊条熔滴呈渣壁过渡形态,焊条的综合工艺性最佳;药皮中的ＳｉＯ２细化熔滴作用最强,增大药皮厚度和焊接电流均使熔滴细化,但受焊条工艺性制约;熔滴反应区的渗Ｓｉ反应亦有利于细化熔滴,但受焊缝最高含Ｓｉ量的限制;焊接熔渣的碱度、组成物及含量对熔滴过渡特性亦有一定的影响,提出了“焊条