激光重熔Cr等离子喷涂层的组织及其导电性的研究

用5kW CO2激光器对铜排表面的Cr等离子喷涂层进行重熔，并对激光熔覆层组织、硬度、导电性能进行了研究。结果表明，激光熔覆层的组织致密、均匀，与基体结合很好。涂层平均显微硬度为HV200，是基体的3倍左右。激光熔覆层和等离子喷涂层在0．35mm处的电导率分别为70.4％IACS和53，5％IACS．对于3mm厚的铜排，激光熔覆和等离子喷涂铜排的整体电导率则分别为96．2％IACS和92．6％IACS。激光熔覆层和激光熔覆后铜排的整体电导率均高于相应的等离子喷涂层及其铜排。     

45钢光纤激光熔凝工艺

采用光纤激光对45钢表面进行了激光熔凝处理研究. 结合熔凝层深度、组织、显微硬度和摩擦磨损性能分析,研究了多道激光熔凝的激光功率、激光扫描间距对熔凝工艺的影响规律. 结果表明,在改变激光功率的研究中,熔凝层深度随激光功率的增大而增加,熔凝层的显微硬度呈周期性变化,后道激光处理对前道熔凝层存在回火热处理作用. 在改变激光扫描间距的研究中,进一步验证了后道激光熔凝对前道的热影响作用,同时适当增大扫描间距,获得软硬相间的熔凝层表面,有利于改善钢材表面的耐磨性能,同时可适当提高激光熔凝处理的生产效率.     

Effects of Laser Remelting and Oxidation on NiCrAlY/8Y<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>-ZrO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Thermal Barrier Coatings

In this study, three groups of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) samples were remelted by CO₂ laser with different laser energy densities (1, 5 and 10 J/mm²) to seal the surface of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) coatings. Microscopic observations showed that the cracks size and the remelted depth in YSZ coatings increased. A ~ 50-μm-thick dense layer was formed on the surface of YSZ coating in samples with 1 J/mm² energy density. Microindentation tests showed that the Vickers hardness of YSZ coatings increases with the increase in laser energy density. After isothermal oxidation at 1200 °C for 200 h, thinner thermally growth oxides were found in laser remelted YSZ samples under energy density of 1 J/mm² (6.32 ± 0.28 μm). Cyclic oxidation results showed that the weight gain per unit area of low energy density laser remelted TBCs was smaller than that of the high energy density laser remelted and as-sprayed TBCs.     

激光扫描速度对Co基合金堆焊重熔层组织和硬度的影响

研究了激光功率为2.5kW时,三种不同扫描速度(2mm.s-1、4mm.s-1、8mm.s-1)对重熔的Co基合金堆焊层熔宽、熔深、搭接宽度、枝晶尺寸以及显微硬度分布的影响。试验结果表明,堆焊层经激光重熔后,随着扫描速度的提高,重熔层熔宽和熔深、搭接宽度、枝晶尺寸均随之减小,组织较原始堆焊层明显细化,硬度明显提高。然而,当扫描速度为8mm.s-1时,搭接宽度为零,出现未重熔塔接部分,使得堆焊重熔层表面硬度出现较大波动。     

激光表面重熔对ZrO_2-8wt%Y_2O_3热障涂层组织与抗热震性能的影响

采用等离子喷涂设备在H13热作模具钢表面制备氧化钇部分稳定的氧化锆(ZrO2-8 wt%Y2O3)热障涂层,并用CO2横流激光器对热障涂层进行表面重熔处理,并采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、热震试验等手段研究激光重熔前后热障涂层的微观结构及其抗热震性能的变化。结果表明,重熔前后涂层均由四方结构钇锆氧化物和立方相的氧化锆组成,重熔后涂层结晶度增加,晶粒有长大现象。激光重熔后涂层产生明显分层,表层组织孔隙和裂纹明显减少,裂纹呈网状且沿晶界分布,重熔涂层内部仍保持等离子喷涂典型结构。激光重熔后涂层孔隙率降低了67%,涂层的抗热震性能也显著提高。     

Optimization of ultrasonic measurement of remelted zone thickness using backscattered waves

The present work is concerned with non-destructive evaluation of the thickness of the remelted zone formed on aluminum alloy castings by using ultrasonic backscattered waves. Remelted zones with different thicknesses were formed on the surface of an Al–Cu–Si alloy casting plate, and backscattered waves were measured at various positions on the plate by immersion method with different distances of the water path to obtain an optimum focal depth in the specimen. When the ultrasonic wave was focused on the boundary between the remelted zone and the matrix, the amplitude ratio of the backscattered wave from the matrix to that from the remelted zone reached a maximum. The longitudinal wave velocity and the density were measured with test pieces containing remelted zones to obtain acoustic impedances of the remelted zone and the matrix. The reflectivity at the boundary calculated from the acoustic impedances was less than 1.5% (−37 dB).     

Effect of GTAW remelting on the corrosion performance of AISI 316L cladding

Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process was used for remelting of the top clad layers of austenitic stainless steel 316L deposited on low-carbon steel using gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process. Different electrochemical techniques were used for assessing and comparing sensitization and pitting corrosion performance of these clads (both in the as-welded as well as aged condition), besides comparing their passive film characteristics. Top clad layer remelting was influential upto a penetration depth of around 2.34 mm. Aging of clads at 750°C/24 hr accelerated the precipitation of carbides, which suppressed partially due to their remelting as indicated by electron probe microanalysis studies. Due to this GTAW remelted clads exhibited a relatively lesser degree of sensitization and higher pitting corrosion resistance as compared to the conventional GMAW clads. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies revealed a relatively higher concentration of O, Cr, Ni, and Mo in the passive film of remelted clad surfaces than the conventional ones, which accounted for enhanced protectiveness of passive film on remelted surfaces as indicated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies.     

Ni—Fe—Cr—B—Si无氧化喷熔及其涂层超塑扩散焊接后组织与性能

自行研制了实现Ｎｉ－Ｆｅ－Ｃｒ－Ｂ－Ｓｉ自熔性合金粉末无氧化喷熔的装置,并对其涂层与基材进行超塑扩散焊接。通过对其组织与性能对比性研究,结果表明,无氧化喷熔涂层的结合强度、抗热磨损性能及抗热疲劳性能比空气中喷熔有显著提高。当对涂层进行超塑性扩散焊接后各项性能得以进一步提高。     

不同激光功率对Co基合金堆焊重熔层组织和性能的影响

研究了同一扫描速度（2mm/s）下，3种不同激光功率（1.5kW、2.0kW、2.5kW）对Co基合金堆焊层熔深、枝晶尺寸以及显微硬度和耐磨性的影响。试验结果表明，堆焊层经激光重熔后，组织较原始堆焊层明显细化，硬度明显提高。随着激光功率的加大，堆焊重熔层的熔深、枝晶尺寸均随之增大，表面硬度有所下降。但耐磨性并不随表面硬度下降而降低。硬度与耐磨性没有简单的对应关系。     

激光表面重熔对热喷涂铝涂层微观结构及其阻氢性能的影响

采用Ｘ射线衍射仪、扫描电镜及热充氢等方法,研究了激光重熔对不锈钢表面热喷涂铝涂层的微观结构及其阻氢性能的影响。结果表明,激光重熔后涂层组织均匀、致密,主要由ＡｌＦ３（Ｎｉ,Ｃｒ）固溶体、ＣｒＦｅＮｉ奥氏体等相组成,而且涂层与基体形成了良好的冶金结合。此外,激光表面重熔后涂层的阻氢性能亦得到改善。     

The Influence of Retained Austenite on Residual Stresses in Laser Remelted Cast Iron

The presence and amount of residual stresses is very important in dynamically loaded automotive machine parts. In this investigation, the residual stresses after laser surface remelting were measured as a function of the modified layer depth on flat specimens from nodular cast iron. The results of the measured residual stresses confirm that the stresses strongly depend on the presence and quantity of the microstructure constituents in the surface remelted layer. Residual stresses have a characteristic profile in the modified surface layer. In the surface remelted layer, tensile residual stresses were found in a range between +70 and +200 MPa. The change from tensile into compressive residual stresses takes place in the lower part of the remelted layer. Maximum compressive residual stress values were found in the middle of the hardened layer in a range between −25 and −80 MPa.     

Effects of transition from lamellar to compacted graphite on thermal conductivity of cast iron

Abstract

Different levels of magnesium were added to a standard grey iron alloy in order to obtain a range of graphite morphologies from lamellar to compacted graphite. The thermal conductivity/diffusivity of samples, solidified at different cooling rates, was investigated by means of the laser flash technique. There is a significant decrease in the thermal conductivity as the morphology transits from lamellar to compacted graphite. The thermal conductivity of grey iron decreases considerably at elevated temperatures, whereas the thermal conductivity of compacted graphite iron is less sensitive to changes in temperature. At increased nodularities, compacted graphite irons exhibit a maximum thermal conductivity at ～400°C. The influence from the cooling conditions on the thermal conductivity decreases as the morphology alters from lamellar graphite to compacted graphite. The effective thermal conductivity of cast iron is modelled by means of existing models for composites.     

Fabrication of Ni34.1Fe27.9B18Si18Nb2 amorphous matrix coating on mild steel by laser processing

Ni34.1Fe27.9B18Si18Nb2 coating was deposited on mild steel substrate using high power laser cladding followed by laser remelting process.The laser processing was conducted by the powder feeding method using low purity materials without shielding box.To learn the surface amorphous matrix coating forming mechanism,the coating without remelting process was also studied.The phases and microstructures were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD),scanning-and transmission-electron microscopy(SEM,TEM).The microhardncss and corrosion resistance property of the coating were also measured.The results of SEM,XRD and TEM analysis show that the remelted coating has an amorphous matrix layer embedded with some crystals due to high cooling rate during remelting process.The crystals phases are identified as Fe2B phase,γ(Fe,Ni)phase and α-Fe phase.No oxidation phases are found in the coating surface.Hardness profiles reveal microhardness more than 1100 HV0.5over the full depth of the amorphous matrix layer,while the unrerntled coating and the substrate show relatively lower hardness than the remelted layer.Corrosion resistance tests exhibit that the remelted coating is nobler than the unremelted coating and the substrate material.     

关于连铸凝固传热数值模拟中钢液有效导热系数的探讨

在建立板坯连铸一维非稳态凝固传热数学模型的基础上,考虑到液相区的流动和传热状态随拉坯方向的变化,研究了有效导热系数与固相导热系数的比值m（λeff/λs）的处理方法对计算结果的影响。结果表明,在相同的二冷条件下,m取不同的常数对模型计算结果影响很大。在相同的二冷条件下,将m取为常数和取为随拉坯方向变化的变量都可以得到相同的液相穴深度,但二者的凝固壳厚度随拉坯方向的变化有一定的差别,并且出结晶器坯壳厚度差别较大。改变二冷条件,上述二者液相穴深度不再相等。因此,将m取为常数的处理方法是不合理的。     

激光表面重熔NiTi形状记忆合金组织及腐蚀性能

采用2kWNd：YAG激光器对NiTi合金进行表面重熔处理，利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、X光电子能谱分析重熔层成分和组织结构，利用电化学测试研究重熔层耐腐蚀性能。结果表明：NiTi合金经过激光重熔处理后，可得到致密的重熔层；根据激光处理参数的不同，在重熔层中会出现TiNi、TiNi3等新相，重熔层表面Ti／Ni及Ti^4 /Ti比显著提高；电化学极化曲线表明激光重熔后NiTi合金的耐蚀性得到了显著改善。     

A study on thermal characteristics of non-contact hot-tool for rapid feature detailing (RFD) process

The rapid feature detailing (RFD) process utilizing the non-contact hot-tool has been developed to create detailed shapes on the surfaces of VLM-ST parts. The dimensional accuracy of the detailed shape is significantly dependent on process parameters such as heat input, shaping speed, and the gap between the hot-tool and EPS foam. The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of process parameters on thermal characteristics such as kerfwidth, depth of cut and temperature distribution in the EPS foam in order to obtain controllable conditions for feature detailing and to improve dimensional accuracy of the process. Several experiments were carried out to find the relationships between process parameters and kerfwidth, and between process parameters and depth of cut. Numerical analyses were performed to investigate the influence of process parameters on temperature distribution in the EPS foam sheet and to estimate the amount of the sheet melted away. In order to develop a numerical model of the RFD process, a radiation heat source model utilizing view factors and an anisotropic thermal conductivity are introduced. In terms of kerfwidth and depth of cut, the results of the numerical analysis were in agreement with the experimental results. From this, it has been confirmed that the proposed numerical model is an effective tool to predict the influence of process parameters. Based on these results, the controllable operating conditions for the RFD process are described.     

Residual stress state after the laser surface remelting process

Residual stresses are a result of elasto-plastic deformations induced in the workpiece material during the heat treatment process. The extent and magnitude of internal stresses depend on temperature conditions in heating and cooling and physical properties of the workpiece material. This contribution discusses the extent and distribution of residual stresses after laser remelting a thin surface layer on ductile iron 80-55-06 (ASTM specification) or Gr 500-7 according to ISO. Residual stresses are not only induced by temperature differences but also result from stresses due to microstructural changes between the surface and the core of the specimen subsequent to cooling to the ambient temperature. The distribution and extent of residual stresses in the remelted thin surface layer depend mostly on melt composition and cooling conditions. Different rates of solidification and subsequent cooling of the remelted layer are reflected in the volume proportions of the created cementite, residual austenite, and martensite in the microstructure. The rate of heating and cooling of the thin surface layer is a function of laser power, beam diameter on the workpiece surface, and interaction time. In addition, the number of passes of the laser beam over the workpiece surface and different degrees of laser trace overlapping were increased to see how these can affect the thermal conditions in the workpiece. To determine the residual stresses, the relaxation method was used. This is based on measuring the specimen strain during electrochemical material removal.     

FeCrBSiWNb喷涂层的钨极氩弧摆动重熔处理

目的设计一种新型的FeCrBSiWNb高速电弧喷涂涂层的钨极氩弧摆动重熔工艺,解决传统钨极氩弧无摆动重熔层单道宽度窄且不均匀、多道搭接处易出现气孔及裂纹等问题。方法通过几何分析和计算设计摆动重熔工艺,并制备FeCrBSiWNb重熔层,利用XRD衍射仪、光学显微镜、扫描电镜对摆动重熔层的相结构、显微组织进行表征,用显微硬度仪对其纵截面的显微硬度进行测量。结果设计的钨极氩弧摆动重熔工艺参数:电流53~55A,钨极移动在X方向移动速度65~68mm/min,Y方向移动速度485~500mm/min。摆动重熔层内部无裂纹且单道宽度增大,FeCrBSiWNb重熔层的基体组织由马氏体、残余奥氏体、Fe-Cr固溶体组成,硬质相由硼化物及拉弗斯相组成,重熔层存在固溶强化、析出强化等多种强化方式。重熔层、热影响区、母材的显微硬度分别是820HV0.3、563HV0.3、242HV0.3。结论所设计的新型摆动重熔工艺增大了单道重熔层宽度,进而有效解决了重熔层内部残余应力大易导致裂纹产生的问题。     

玻璃模具喷焊时温度分布规律研究

利用G90-SAT红外热像仪测量了玻璃模具喷焊时的温度分布。结果表明，无论是同一点不同时刻的温度还是同一时刻不同截面的温度变化均十分复杂，工件表面每一点的温度都遵循低→高→最高→高→低的变化规律，喷焊重熔时温度最高。热喷焊是一个快速加热、快速冷却的过程，喷焊过程中，玻璃模具表面的温度存在着不均匀性及不同时性。     

等离子喷涂ZrO2层经激光再熔后的组织变化

本文研究了等离子喷涂ZrO_2陶瓷层的激光再熔化处理经激光再熔化处理的ZrO_2涂层致密、无孔隙,但熔化层有裂纹在ZrO_2中添加适量的SiO_2,降低了熔化层在冷却时的热应力,有效抑制裂纹的产生经激光再熔化处理后的陶瓷展和粘结层之间的结合为冶金结合;粘结尾和基材的冶金结合层厚度明显增加;随着激光功率的增加,陶瓷层、粘结层以及一定厚度的基材发生熔化,陶瓷层和粘结层之间产生Zr_6Fe_3O反应相