车身点焊接头虚焊缺陷的超声快速识别

在采用超声波检测汽车车身点焊接头的虚焊缺陷时,适应性较差且识别率低.针对传统超声检测中存在的这些问题,在对点焊接头缺陷进行以特征值参数定性分析为主的超声回波特性分析的基础上,通过采集标准超声曲线及开发峰值标记识别算法对汽车车身点焊缺陷进行快速识别.经试验验证,对于汽车车身普通钢板点焊接头,该识别方法是可靠的,识别效率高,且准确率达95%以上.     

声-固耦合模型下自适应高维特征焊缝缺陷超声检测

针对焊缝缺陷种类识别精度有待提高的问题,提出了一种将随机森林与变分模态分解相结合的算法,以结合二者的自适应特征提取能力及对于高维特征的强适应特性。利用多物理场仿真软件建立含缺陷焊缝的声-固耦合模型,进行超声波无损检测仿真,得到含缺陷超声回波信号。利用变分模态分解求出其各IMF能量分布系数,并以其作为特征向量建立随机森林模型,进行焊缝缺陷识别。结果表明,利用该方法提取的缺陷回波信号特征能有效表征焊缝缺陷,以其建立随机森林模型可以对其进行准确识别。     

基于LBP-KPCA特征提取的焊缝超声检测缺陷分类方法

焊缝缺陷影响结构安全,缺陷定性是实现结构安全评价的重要基础.研究了一种基于一维局部二元模式（one-dimensional local binary pattern,1-D LBP）算法结合核主成分分析（kernel principal component analysis,KPCA）提取焊缝缺陷回波信号特征的方法.采用1-D LBP算法提取缺陷回波信号的LBP特征,通过KPCA对此LBP特征集进行主成分分析,选取贡献率之和超过90%的前N个主成分作为缺陷分类的特征向量,利用基于径向基核函数的支持向量机（support vector machine,SVM）实现了缺陷类型的自动分类.以夹渣、气孔和未焊透三类焊缝缺陷为对象,开展了缺陷特征提取及分类试验.结果表明,使用LBP-KPCA特征进行缺陷分类时,准确率达到96.7%,优于常规特征,为焊缝缺陷分类及无损评价提供了重要参考.     

Static and fatigue performance of weld bonded dual phase steel sheets

Abstract

Lap joints of dual phase steel sheets of 1·0 mm were prepared by adhesive bonding, spot welding and weld bonding processes using a one component epoxy base structural adhesive. Mechanical properties of the joints were evaluated by tensile shear and fatigue tests. The size of the weld nugget for both spot weld and weld bond was measured for different welding parameters (current, time) and compared. For identical welding parameters, weld bonded nuggets exhibit higher nugget diameter. Tensile shear strength of weld bonded joints is 40 and 58% higher than spot welded joints and 15 and 39% higher than adhesive bonded joints and for DP590 and DP780 steels respectively. Considering 10⁶ cycles, the endurance limit of weld bonded joint is much higher than spot welded joint but smaller than adhesive bonded joints. Overall the performance of weld bonded joints is superior to those of resistance spot welding.     

Experimental study on electrode displacement fluctuation characteristics during resistance spot welding

Abstract

Electrode displacement has been used to monitor resistance spot weld quality for long, but the fluctuation of the electrode displacement has not been well studied. This paper analysed the mechanism of the displacement fluctuation by collecting the welding current and electrode displacement during welding process and extracted the incremental pulse expansion of the electrode displacement, which was named as the displacement fluctuation peak. Through metallurgical experiments, the relationship of the displacement fluctuation peak with the weld nugget growth during resistance spot welding process was analysed. The whole process can be divided into four successive stages, and five characteristic points of the displacement fluctuation peak curve were selected to online predict the weld quality. The variation in the displacement fluctuation peak curve under different welding currents was studied, and the results showed that the displacement fluctuation characteristics can be used to effectively evaluate the weld quality.     

小直径导管点焊接头的射线检测方法

对于直径不大于5mm的小直径导管点焊焊接接头的检测,开展了射线检测方法研究,试验表明采用先垂直于焊接平面透照,再旋转90°透照的两次透照射线检测方法,可实现导管焊接质量的可靠检测。而对于该类焊缝中即使采用微焦点DR成像技术也难于检出的微米量级缺陷,可通过采取金相测试方法,不断优化焊接工艺参数来消除。     

钛合金胶接点焊与电阻点焊接头性能对比分析

分别对1.5 mm厚的钛合金板进行胶接点焊和电阻点焊连接,获得了不同焊接电流下的胶接点焊和电阻点焊接头,从熔核的C扫描图像、接头的失效载荷和断口形貌等方面,对比分析了胶接点焊和电阻点焊的接头强度及失效样貌. 结果表明,通过观察A扫描信号的变化与C扫描图像的特征,能够很好的划分接头的热影响区、熔合区、熔核区以及检测出接头的熔核直径和焊接缺陷. 随着焊接电流(7.0～10.0 kA)的逐渐增大,接头熔核直径及失效载荷呈递增趋势;当焊接条件相同时,胶接点焊接头的熔核直径普遍大于电阻点焊接头,但接头的强度相当. 当电流在7.0～8.5 kA时,接头强度不足,熔核区的断口处出现大小不等的韧窝,呈现出韧性断裂特征;当电流为10.0 kA时,接头强度较高,主要呈现出韧性断裂与准解理断裂特征.     

Application of electrode force change in single sided resistance spot welding using servo gun

Abstract

Single sided resistance spot welding (SSRSW) is considered as a feasible method to join hydroformed or closed section parts to others in vehicle productions. Unfortunately, it is difficult to guarantee the weld quality utilising conventional air gun. Because of a lack of support inside the closed section parts, the impact of electrode driven by pneumatic gun will cause large deformation of the workpieces at the welding stage and will lead to a crack around weld region after welding completion. In addition, poor weldability is another pressing problem for welding operations. Servo gun with new gun driven method has some merits such as realising the soft touch between electrode and workpieces and changing electrode force during the welding process which are greatly suitable to the sheet to tube joining. Based on the characteristics of servo gun, the present paper investigates a new method to increase the weld quality of sheet to tube joining with SSRSW method. By adjusting the electrode force during the welding process, weld strength would be increased, weld deformation be decreased and weldability lobe curve be widened. The results verify that servo guns can provide high assurance for welding quality of sheet to tube joining and have broad prospect in SSRSW.     

基于焊点压痕的伺服焊枪点焊质量在线检测方法

针对目前车身点焊质量检测广泛采用的破坏性检验和无损检测方法中存在离线、小样本、检测成本高的缺点,借助于伺服焊枪编码器的位移反馈特性提出一种基于压痕的焊点质量在线检测方法.试验建立包括机器人及控制器、伺服焊枪和焊接控制器在内的点焊试验系统,利用伺服焊枪编码器位置反馈特性在线获取焊点压痕,通过PLC位移采集系统在线标定压痕获取精度,最后以0.8 mm的普通低碳钢板(GMW2)为例,完成基于压痕的焊点质量在线评价.试验结果证明,伺服焊枪编码器位置反馈精度能够满足焊点压痕测量要求,点焊接头质量在线评价的准确率符合实际生产要求,文中提出的基于压痕的点焊质量在线评价方法可以实现点焊接头的在线检测.     

Real-time automatic detection of weld defects in steel pipe

In order to detect weld defects in steel tube, a real-time imaging and detecting system is setup. In the extracted weld seam, based on spatial characteristics near defects—variance and contrast, defects such as slags, blowholes and incomplete penetration are automatically detected using the method of fuzzy pattern recognition, and the system will automatically alarm if the defect exceeds the national standard. Compared with other methods, it is simple and fast, and has fewer misinterpretations. It can detect weld defects in real-time.     

海洋平台构件单面焊焊缝超声检测根部回波的影响分析

海洋石油平台在建造过程中会大量使用只从一面焊接的管纵焊缝接头和TKY型管状接头。该类接头焊缝往往要求进行100%的超声检测,以确定焊缝中是否存在缺陷。受根部钝边角度和探头扫查面曲率变化的影响,焊缝根部的超声回波十分复杂。制作了含有不同倾角的根部钝边反射体试块,并对由根部反射面倾角变化引起的根部超声回波进行了分析。     

Online quality inspection of resistance spot welded joint based on electrode indentation using servo gun

Abstract

Resistance spot welding is one of the major joining techniques widely used for car body assembly. Weld quality may significantly influence the durability and reliability of the automobile body. Automotive manufacturers often rely on destructive testing and monitoring variables which indirectly reflected weld quality to assess the weld quality and control the welding process. However, these approaches have inherent limitations and are difficult to be implemented in plant environments. Therefore, it is imperative to develop an online inspection method to evaluate weld quality. In the present study, a method of producing a series of substantially uniform spot welds between two metal parts using a servomotor driven movable electrode and an axially opposing fixed electrode is proposed. The indentation in the workpiece surface is suitably measured by the displacement of the movable electrode as it applies an electrode force and welding current is passed through the weld site of the workpiece. The optimal indentation range is determined by peel test and metallographic examinations with respect to various sheet gages and grades. Consequently, online weld quality inspection results are achieved based on developed optimal indentation range.     

Prevention of liquid metal embrittlement cracks in resistance spot welds by adaption of electrode geometry

ABSTRACT

Advanced high strength steels are usually coated by a zinc layer for an increased resistance against corrosion. During the resistance spot welding of zinc coated steel grades, liquid metal embrittlement (LME) may occur. As a result, cracking inside and around the spot weld indentation is observable. The extent of LME cracks is influenced by a variety of different factors. In this study, the impact of the used electrode geometry is investigated over a stepwise varied weld time. A spot welding finite element simulation is used to analyse and explain the observed effects. Results show significant differences especially for highly increased weld times. Based on identical overall dimensions, electrode geometries with a larger working plane allow for longer weld times, while still preventing LME within the investigated material and maintaining accessibility.     

基于FGT-FBP重构算法的焊接缺陷检测

针对焊接过程产生的缺陷，提出一种磁光成像传感的模糊灰度变换和滤波反投影(FGT-FBP)重构检测方法. 研究焊接缺陷的几何特征，通过分析裂纹和未熔合两种不同焊接缺陷在交变磁场励磁下的磁光成像特征，设计模糊规则，对磁光图像进行模糊灰度变换. 增强磁光图像对比度，使焊接缺陷形态趋势可视化，实现描述磁光成像焊接缺陷细节的无参考型图像评估方法. 对FGT处理的焊接缺陷磁光图进行旋转投影，并经过快速傅里叶变换和改进的滤波器进行滤波去噪，消除伪影后进行反投影变换实现焊接缺陷图像的重构. 利用滤波反投影重构算法进行去噪，可有效突出焊接缺陷特征. 最后结合阈值分割和边缘检测实现焊接缺陷检测. 结果表明，该方法能较准确检测裂纹和未熔合两种焊接缺陷.     

钢管超声波检测时缺陷波形的识别

双面埋弧焊钢管焊缝超声检测时经常出现回波超标问题,其中的伪缺陷严重干扰了检测人员对缺陷的判定。实例介绍了夹杂物、焊趾裂纹和成分偏析的回波特征,并提出了多种伪缺陷波形的判别方法。     

An experimental study on effects of post-heating parameters on resistance spot welding of SAPH440 steel

Abstract

The fracture mode of spot welded joints, made of SAPH440 steel sheets, is investigated. It was found that the weldment failure in the peel test of the joints occurred through the weld nugget. This is called an interfacial failure and is not acceptable because it is a sign of insufficient mechanical strength. Investigation showed that this kind of fracture is attributed to the brittleness of the nugget zone, caused by its martensitic microstructure due to the high cooling rate in the welding. For eliminating this defect, resistance spot welding procedures were augmented with post-heating stage. This approach is intended to reduce the cooling rate after welding and also to temper the weld nugget, generating a more ductile microstructure in the weld zone. The results of this research can be used for planning spot welding process and provides a guideline for analysing the results of hardness and peel test.     

SUS304奥氏体不锈钢板点焊接头的超声成像分析

利用超声波水浸聚焦入射法对1 mm厚的SUS304奥氏体不锈钢板点焊接头进行超声C扫描成像检测.分析了不同焊接工艺参数下的C扫描图像特征,甄别了飞溅、焊穿等典型焊接缺陷,并提取其对应的A扫描信号.基于C扫描图像对焊核直径进行了测量,并与焊核切口端面尺寸进行了比较.结果表明,基于超声波水浸聚焦入射法得到的C扫描图像,能有效观测焊核内部形貌特征.焊接电流超过8 kA,电极力小于2 700 N时,超声波C扫描图像中清晰反映出飞溅、焊穿等缺陷,其对应区域的A扫描信号与正常熔核区波形特征有明显差异;借助超声C扫描图像测得的焊核直径为4.39~5.25 mm.     

Novel postweld heat treatment method for improving mechanical properties of resistance spot weld

Abstract

A novel postweld heat treatment method by applying cross-direction welding current (cross-current) was applied on the resistance spot weld. The effect of cross-current on the nugget shape, microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated. The results show that the cross-current postweld heat treatment enhances the efficiency of postweld heat treatment and improves the mechanical performance of nugget. The cross-current promotes the recrystallisation of nugget microstructure, which induced the transformation of microstructure from column crystal to quasi equiaxed grain. The quasiequiaxed grains of martensite in the weld nugget significantly increase the microhardness of weld nugget and the tensile shear force of weld joint.     

Failure mode transition and mechanical properties of similar and dissimilar resistance spot welds of DP600 and low carbon steels

Abstract

The present work addresses the microstructure and mechanical properties of similar and dissimilar resistance spot welds of low carbon steel (LCS) and dual phase steel (DP600). Correlations between the critical fusion zone size required to ensure pullout failure mode, the weld microstructure and the weld hardness characteristics were developed. Dissimilar DP600/LCS spot welds exhibit the lowest tendency to fail in interfacial failure mode. Effects of weld physical attributes and weld microstructure on the peak load and energy absorption of similar and dissimilar DP600/LCS resistance spot welds are analysed.     

薄板点焊超声检测信号特征分析与缺陷识别

运用低碳钢薄板点焊超声检测有限元仿真模型,对气孔、压痕过深、熔核过小、脱焊等四种缺陷类型的点焊检测超声仿真信号进行快速傅里叶变换得到其频谱图,并采用统计学方法分别提取了超声信号时域和频域特征值.通过分析超声在不同缺陷焊点内部的传播规律,以及特征值的变化规律,总结了点焊缺陷类型的识别方法.利用该方法对大量点焊试样超声检测试验信号进行缺陷识别并与金相试验结果对比分析. 结果表明,综合分析超声检测信号时域和频域特征值规律,能够有效地识别点焊缺陷类型.