TC17钛合金电子束焊接接头的疲劳裂纹扩展规律及疲劳剩余寿命

首先通过试验取得母材及焊接接头的疲劳裂纹扩展速率,然后结合TC17钛合金电子束焊接接头CTOD试验结果及裂纹容限计算值,以估算其疲劳剩余寿命.结果表明:在低应力水平或低△K下,TC17电子束焊缝的da/dN数据与母材的基本相当;然而随着应力水平的增加,焊缝的da/dN值越来越大.在初始裂纹尺寸相同的情况下,TC17合金电子束焊缝与母材疲劳裂纹扩展寿命曲线存在交叉点.当应力幅大于交叉点应力幅时,TC17母材疲劳裂纹扩展到临界裂纹尺寸的剩余寿命要高于相应焊缝的剩余寿命;当应力幅小于交叉点应力幅时,TC17母材扩展到临界裂纹尺寸的剩余寿命要低于相应焊缝的剩余寿命.     

低合金高强度钢在盐雾介质中的疲劳裂纹扩展行为

本文研究了低碳Cr-Ni钢和低碳Si-Mn钢在3.5%NaCl盐雾介质中的疲劳裂纹扩展行为。试验结果表明:盐雾介质显著降低了疲劳裂纹萌生期,在试验的两种频率下,裂纹扩展dα/dN-ΔK曲线上出现了与ΔK无关的平台,且存在一临界应力强度因子幅ΔK值,高于此值,裂纹起裂且能连续扩展;低于此值,裂纹扩展易发生止裂现象。     

U75V钢轨材料在疲劳载荷下应力强度因子的探讨

以U75V钢轨材料紧凑拉伸(compact tension, CT)试样为研究对象,应用理论公式、弹性位移外推法/弹性应力外推法、弹塑性位移外推法/弹塑性应力外推法,求解在疲劳载荷作用时不同裂纹长度下的应力强度因子及幅值。结果显示,弹性位移外推法/弹性应力外推法计算的应力强度因子及幅值和理论解基本一致;裂纹长度小于12 mm时各种计算方法的应力强度因子以及幅值几乎一样,但随裂纹长度的增大,弹塑性位移外推法/弹塑性应力外推法计算的应力强度因子Kmax以及幅值呈增大趋势。在疲劳裂纹扩展阶段中后期,考虑小范围屈服时,使用弹塑性位移外推法/弹塑性应力外推法计算的应力强度因子及幅值用于疲劳裂纹扩展速率和疲劳剩余寿命的计算会更安全。     

激光-电弧复合焊接7075-T6铝合金疲劳断裂特性

研究激光一电弧复合焊接2mm板7075-T6铝合金在不同应力比尺和应力幅σa下的疲劳裂纹扩展行为．结果表明,优选的复合焊工艺参数激光功率3kW、电流110A和焊接速度3m／min条件下接头和母材的疲劳裂纹扩展速率曲线存在交叉现象,即当应力强度因子幅△K小于15．6MPa·m1/2。时,接头的疲劳裂纹扩展速率小于母材,反之则接头的疲劳裂纹扩展速率大于母材．而对应同一△K值,高应力比下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率快于低应力比条件下的扩展速率．应力幅或平均应力是影响疲劳裂纹扩展特性的主要因素．     

激光金属沉积成形304不锈钢的疲劳断裂机理分析

激光金属沉积是一种应用广泛的激光增材制造技术，文中对激光金属沉积成形304奥氏体不锈钢进行疲劳试验，并对其疲劳断裂机理进行了分析.根据试验结果绘制激光金属沉积成形304奥氏体不锈钢的应力-寿命(S-N)曲线，结果表明，应力幅的大小对疲劳断口形貌有着至关重要的影响.应力幅越大，疲劳断口越粗糙，在较高的应力幅作用下，断裂试样表面存在随机分布的孔洞和裂纹，材料缺陷如氧化物夹杂和孔洞是导致疲劳裂纹萌生的主要原因，而在较大的应力幅(如275 MPa)作用下，较大的局部塑性变形也是导致疲劳裂纹萌生原因之一，随着应力幅的增大，疲劳条带更加清晰，在较高的应力幅作用下，多个滑移系的相交导致疲劳条带不在同一平面内扩展，并且裂纹扩展区内出现轮胎压痕.随着应力幅的增大，由于疲劳裂纹扩展区内塑性变形量的增大导致疲劳裂纹扩展区中二次裂纹数量增加.     

喷涂层接触疲劳损伤的声发射研究

用超音速等离子喷涂设备在45钢基体上制备了铁基合金涂层。以球盘式疲劳试验机为平台,研究了涂层的接触疲劳损伤行为,探测并分析了涂层在不同应力水平下疲劳损伤的声发射反馈信号。结果表明,涂层的接触疲劳损伤过程主要包括弹塑性变形、裂纹萌生和缓慢扩展、裂纹亚临界扩展、裂纹失稳扩展4个阶段。裂纹萌生和缓慢扩展阶段是决定疲劳寿命长短的主要阶段。接触应力越大,裂纹亚临界扩展时间和失稳扩展时间越短。涂层的最终失效模式可以根据裂纹失稳扩展阶段声发射幅值的最大值来判断,发生点蚀失效时幅值最大值约为82.4 dB,剥落失效时幅值最大值约为90.2 dB,分层失效时幅值最大值约为91.3 dB。     

Q960E热影响粗晶区疲劳寿命与ΔKth值的关系分析

基于模拟焊接热循环试验及疲劳裂纹扩展试验,对动载结构用高强钢Q960E热影响粗晶区进行了多种应力幅值作用下的疲劳寿命研究.通过得到Paris方程建立了不同焊接热模拟工艺下疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值（ΔK_th）随不同交变载荷下疲劳寿命值的近似线性关系.利用场发射扫描电镜中背散射衍射功能（EBSD）对疲劳裂纹扩展试样中的裂纹尖端进行了晶体学取向分析及扩展机制讨论.结果表明,在应力幅值ΔP固化后,疲劳寿命N随ΔK_th的增大而增加,其延寿微观机理在于组织中的亚结构取向存在差异,所形成的大角度晶界（≥15°）可有效迫使裂纹转向,从而提高材料的疲劳寿命.     

高强度桥梁钢焊接接头疲劳性能的研究

利用高频疲劳试验机对高强度桥梁钢焊接接头测定了应力比R>0条件下的应力.循环次数(S-N)曲线,并对疲劳断口进行观察.系统分析疲劳裂纹的形成、扩展以及瞬断过程.结果表明,高强度桥梁钢焊接接头在R>O条件下的疲劳极限为470 MPa,稍低于焊接接头的屈服强度,应力幅σ与循环次数,N的关系为lgN=36.9-13.743 81gσ;在较高应力幅下的疲劳裂纹起源于试样表面的某种缺陷,在较低加载应力幅下的疲劳裂纹起源于大尺寸的夹杂物;疲劳扩展区断口微观形貌为疲劳辉纹和微坑,在微坑中可以观察到第二相粒子,局部区域可以观察到二次裂纹;瞬断区断口形貌具有典型的韧窝特征.     

基于等效裂纹初始尺寸的断裂力学疲劳评定

先采用裂纹模拟法对Al6082-T6铝管搅拌摩擦焊焊接接头的疲劳强度进行评定,通过将接头模拟成带标准裂纹的构件来计算焊接接头等效应力强度因子范围,并与接头裂纹扩展门槛值比较来判断焊接件是否发生疲劳失效,结果表明,裂纹模拟法能够对Al6082-T6搅拌摩擦焊接头做出合理的疲劳评定。将裂纹模拟法中模拟的裂纹尺寸作为断裂力学中的裂纹初始尺寸用于预测Al6082-T6铝管接头的疲劳寿命,预测结果良好,误差基本在3倍因子之内,结果偏保守,工程应用安全。     

2124铝合金全范围裂纹扩展速率表达式

研究了2124铝合金TL取向不同应力比下的疲劳裂纹扩展行为、疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值,并计算了不同应力比下的临界应力强度因子.分析了应力比对疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响,并用有效应力强度因子和有效门槛值对全范围裂纹扩展速率表达式进行修正,得到了描述2124铝合金TL取向疲劳裂纹扩展全范围的表达式.该公式能够很好表征不同应力比下2124铝合金TL取向的疲劳裂纹扩展行为.     

Very low cycle fatigue properties of butt welded joints containing weld defects. Study of acceptable size of defects in girth welds of gas pipelines

Summary

This paper describes an investigation of the very low cycle fatigue strength of HT570 steel welded joints containing weld defects to determine the acceptable size of weld defects in girth welds of underground gas pipelines subjected to cyclic ground displacements due to earthquakes. Butt welded joints containing incomplete penetration (IP), blowholes (BH), lack of fusion in theintermedi‐ate pass (LF), and cracks in the penetration bead (CR) were prepared and tested under strain‐controlled conditions. All specimens tested in the present research study satisfy the fatigue design curve for girth welds of underground gas pipelines. The fatigue strength of specimens containing weld defects generally decreases with an increasing equivalent defect size. The shape of a crack initiated from a defect is affected by the reinforcement, with the surface crack propagating rapidly along the weld toe of the penetration weld over the width of the specimen. The relationship between the J‐integral range and the crack propagation rate under a very low cycle fatigue load is virtually the same as the extension of the relationship in the low J‐integral range. A crack propagation analysis based on the defect being regarded as a crack is performed to determine the relationship between the defect size and the number of cycles over the plate thickness. The critical size of defects in welds of gas pipelines under cyclic ground displacements is proposed by the analysis. The critical crack size of surface defects is applicable to buried defects, because surface defects give a more conservative evaluation than buried defects. The analytical results provide more conservative estimations than the experimental ones.     

Effects of the Electron Beam Welding Process on the Microstructure,Tensile, Fatigue and Fracture Properties of Nickel Alloy Nimonic 80A

The purpose of this study was to evaluate rotary bending high-cycle fatigue properties and crack growth of Nimonic 80A-based metal and electron beam-welded joints. All the tests were performed at room temperature. Fracture surfaces under high-cycle fatigue and fatigue crack growth were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Microstructure, hardness and tensile properties were also evaluated in order to understand the effects on the fatigue results obtained. It was found that the tensile properties, hardness and high-cycle fatigue properties of the welded joint are lower than the base metal. The fracture surface of the high-cycle fatigue shows that fatigue crack initiated from the surface under the high stress amplitude and from the subsurface under the low stress amplitude. The effect of the welding process on the statistical fatigue data was studied with a special focus on probabilistic life prediction and probabilistic lifetime limits. The fatigue crack growth rate versus stress intensity factor range data were obtained from the fatigue crack growth tests. From the results, it was evident that the fatigue crack growth rates of the welded are higher than the base metal. The mechanisms and fracture modes of fatigue crack growth of welded specimens were found to be related to the stress intensity factor range ΔK. In addition, the effective fatigue crack propagation thresholds and mismatch of welded joints were described and discussed.     

FV520B钢十字焊接接头的疲劳性能

用金相显微镜和扫描电镜观察了FV520B钢焊接接头母材、焊缝及热影响区的微观组织;并通过透射电镜给出了母材和焊缝的微观形貌。结果表明:母材组织为细小均匀的回火马氏体、弥散分布的析出相及高密度位错,而焊缝为粗大的板条马氏体及少量的析出相,说明母材力学性能优于焊缝。利用疲劳实验获得了高平均拉应力下接头的疲劳强度及S-N曲线等。通过对疲劳断口的观察,发现疲劳断裂主要有两种形式:破坏于焊趾处和焊接缺陷处,由于这里严重的应力集中,加速了疲劳裂纹的萌生。     

Fatigue properties of welded joints using steel with high resistance to fatigue crack growth

It has been generally recognized that the fatigue life of welded joints is little influenced by the strength of steels owing to the high-stress concentration and the tensile residual stress near the weld toe. In this paper, improvement of the fatigue life of welded joints using steel with high resistance to fatigue crack growth (ferrite/martensite (F/M) steel) is investigated. F/M steel has a microstructure with an elongated and banded martensite phase distributed in a ferrite matrix and a fatigue crack growth rate of about one-half to one-tenth in the thickness direction, compared with conventional steel. As a result, the fatigue life of an out-of-surface gusset-welded joint increases with the decrease of the fatigue crack growth rate. The fatigue life of welded joints using F/M steel with the highest resistance to fatigue crack growth increases to about twice that of joints using conventional steel. Whereas the fatigue crack growth rate decreases significantly, the fatigue life of welded joints increases only slightly. This can be attributed to the stress ratio independent of the fatigue crack growth rate. In other words, the fatigue crack growth rate of F/M steel increases with the increase of the stress ratio, approaching that of conventional steel. In the case of welded joints, even if a fatigue test is carried out at a low-stress ratio, the region near the weld toe is under a high-stress ratio due to tensile residual stress. Therefore, improvement of the fatigue life of welded joints becomes comparatively small so that the effect of fatigue crack retardation of F/M steel decreases.     

Influence of weld geometry and process on fatigue crack growth characteristics of AISI 304L cruciform joints containing lack of penetration defects

Abstract

The influence of weld geometry in conjunction with the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and gas metal arc welding (GMAW) processes on fatigue properties of AISI 304L load carrying transverse fillet welded cruciform joints, containing lack of penetration (LOP) defects, has been studied. The fatigue lives of the joints were evaluated using conventional S -N (stress - number of cycles to failure) and fracture mechanics methods. The fatigue lives were calculated according to the two stage approach in which both the fatigue crack initiation and the crack propagation phases were considered. Constant amplitude fatigue experiments with stress ratio R=0 were carried out using a 100 kN servohydraulic Dartec universal testing machine at a frequency of 30 Hz. An automatic crack monitoring system based on crack propagation gauges was used to obtain the crack initiation and propagation data during the fatigue process. The predicted life was compared with the experimental values. It was found that the fatigue lives of the joints fabricated via GTAW were longer than those of the corresponding GMAW joints. It was also observed that the fillet geometry plays a major role in determining the failure mode and life. Test results have been compared with the BS 5400 design curve.     

基于断裂参量K因子的焊接接头等承载设计系统

以高效准确的获得含不同缺陷接头满足等承载时的形状参数为目标,结合断裂力学理论及专家系统思想,开发了基于断裂参量K因子的焊接接头等承载设计系统.结果表明,该系统不但可以高效准确的给出焊缝和母材都含缺陷以及焊缝含缺陷母材无缺陷的接头满足等承载时的形状参数,显著提高了等承载接头的设计效率及准确性,推广了等承载接头设计思想.而且能够计算含缺陷接头承受静载时的应力强度因子、J积分、裂纹尖端张开位移、临界载荷和临界裂纹尺寸以及含缺陷接头承受疲劳载荷时的许用载荷幅值和裂纹扩展速率等相关参量,为准确指导含缺陷接头形状设计及安全性评估提供了基础.     

Residual stress relaxation in typical weld joints and its effect on fatigue and crack growth

Many factors influence the fatigue and crack growth behavior of welded joints. Some structures often undergo fairly large static loading before they enter service or variable amplitude cyclic loading when they are in service. The combined effect of both applied stress and high initial residual stress is expected to cause the residual stresses relaxation. Only a few papers seem to deal with appropriate procedures for fatigue analysis and crack growth by considering the combined effect of variable amplitude cyclic loading with residual stresses relaxation. In this article, some typical welded connections in ship-shaped structures are investigated with 3-D elastic-plastic finite element analysis. The effect of residual stress relaxation, initial residual stress, and the applied load after variable amplitude cyclic loading is revealed, and a formula for predicting the residual stress at hot spot quantitatively is proposed. Based on the formula, an improved fatigue procedure is introduced. Moreover, crack growth of typical weld joints considering residual stresses relaxation is studied.     

X80针状铁素体管线管的超高周疲劳行为

采用超声疲劳试验加载方法,研究了X80针状铁素体管线管的超高周疲劳行为,并利用扫描电镜(SEM)对其疲劳断口进行了观察。结果表明,在10^9循环周次内,X80针状铁素体管线管的超高周疲劳S-N曲线为连续下降型,不存在传统疲劳极限的水平平台。SEM疲劳断口观察表明,在高应力幅短寿命区域,疲劳裂纹主要萌生于试样表面的加工缺陷,而在10^7循环周次以后,疲劳断裂主要起源于试样内部的非金属夹杂物。     

基于J~Q双参数准则的含缺陷焊接接头失效评定曲线(Ⅰ)

针对应力三轴性对裂纹尖端应力应变场的影响，结合均匀材料裂纹结构应力应变场的研究成果，提出了能反映焊接接头裂端实际应力应变场的J～Q双参数准则，并在此基础上得到了含缺陷焊接接头失效评定曲线的建立方法。通过有限元计算，分析了材料组配以及裂纹几何对文中所建立的焊接接头失效评定曲线的影响。基于工程实际，最后讨论了J～Q双参数焊接接头失效评定曲线的应用。