基于数值模拟的挤压参数对AZ91镁合金管转角焊合室分流挤压焊合压力的影响规律研究（英文）

提出了一种镁合金管材转角焊合室分流挤压新工艺,该工艺可在有效延长焊合室长度和焊合时间前提下保证舌针刚度,从而保证管材尺寸精度,并且可通过转角剪切变形机制增加预焊合金属变形量和动态再结晶程度,从而有利于提高管材性能和焊缝焊合性能。利用有限元法揭示了转角焊合室分流挤压成形过程中金属的流动特征,应变分布特征和焊合室内的静水压力分布特征。结果表明,整个挤压过程无金属折叠,从而保证管材的表面质量;流经转角后预焊合金属变形量明显增加,有利于提高管材质量和焊缝质量。最后,研究揭示了坯料初始温度,挤压速度和模具转角对焊合室内静水压力的影响规律。结果表明,随着挤压速度的增加和模具转角的增大,转角焊合室内静水压力增大;随着坯料预热温度的增加,转角焊合室内静水压力呈先增大后减小的趋势。     

基于有限元的模具结构对AZ91镁合金管转角分流挤压焊合压力的影响北大核心CSCD

将转角挤压剪切变形原理和镁合金管材分流挤压相结合,设计了镁合金管转角焊合室分流挤压模具。新模具在保证挤压舌针刚度的前提下增加了焊合室的有效高度和焊合时间,从而有利于提高焊缝的焊合性能。基于DEFORM有限元平台建立了AZ91镁合金管转角焊合室分流挤压有限元模型,并进行了可靠性验证。然后,基于该有限元模型研究了转角角度、分流桥结构和凹模结构尺寸对焊合室内平均压应力的影响规律。结果表明:随着分流模转角β和凹模结构尺寸a的增大,焊合室内的平均压应力逐渐增加;对于雨滴形分流桥结构,随着分流桥锥度γ的增大,焊合室内的平均压应力有所增大,但是增幅不明显。     

基于有限元的模具结构对AZ91镁合金管转角分流挤压焊合压力的影响

将转角挤压剪切变形原理和镁合金管材分流挤压相结合,设计了镁合金管转角焊合室分流挤压模具.新模具在保证挤压舌针刚度的前提下增加了焊合室的有效高度和焊合时间,从而有利于提高焊缝的焊合性能.基于DEFORM有限元平台建立了AZ91镁合金管转角焊合室分流挤压有限元模型,并进行了可靠性验证.然后,基于该有限元模型研究了转角角度、...     

AZ91镁合金管转角扩径分流挤压成形工艺分析及模具设计

根据目前扩径挤压技术存在的问题，提出了一种新的镁合金管转角扩径分流挤压技术。扩径挤压的管材外径大于挤压坯料的外径，而传统的挤压管材外径小于挤压坯料外径。扩径分流挤压方法可实现小直径坯料挤压大口径管材，可降低挤压力以实现小吨位设备挤压大口径管材。还可利用转角剪切变形增加预焊合金属变形量，提高镁合金再结晶程度，提高生产效率，节约成本。设计了转角扩径分流挤压模具，并通过有限元法分析了AZ91镁合金扩径分流挤压成形过程。结果表明，整个挤压过程中金属流动顺畅，无折叠和充填不满等缺陷；通过控制工艺参数可控制温升在合理范围内，经过转角变形后等效应变达9.0左右，焊合室内焊合压力可达230 MPa,完全满足焊合要求；在所研究的参数范围内，焊合压力随着挤压速度的增加先增加后减小，随着挤压温度的增加焊合压力逐渐减小。     

汽车用某挤压型材焊合质量研究

以汽车某零件为研究对象,针对其初始挤压工艺方案产生焊缝焊合不良问题,采用数值模拟的方法,对其挤压过程进行了模拟,得到了挤压型材焊合不良焊合面的静水压力及材料流动应力分布规律。为提高挤压型材焊缝的焊合质量,采用K*参数对焊合质量进行定量表征,研究了不同模具结构和挤压工艺下焊合面焊合质量的变化情况。研究结果表明,K*值随焊合室高度的增加和分流比的增加而逐渐上升,随着坯料温度的升高、挤压速度的下降、坯料直径的增加而逐渐提高。根据模拟规律,对型材挤压工艺进行改进,改进后,纵向焊缝的焊合质量得到有效改善,与模拟结果吻合。     

焊合室深度及焊合角对方形管分流模挤压成形质量的影响

基于Deform-3D有限元分析平台,采用所开发的焊合过程网格重构技术,分析方形管分流模双孔挤压时焊合室深度及焊合角对成形质量的影响。结果表明:焊合面平均静水压力、分流桥底部等效应力及模芯最大偏移量随焊合室深度的增加而增加;综合考虑焊合质量、模具应力集中及型材尺寸精度等因素,分流模合适的焊合室深度为10～16mm;随着焊合角的增加,焊合室内死区体积及挤压力均增大,而模芯最大变形偏移量呈减小趋势;综合考虑焊合角对挤压过程死区大小、模芯的稳定性及挤压力大小的影响,分流模合适的焊合角为30?～45?。实验结果和模拟结果在金属流动景象、死区位置、死区形状等方面吻合较好。     

焊合室高度对AZ91镁合金管材分流挤压的影响

针对高强度镁合金管材挤压过程中坯料成形问题,设计了四套具有不同焊合室高度的管材挤压模具,对AZ91镁合金管材分流模挤压工艺过程进行了有限元分析和挤压试验。结果表明,变形程度指标等效应变标准方差由高到低顺序为:H=9mm>H=12mm>H=18mm>H=15mm,其中焊合室高度为15mm时变形最均匀;AZ91镁合金经分流模挤压,粗大的树枝晶及网状第二相β-Mg_(17)Al_(12)被击碎重溶,并且发生再结晶,组织和性能得到明显改善。     

多孔模焊合室结构对型材挤压成形过程的影响

以矩形型材为例,采用有限元软件HyperXtrude对不同焊合室结构的多孔挤压模在稳定挤压过程中的速度场、温度场和应力场进行了数值模拟分析。结果表明,增加焊合室级数可以有效地改善金属流动均匀性、提高型材焊缝质量、降低下模应力和变形量。为了进一步研究焊合室高度对金属流动均匀性的影响,当下模带有三级焊合结构时,通过分别改变各级焊合深度发现:各级深度相同时金属流动最为均匀,前进型模具次之,后退型模具最差。     

AZ91镁合金管材分流模挤压工艺正交优化

基于正交试验优化设计,以提高模具出口处坯料变形均匀性为目标,通过DEFORM-3D有限元平台,对AZ91镁合金管材分流模挤压工艺过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明,影响AZ91镁合金管材变形均匀性的因素主次顺序为:焊合室深度工作带长度挤压速度挤压温度,最佳的因素水平组合为挤压温度460、挤压速度5mm/s、工作带长度3mm、焊合室深度15mm。     

焊合角和焊合室深度对复杂悬臂空心铝型材挤压成形质量的影响

应用Hyper Xtrude有限元分析软件,考察了带长悬臂结构空心截面铝型材挤压时的焊合角α和焊合室深度h对其挤压成形质量的影响。结果表明:当α在15°~45°时,型材悬臂处及空心部位四周分流桥下金属的流动速率较大,开始焊合的时间早,焊合历程长;当α增加到60°时,相应区域金属的流动速率明显降低,焊合推迟;在α达到90°时,该情况最为严重,焊合历程变短。α为45°时,模芯最大偏移量达到最小值0.045 mm。随着h的增加,焊合面静水压力最小值与上模最大等效应力及模芯最大偏移量均逐渐增大。综合考虑各因素的影响,确定该型材挤压模具的最佳焊合角和焊合室深度分别为45°与20 mm,并将其用于挤压模具设计,试模发现模拟结果与试模结果吻合较好,挤出型材的综合质量较高。     

Investigation on Effects of Die Orifice Layout on Three-Hole Porthole Extrusion of Aluminum Alloy 6063 Tubes

Currently, with the increasing demand of high production output, much attention is paid to the research and development of multi-hole extrusion die. However, owing to the complexity of multi-hole porthole extrusion technology, it has not been applied widely in practice for the production of aluminum profiles, especially for porthole die with an odd number of die orifices. The purpose of this study is to design a three-hole porthole die for producing an aluminum tube and to optimize the location of die orifices based on computer-aided design and engineering. First, three-hole extrusion dies for different locations of die orifices are designed. Then, extrusion processes with different multi-hole porthole dies are simulated by means of HyperXtrude. Through numerical simulation, metal flow, temperature distribution, welding pressure, extrusion load, and die stress, etc. could be obtained, and the effects of the location of die orifices on extrusion process are investigated. With the increasing distance between die orifice and extrusion center (described as eccentricity ratio), metal flow becomes nonhomogeneous, and twisting or bending deformation of profile occurs, but the welding pressure rises, which improves the welding quality of profiles. However, the required extrusion force, billet and die temperature, die displacement, and stress induce no significant changes. In comparison with the extrusion force during single-hole porthole extrusion, there is 18.5% decrease of extrusion force during three-hole porthole extrusion. Finally, design rules for this kind of multi-hole extrusion dies are summarized.     

FE analysis of metal flow and weld seam formation in a porthole die during the extrusion of a magnesium alloy into a square tube and the effect of ram speed on weld strength

The present communication concerns a detailed analysis of metal flow into a porthole extrusion die to produce a thin-walled square magnesium tube by means of three-dimensional FE simulation in both the transient state and steady state. The research was aimed to get an insight into the longitudinal weld seam formation during extrusion through porthole dies and to evaluate the factors determining the quality of the weld seams. FE simulation revealed distinctive stages at the beginning of an extrusion cycle, corresponding to the changes in extrusion pressure during the process. It showed that the commonly observed defect at the extrudate head was due to entrapped air under the bridges in the upper part of the welding chamber. The dead metal zones existed at the corners between the container and die face and between the bottom and sidewall of the welding chamber. Because of the friction at the die bearing, the metal flow through the die bearing resembled laminar flow. Only the virgin metal from the interior of the billet flowed along the bridges and formed the welding seams. As ram speed increased, the mean stresses and temperatures on the welding plane in the welding chamber increased, which was reflected in the increases in extrusion pressure and extrudate temperature, being beneficial to the solid-state bonding at the weld seams. Tensile tests confirmed that extrusion at a higher ram speed led to enhanced transverse tensile strength and strain of the extruded square tube, as a result of improved bonding at the longitudinal weld seams.     

分流组合模挤压过程数值模拟及模具优化设计

文章利用刚粘塑性有限元软件DEFORM-3D对分流组合模挤压小直径薄壁纯铝圆管过程进行了三维有限元模拟,得出了模具焊合室深度以及工作带长度对挤压力、应力应变、模具应力等物理场量的影响规律,从而对模具结构参数进行优化。模拟结果表明,分流模上模应力集中主要分布在分流桥和模芯部位,下模应力集中分布在工作带附近和焊合室圆角过渡区,焊合室深度和工作带长度对产品质量有很大影响。通过试验得知,加大焊合室深度和工作带长度,可提高产品焊缝强度和表面质量。     

Experimental and Finite-Element Method Study of Zn-22Al Alloy Pipe Hot Extrusion Using a Porthole Die

To reduce the pollution caused by lead alloys, environmentally friendly alloys are selected to fabricate metal tubes for delay detonators. Zn-22Al alloy was selected in this study as the tube metal because of its high environmental friendliness and low cost. The first step in metal tube production is to prepare a pipe. In this study, the Zn-22Al alloy was hot extruded using a porthole die. A finite-element method (FEM) was used to optimize the porthole-die extrusion of the Zn-22Al alloy pipes. The flow stress data for the alloy in the temperature range of 200-350 °C and strain rate range of 0.1-10 s^?1 were measured. The FEM results showed that two stages existed for any random position of the interface during porthole die extrusion, viz., the bonded interface-forming period, and the post-bonded period. The dead-metal zones existed at the corners between the container and die face and between the bottom and sidewall of the welding chamber. The effects of the extrusion temperature and the chamber height of the die on the welding quality index were studied. Pipes with an outer diameter of 18 mm and an inner diameter of 10 mm were fabricated successfully by the hot-extrusion method at 200 °C using a porthole die with a chamber height of 15 mm.     

Prediction of welding pressure in the non-steady state porthole die extrusion of Al7003 tubes

This paper describes a numerical analysis of non-steady state porthole die extrusion, which is useful for manufacturing long tubes with a hollow section. Materials divided through several portholes are gathered within a chamber and are then welded under high pressure. This weldability classifies the quality of tube products and is affected by process variables and die shapes. However, porthole die extrusion has been executed based on the experience of experts, due to the complicated die assembly and the complexity of metal flow. To better assist the design of die and to obtain improvement of productivity, non-steady 3D FE simulation for porthole die extrusion is required. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the behavior of metal flow and to determine the welding pressure of hot extrusion products according to various billet temperatures, bearing length, and tube thickness by FE analysis. The results of FE analysis are compared with those of experiments.     

分流组合模挤压的有限元模拟与模具设计评价

为探讨分流组合模挤压成形规律,选择分流孔内斜度、外斜度、焊合室高度和工作带长度为变量设计了9副模具,提出了模具设计的无量纲单指标评价因子和综合评价函数,用DEFORM_3D软件实现了分流组合模挤压铝管材的有限元模拟,获得了挤压材料焊合面上的静水压应力场、等效应变场和模具峰值应力,进而对模具设计评价指标进行了极差分析,得到了最优模具设计,模拟分析结果与试验数据吻合良好。研究表明:分流组合模焊合室高度H与工作带长度L的比值对综合评价函数影响很大,应作为设计变量。     

Physical Simulation of Longitudinal Welding in Porthole-Die Extrusion

In porthole-die extrusion, the metal flowing through the die has to split up around the webs and then rejoin creating longitudinal welds that extend along the whole profile. The formation and quality of these welds depend on the metal flow around the webs and a number of process parameters such as the thermal and mechanical history stored in the material in the welding area and the temperature and pressure in the welding chamber.The paper presents a new laboratory test principle based on physical-simulation experiments on real materials that proves to be particularly suitable for investigating and modelling longitudinal welds in hot extrusion. In the test, the conditions governing the formation of longitudinal welds in the real industrial process are accurately reproduced and the process parameters affecting the quality of the welds can be individually controlled as well. The results achieved in applications of the test to aluminum alloy AA 6060 are presented with a focus on the operating conditions in the welding chamber that determine the transition from partial to complete longitudinal welding.     

挤压工艺参数对拐角长悬臂空心铝型材出口截面流速和温度分布的影响

以拐角长悬臂空心铝型材为例,使用Hyper Xtrude分析软件对其挤压过程进行数值模拟,设计正交试验研究了挤压速度、棒料预热温度、挤压筒预热温度、模具预热温度、棒料直径、棒料长度等工艺参数对型材出口截面流速均方差(SDV)和温度均方差(SDT)的影响规律。结果表明:通过极差分析及再次模拟确定最优方案为:挤压速度1 mm·s~(-1),棒料预热温度440℃,挤压筒预热温度420℃,模具预热温度400℃,棒料直径Φ150 mm,棒料长度450 mm,对应的SDV与SDT分别仅为1.3680和1.9130,保证挤出型材获得高的综合质量。通过方差分析得到挤压速度对SDV的影响度及棒料预热温度对SDT的影响度分别高达67.50%和76.41%,定量地表明挤压速度和棒料预热温度分别是影响型材外观质量和内部组织的最主要工艺参数。工厂挤压出的合格产品验证了最优方案的可靠性。     

UBET analysis of process of extruding aluminum alloy ribbed thin-wall pipes through a porthole die

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模桥结构对铝型材分流挤压纵向焊缝焊合性能的影响

基于刚粘塑性理论,采用Deform-3D有限元软件,对铝型材分流挤压的焊合过程进行了数值模拟.分析了不同分流模模桥结构下焊合面上接触压力、流变应力和速度场的分布及其变化.模拟分析表明,随着模桥下端尺寸d的减小,焊合区域有效焊合路径L增长,静水压力升高,等效应力降低;利用Donati提出的K参数法来判断模桥结构对焊合质量的影响,表明,模桥下端尺寸d越小,分流的金属焊合效果越好.