Prediction of edge energy level at mineral-solution interface by means of zeta potential

1　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＳｉｎｃｅ 192 5,Ｋｅｌｌｅｒｆｏｕｎｄｘａｎｔｈａｔｅａｓｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｏｒｆｏｒｓｕｌｆｉｄｅｍｉｎｅｒａｌｓ ,ｆｌｏｔａｔｉｏｎｂｅｇａｎｔｏａｐｐｌｙｉｎｔｈｅｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙｏｆｍｉｎｅｒａｌｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇｏｎａｌａｒｇｅｓｃａｌｅ ,ｉｔｂｅｃａｍｅｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍａｉｎｏｒｅｄｒｅｓｓｉｎｇｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ .Ａｓａｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｏｒ,ｘａｎｔｈａｔｅｈａｓｌｏｗｄｏｓａｇｅ ,ｂｅｔｔｅｒｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｉｔｙａｎｄｈｉｇｈｒｅｃｏｖｅ…     

An Experimental Investigation of Laser Cladding

Laser cladding uses a laser beam to fuse materials with enhanced metallurgical properties on a substrate. A thin layer of the substrate is molten achieving good metallurgical bonding with the added material. In this paper experimental data from an industrial application of laser cladding are presented and discussed. The material of the substrate was an aluminum alloy and the cladding material was copper based powder. Under constant laser power and beam diameter, experiments were performed using various powder feed rates, process speeds and gas supply. The dimensions of the clad as well as the alloying and dilution depth were measured. The experimental data were analyzed in order to obtain a working range for the process parameters.     

Experimental and finite element analysis for fracture of coating layer of galvannealed steel sheet

Mechanical properties of galvannealed (GA) steel sheet used for automotive exposed panel and predicted failure phenomenon of its coating layer were evaluated using finite element method. V-bending test was performed to understand better the fracture of coating layer of GA steel sheet during plastic deformation. Yield strength of the coating layer was calculated by using a relative difference between hardness of coating layer measured from the nano-indentation test and that of substrate. To measure shearing strength at the interface between substrate and coating layer, shearing test with two specimens attached by an adhesive was carried out. Using the mechanical properties measured, a series of finite element analyses coupled with a failure model was performed. Results reveal that the fracture of coating layer occurs in an irregular manner at the region where compressive deformation is dominant. Meanwhile, a series of vertical cracks perpendicular to material surface are observed at the tensile stressed-region. It is found that 0.26-0.28 of local equivalent plastic strain exists at the coating and substrate at the beginning of failure. The fracture of coating layer depends on ductility of the coating layer considerably as well.     

Anisotropy and formability of AA5182-0 aluminium alloy sheets

This paper presents a new yield criterion for orthotropic sheet metals and its implementation in a theoretical model of the forming limit diagrams. The equivalent stress equation shows that the shape of the yield surface is defined by eight material parameters. The minimisation of an error-function has been used for the numerical identification of these coefficients. The parameters are established in such a way that the constitutive equation associated to the yield surface reproduces the plastic behaviour of the actual material. The uniaxial yield stresses (σ₀, σ₄₅, σ₉₀), biaxial yield stress (σ_b), uniaxial anisotropy coefficients (r₀, r₄₅, r₉₀) have been used in identification. The new yield criterion has been implemented in the Marciniak-Kuczynski theory in order to predict the limit strains. The theoretical forming limit curves have been compared with the experimental ones. The friction free tests, the hydraulic bulge test (for the positive minor strains) and the tensile test for plane strain and for uniaxial tensile test (for the negative minor strains) are used. The predicted yield surface and forming limit diagrams for AA5182-0 aluminium alloy sheets are in good agreement with the experimental ones.     

Nanostructured coatings of glass fibers: Improvement of alkali resistance and mechanical properties

Surface defects cause the measured tensile strength of glass and other brittle materials to be significantly lower than their theoretical values. Coatings can be used to “heal” surface flaws and modify surface properties. Here, we describe an online process by which a nanometer-scale hybrid coating layer based on styrene–butadiene copolymer with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and/or nanoclays, as a mechanical enhancement and environmental barrier layer, is applied to alkali-resistant glass (ARG) and E-glass fibers. Our data indicate that the nanostructured and functionalized traditional glass fibers show significant improvements in both mechanical properties and environmental corrosion resistance. With low fractions of nanotubes (0.2 wt% in sizing), the strength of healed glass fiber increases by up to 70%. No apparent strength variation appears for nanoclay-coated fiber subjected to alkaline attack. The adsorption isotherms of moisture vapor on the fiber surface have been analyzed and an assessment of changes in the nanomechanical properties of the fiber surface is provided. It is shown that the sorption of moisture is reduced by the presence of nanoclay particles in the coating. We introduce a healing efficiency factor and conclude that the coating modulus, thickness and roughness are responsible for the mechanical improvement of fibers.     

基于数值模拟的超疏水材料减阻性能研究

目的为了研究超疏水材料的减阻性能,提出一种准确可靠的数值模拟研究方法。方法建立超疏水船舶的三维模型,对考虑自由液面时船舶的黏性绕流进行数值模拟。由于表面接触角是评定材料疏水性的一个重要参数,通过改变表面接触角研究相应阻力值的变化,并采用理论计算、数值模拟以及实验研究三者相结合的方法,验证该模型及方法在超疏水材料减阻性能研究方面的准确性。结果随着表面接触角的增大船舶行驶时所受的阻力减小。船体采用超疏水材料的阻力比采用亲水性材料的阻力减少了41%,比采用一般疏水性材料的阻力减少了24%。模拟中得出的船舶模型阻力大小与理论计算以及实验结果基本吻合,误差分别在4.6%和8%以内。结论通过船舶模型研究超疏水材料的减阻性能,提出了一种基于数值模拟的有效研究方法,为超疏水材料其他方面的性能研究提供了一定指导。     

Relationships between the microstructure and properties of thermally sprayed deposits

Thermally sprayed deposits have layered structure composed of individual splats. The individual splats have quenching microstructure of quasi-stable preferred fine grains. However, this fine-grained microstructure of the deposits is usually not reflected by improved performance of the deposits because a layered structure with two-dimensional voids occurs between lamellar interfaces. The microstructure of the thermal spray deposits with the emphasis on the layer structural parameters is reviewed. Conventionally, one of the most common quantitative parameters used to characterize the microstructure of the thermally sprayed deposits is the porosity, measured by different methods. However, it is illustrated that the relationships between properties and porosity for bulk porous materials processed by conventional processes cannot be applied to thermally sprayed deposits owing to the two-dimensional characteristics of voids. The total porosity in the deposits is not meaningful from the viewpoint of prediction of the deposit properties. An idealized structural model and related parameters, instead of porosity, are proposed to characterize quantitatively the microstructure of the thermally sprayed deposit. The relationships between the properties and the structural parameters are presented for the plasma-sprayed ceramic deposits based on the proposed microstructure model. The properties include the Young’s modulus, fracture toughness, erosion resistance, and thermal conductivity of the plasma sprayed ceramic deposits. The correlations of theoretical relationships with reported experimental data are discussed. An agreement of theoretical with observed values suggests that the lamellar structure of the deposit with limited interface bonding is the dominant factor controlling the performance of the deposit. An erratum to this article is available at .     

Modeling the Material Flow and Heat Transfer in Reverse Dual-Rotation Friction Stir Welding

Reverse dual-rotation friction stir welding (RDR-FSW) is a novel modification of conventional friction stir welding (FSW) process. During the RDR-FSW process, the tool pin and the assisted shoulder are separated and rotate with opposite direction independently, so that there are two material flows with reverse direction. The material flow and heat transfer in RDR-FSW have significant effects on the microstructure and properties of the weld joint. A 3D model is developed to quantitatively analyze the effects of the separated tool pin and the assisted shoulder which rotate in reverse direction on the material flow and heat transfer during RDR-FSW process. Numerical simulation is conducted to predict the temperature profile, material flow field, streamlines, strain rate, and viscosity distributions near the tool. The calculated results show that as the rotation speed of the tool pin increases, the temperature near the tool gets higher, the zone with higher temperature expands, and approximately symmetric temperature distribution is obtained near the tool. Along the workpiece thickness direction, the calculated material flow velocity and its layer thickness near the tool get lowered because the effect of the shoulder is weakened as the distance away from the top surface increases. The model is validated by comparing the predicted values of peak temperature at some typical locations with the experimentally measured ones.     

Inversion of ultrasonic, plane-wave transmission data in composite plates to infer viscoelastic material properties

Stiffness and damping properties of viscoelastic materials are given by the real and imaginary components, respectively, of the material constants. A new technique is proposed to experimentally measure the real and imaginary components of anisotropic (and isotropic) viscoelastic plates. Main advantage of this technique is that material properties of thin plates can be measured where many other techniques fail. Material properties are obtained by numerically inverting the transmitted ultrasonic fields, obtained for different incident angles. Simplex inversion algorithm is applied to initial estimates of plate thickness and plate properties. By this iterative technique the values of the unknown parameters (material properties and plate thickness) are continuously modified to give better agreement between the experimental and theoretical transmitted fields. After a certain number of iterations the speed of convergence of the Simplex scheme is significantly reduced. To improve the accuracy of convergence the Newton–Raphson inversion technique is adopted at that point. By this technique material properties of different types of plates are measured. These is a glass plate (isotropic plate with no damping), a polymer plate (isotropic plate with damping), and glass fiber reinforced epoxy plates with different fiber orientations (anisotropic plates with damping). Both real and imaginary components are successfully measured for all these plates. In a relative scale the measurement error for the imaginary components is higher. Reliability of the measured material constants of fiber reinforced epoxy plates is verified by the method of invariance. All experiments are carried out in the frequency range that is appropriate for satisfying two conditions—the specimen homogeneity and the plane wave conditions.     

A numerical model for the computation of concrete pavement moduli: a non-destructive testing and assessment method

The falling weight deflectometer (FWD) non-destructive testing technique has been used to monitor and assess the behaviour and performance of rigid pavement systems. In addition to the full-scale site investigation, tests were also carried out with the aid of a specifically developed laboratory scaled model of the FWD.A rigorous finite element model was developed to analyse a multi-layered pavement system with various material and geometric properties and to relate the surface deflections as measured to the computed values. Evidence of non-linearity and deviation from classical linear elastic theory led to a more complex mathematical solution to fit the experimental data more accurately. The laboratory and field test results were compared with the computed values. This paper includes extensive discussion of these results and the conclusions drawn from them.