P91钢的形变强化行为

采用静力拉伸试验法研究了P91钢在566 ℃和室温时的形变强化与组织结构变化规律.结果表明,P91钢在室温条件下拉伸时自屈服至颈缩前的均匀塑性变形过程中的形变强化分3个阶段,颈缩至断裂前的局集塑性变形过程中的形变强化也分3个阶段.而在566 ℃时自屈服至颈缩前的均匀塑性变形过程中的形变强化为2个阶段.在局集塑性变形过程中,回火板条马氏体顺拉伸方向伸长变形的相对伸长量与颈缩量成双对数线性关系,马氏体板条束的位向朝拉伸方向转动的位向角与颈缩量也成双对数线性关系.塑性变形时位错组态出现胞状结构,随塑性变形量的增大,位错胞尺寸减小,并且顺拉伸方向伸长.形变强化能力决定了该钢在室温时的抗过载能力强.     

辙叉用贝氏体钢的形变组织和性能研究

研究了在不同形变量下,铁路辙叉用贝氏体钢的形变组织和性能变化规律。结果表明,贝氏体钢随形变量的增加,其硬度明显提高,增加值高达170 HV。在塑形变形过程后,贝氏体等轴晶逐渐沿着与压缩垂直的方向被压扁、拉长,晶界逐渐消失,贝氏体组织逐渐碎化。贝氏体钢中的组织主要为铁素体和奥氏体,部分残余奥氏体在塑性变形过程中向马氏体转变。贝氏体铁素体板条随形变量的增加逐渐变窄甚至弯曲断裂,位错增值并相互缠结,产生位错林、位错胞,固定钉扎位错阻碍位错运动,增大辙叉贝氏体钢的变形抗力,产生明显的加工硬化效果。     

304HC不锈钢钢丝形变诱导α′-马氏体相变及断裂机制

通过X射线衍射、扫描电镜和透射电镜等手段,研究冷拔过程中304HC不锈钢钢丝马氏体相变规律,并对马氏体相变过程中材料的断裂机理进行研究。结果表明,实验用钢形变马氏体的最高转变温度为57.9℃,镍当量为18.7%,满足形变诱导马氏体相变的温度条件和材料条件;随着马氏体相变的进行,试样的抗拉强度增加,延伸率下降;形变诱导马氏体相变的形核位置在孪晶与马氏体的交界面,位错弯曲缠结,形变孪晶协调变形,α′-马氏体在剪切带处切变形核,聚集形成马氏体板条;随着马氏体转变量增加,试样断裂类型由韧性断裂逐渐变为混合断裂;同时,在载荷较小时材料中的Al2O3夹杂与基体分离或本身开裂而形成微孔,随着载荷的增加,碳化物第二相阻碍位错运动并引起应力集中,变形不协调导致微孔长大、聚合,最终形成宏观裂纹。     

马氏体与铁素体双相低碳钢形变与断裂过程的观察

利用扫描电镜及其动态拉伸装置,对具有板条马氏体和铁素体双相钢组织的断裂过程进行了研究.结果表明,在拉伸应力作用下,裂纹在马氏体与铁素体界面及不同马氏体取向界面处成核,或者由于马氏体板条的断裂而产生.断裂系主裂纹钝化和微裂纹长大,最后沿强烈剪切形变带迅速连接所致.其微观形态为塑坑断口,属延性断裂机制.     

DEFORMATION AND FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR OF LOW CARBON MARTENSITE-FERRITE DUAL-PHASE STEEL

利用扫描电镜及其动态拉伸装置,对具有板条马氏体和铁素体双相钢组织的断裂过程进行了研究.结果表明,在拉伸应力作用下,裂纹在马氏体与铁素体界面及不同马氏体取向界面处成核,或者由于马氏体板条的断裂而产生.断裂系主裂纹钝化和微裂纹长大,最后沿强烈剪切形变带迅速连接所致.其微观形态为塑坑断口,属延性断裂机制.     

钢中回火马氏体的形变亚结构

应用透射电子显微术研究低碳及中碳合金钢回火马氏体的形变位错结构随拉伸加载过程的演变。低碳铬镍钢400℃回火马氏体中出现形变带,而中碳锰钢650℃回火马氏体中出现复杂的三维位错网和位错胞。讨论了两种钢塑性变形微观机制差别的原因。     

深冷轧制对稀土Ce改性SAF2507超级双相不锈钢组织和性能的影响

对稀土Ce改性SAF 2507超级双相不锈钢试样进行变形量为30%～90%的深冷轧制,借助光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)及微拉伸实验等方法研究了不同变形量下超级双相不锈钢微观组织及力学性能的变化规律。结果表明:在深冷轧制变形过程中,超级双相不锈钢中的铁素体组织内出现了大量位错,随着变形量的增加,位错密度显著增加的同时形成数量众多的位错缠结、位错胞乃至亚晶,相应的晶粒尺寸细化至纳米量级;奥氏体组织内出现大量形变孪晶,同时发生了形变诱导马氏体转变,且马氏体体积分数随着变形量的增加而显著增加;铁素体和奥氏体组织在大应变的作用下沿变形方向被不断拉长,逐渐形成纤维组织;相应的强度指标显著增加的同时塑性指标则明显降低。拉伸断口形貌也由典型的韧性断裂(深冷变形前)向韧性-准解理混合型断裂(深冷变形后)转变。     

喷丸对马氏体耐热钢高温蒸汽氧化行为的影响

利用高温蒸汽氧化试验装置对比研究P92、G115钢以及喷丸的G115钢的高温蒸汽氧化行为,结果表明,这3个试样的650 ℃蒸汽氧化动力学曲线符合ΔW＝ktⁿ规律。相同蒸汽氧化时间下G115钢的氧化质量增加远小于P92钢,主要是因为G115钢中富Cr层的形成和富Cu相在氧化层界面的析出。经喷丸处理的G115钢氧化质量增加小于未喷丸的G115钢,喷丸后的G115钢表面产生大量塑性变形,从而引入高密度的位错和滑移带,且内壁马氏体板条发生碎化,马氏体板条界增多。大量增加的滑移带、位错及马氏体板条界为Cr元素向表面扩散提供了通道,加快了基体中Cr元素向表面的扩散速度,是提高抗蒸汽氧化性能的主要原因。     

形变量对形变热处理中国低活化马氏体钢显微组织的影响

在Gleeble3500热模拟试验机上对中国低活化马氏体钢进行形变热处理,变形温度为850℃,形变量范围为15%~60%,应变速率为10 s-1,研究形变量对实验钢显微组织的影响。结果表明:形变热处理后,晶粒出现明显的细化,形变量为60%时晶粒细化最为显著,平均尺寸约为5μm;随着形变量的增加马氏体板条有细化的趋势,同时马氏体板条内部产生高密度位错,为纳米级颗粒碳氮化物MX相的形核提供有利位置,促进MX纳米级颗粒大量析出。当形变量为60%时MX纳米级颗粒数量最多,析出的MX纳米级颗粒进一步阻碍位错的滑移,钉扎位错,起到析出强化的作用,同时具有良好的韧性,从而改善高温力学性能,提高高温组织稳定性,以达到提高高温使用温度的目的。     

右美托咪定对胃癌根治术中瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚全麻药量及麻醉效果的影响——评《癌痛治疗学》

采用原位中子衍射分析技术测试了板条马氏体钢的拉伸塑性行为,采用Z-Rietveld和卷积多重全曲线拟合方法对衍射数据进行拟合分析.板条马氏体内的位错为刃、螺型位错的混合位错,并呈现随机分布特征.马氏体的加工硬化需要同时考虑位错密度和位错类型2个因素的作用.随着拉伸应变量的增加,螺型位错数量减少,刃型位错数量增加,总位错密度增加.硬取向板条束内位错密度增加,呈现加工硬化特征;软取向板条束内位错密度降低,出现加工软化特征.外加应力在硬取向和软取向板条束内产生应力再分配,变形后在板条束内形成长程内应力.     

DP590镀锌双相钢CMT焊接接头显微组织及力学性能

针对汽车制造中薄板焊接质量问题及鉴于汽车行业对镀锌双相钢的大量需求,在弧长修正系数为0,送丝速度为3.0 m/min,焊接速度为400 mm/min的焊接工艺参数下,对1.0 mm厚的DP590镀锌双相钢进行了CMT搭接焊试验,并通过X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜与维氏硬度计等设备研究了焊接接头的显微组织与力学性能。试验结果表明,CMT焊接DP590镀锌钢能够得到成形良好的焊接接头。焊缝组织主要为板条马氏体,粗晶区由板条马氏体和少量铁素体组成,细晶区组织多为马氏体及少量贝氏体,不完全相变区中的铁素体含量增加,马氏体含量减少;焊接接头拉伸试验断裂位置在不完全相变区,属于塑性断裂,最大载荷为10.48 kN,与母材接近。焊缝平均硬度值最高,约为260 HV,不完全相变区显微硬度值最低,约为170 HV。该研究为DP590镀锌双相钢薄板CMT焊接提供工艺参考,对汽车轻量化生产制造具有重要的工程意义。 创新点： (1)针对汽车用钢薄板焊接的难点,提出具有低热输入焊接特点的CMT工艺。 (2)研究DP590镀锌双相钢CMT焊接接头显微组织及力学性能,研究结果可为工厂实际生产提供理论依据与数据支持。     

热镀锌DP780钢板成形性能实验研究

对实验室炼制的780 MPa级热镀锌双相钢进行成形性能研究,通过烘烤硬化实验和V形弯曲实验,研究了不同工艺参数对钢板抗凹陷性能和回弹性能的影响。通过扩孔实验深入分析了钢板塑性断裂过程中裂纹的形成与扩展机理。结果表明：小于2%的预应变量可以提高DP780钢的BH值;弯曲变形后实验钢板的回弹角随凸模圆角半径的增大而增大;DP780钢板发生塑性断裂过程中,裂纹通过孔洞相互贯通而形核,并沿着马氏体岛边缘呈“扭折”状进行扩展。     

Mechanically-induced martensite transformation of NiTiFe shape memory alloy subjected to plane strain compression

Based on the channel die compression, NiTiFe shape memory alloy (SMA) was subjected to plane strain compression. Mechanically-induced martensite transformation, nanocrystalline and amorphous phase can be observed in the case of large plastic strain. Mechanically-induced martensite transformation is obviously different from the conventional stress-induced martensite transformation. The former generally occurs after dislocation slip, whereas the latter arises prior to dislocation slip. The occurrence of B19’ martensite phase contributes to accommodating subsequent plastic deformation of NiTiFe SMA. Mechanically-induced B19’ martensite is partially stabilized due to the existence of local high stress field and consequently it is unable to be reverted to B2 austenite phase during unloading.     

Simulation of orientation gradients in a ferrite matrix containing hard martensite under plane-strain flange deformation

The plastic deformation behavior of dual phase (DP) steel under plane-strain flange deformation during a cup deep-drawing process was simulated using a crystal plasticity finite element method (CPFEM). The representative volume elements of a simple geometry were used to capture the in-grain orientation gradients of a ferrite matrix containing a hard martensite particle. The divergence of the reorientation rate vector and the stability parameter were used to determine relatively stable, metastable and unstable orientations for the ferrite matrix. The simulation showed that both the formation of the in-grain orientation gradients and the inhomogeneity of the local average misorientation (LAM) distribution were enhanced by the hard martensite particle. The analysis showed that the orientation gradients for the ferrite phase within the DP were simultaneously influenced by both the initial orientation and the martensite. The relative contribution of the two factors was strongly dependent on the stability of the initial orientation under the plane-strain flange deformation.     

形变对低碳马氏体力学性能的影响

形变对低碳马氏体力学性能的影响张伟强，李智超，董允，于维成，张剑（阜新矿业学院）（中国科学院沈阳金属研究所）１前言低碳低合金钢具有较优的热加工工艺性能，在淬火及回火后得到板条马氏体，具有较高的强度和较好的塑性与韧性。因此，在机械制造行业中得到广泛的应...     

Effect of Martensite Morphology on Tensile Deformation of Dual-Phase Steel

Three morphologies of martensite in dual-phase microstructure of 0.2% C steel were obtained by different heat treatment cycles. These morphologies consisting of grain boundary growth, scattered laths, and bulk form of martensite have their distinct patterns of distribution in the matrix (ferrite). In tensile testing martensite particles with these distributions behaved differently. A reasonable work hardening was gained initially during plastic deformation of the specimens. The control on ductility was found to depend on the alignment of martensite particles along the tensile axes. The increased surface area contact of martensite particles with ferrite, in grain boundary growth and scattered lath morphologies, facilitated stress transfer from ductile to hard phase. The ductility in the later part of deformation was dependent on the density of microvoids in the necked region. The microvoids are formed mostly by de-cohesion of martensite particles at the interface. The fracture of martensite particles is less prominent in the process of microvoid formation which predicts high strength of martensite.     

Void Formation and Plastic Deformation Mechanism of a Cold-Rolled Dual-Phase Steel During Tension

The void formation and plastic deformation micromechanisms of a cold-rolled DP600 steel during tensile loading were studied by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD).The SEM observations revealed that the main void nucleation mechanism in the DP600 steel is decohesion at the ferrite-martensite interfaces.The voids were mostly observed between the closely spaced martensite islands situated at the boundaries of relatively finer ferrite grains.The EBSD results indicated a strain gradient developed from the ferrite-martensite and ferrite-ferrite interfaces into the interior of ferrite grains during the tensile deformation,which led to a stress concentration at these interfaces.Moreover,it was demonstrated that local misorientation inside the finer ferrite grains surrounded by martensite islands was higher than that for the coarser ferrite grains,which made the former more prone to void initiation.     

MICROSTRUCTURE AND RESISTANCE TO LOCALIZED CORROSION OF DEFORMED 18-5-Nb DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL

The SCC susceptibility of the plastically pre-deformed 18-5-Nb duplex stainless steel to lo-calized corrosion was evaluated in both 25% NaCl+1% K_2Cr_2O_7 and 42% MgCl_2 boiling so-lutions.The y phase in the steel is metastable at room temperature and the γ-α′ martensitictransformation can be induced by cold plastic deformation.With the increase in colddeformation,the volume fraction of α′ martensite increases.Cold plastic deformation resultsin a remarkable deterioration of SCC resistance of the steel in chloride-containing solutions,resulting from the decrease in corrosion resistance of γ phase in the duplex.It is indicated that,in NaCl solution,the SCC in 18-5-Nb duplex stainless steel initiates at pits and the selectiveattack on γ phase plays a significant role in the initiation and propagation of SCC.     

热轧双相钢显微组织和力学性能

以热轧Si-Mn系双相钢为研究对象,在实验室通过控制轧制和控制冷却实验,研究了变形工艺参数对高强热轧双相钢显微组织和力学性能的影响.研究表明,具有高密度位错亚晶结构的马氏体形貌和分布对双相钢的力学性能有很大影响,通过控制卷取温度、冷却速度和精轧温度,可以得到不同的微观组织形貌和力学性能的热轧双相钢.     

Enhancement of Strength–Ductility Balance of the Laser Melting Deposited 12CrNi2 Alloy Steel Via Multi-step Quenching Treatment

A ferrite–austenite 12CrNi2 alloy steel additively manufactured by laser melting deposition(LMD) was heat treated by direct quenching(DQ) and tempering inter-critical quenching(TIQ) at 800 ℃ for enhancing its strength–ductility balance. Both heat-treated alloy steels have the martensite–ferrite dual-phase(DP) microstructures. The volume fractions of martensite in the two treated alloy steels are nearly similar(～ 85 vol%), while the sizes of the prior austenitic grain for martensite are different. The martensite-dominated DP microstructure resulted in an obvious improvement in strength–ductility balance of the alloy steel. Compared with the DQ treatment, the multi-step TIQ treatment caused the strength–ductility balance of the alloy steel to be enhanced due to its higher total elongation. The better ductility of the TIQ-treated alloy steel can be attributed to the optimization of the microstructure. The preferred orientation of ferritic grain in the as-deposited alloy steel which was adverse to plastic deformation through dislocation slip was eliminated via the multi-step TIQ treatment. Moreover, the TIQ treatment promoted the formation of finer-grained martensite with larger areas of grain boundaries and twinning boundaries which resulted in the enhancement of the coordinated deformability of the martensite with the ferrite.