铁基合金梯度熔覆工艺研究及熔覆层特性分析

为了在H13钢表面获得显微硬度呈梯度分布的铁基合金熔覆层,试验选取了三种铁基合金粉末FJ-1粉末、铁基合金粉末1号和高铬铁基合金粉末逐层进行激光熔覆,并探究了每层熔覆时的工艺参数,最终获得了由三种粉末堆积成的铁基合金梯度熔覆层,并对熔覆层的表面硬度、结合状态、组织和显微硬度等进行了分析。结果表明,三种粉末逐层熔覆后的梯度熔覆层表现出了表面平整、表面硬度较高、内部组织无明显缺陷且层间结合紧密的特征。熔覆层顶层晶粒细小,夹层和底层晶粒逐渐变大,熔覆层与H13钢结合处呈现良好的冶金结合特性。各层的显微硬度由基体逐渐向顶层升高,呈明显的梯度分布,最终得到梯度熔覆层。     

Ni基合金与WC混合粉末的激光熔覆层组织

为了提高矿山机械零部件的耐磨性能及使用性能,采用激光熔覆方法在45#钢基体上制备了Ni基合金与WC混合粉末的复合涂层,研究了熔覆层的物相组成、WC颗粒在Ni基合金涂层中的分布,以及加入50%WC颗粒后Ni基合金涂层的裂纹敏感性、显微组织、成分及硬度。结果表明,合理的工艺参数使WC颗粒分布均匀,与基体结合牢固,并保持原始的形状;熔覆层内没有裂纹产生;熔覆层与基体之间形成了冶金结合;熔合线附近由亚共晶组织(初晶的富Ni奥氏体γ-Ni与共晶组织)构成;熔覆层中上部由过共晶组织(初晶的碳化钨与共晶组织)构成,初晶碳化钨的形态有珊瑚状、等轴晶状、柱状及交互结晶状等;激光熔覆层硬度是45#钢基体的5倍以上。     

45号钢基体光纤激光熔覆镍基合金的组织与性能

利用光纤激光器在45号钢表面熔覆镍基合金粉末,通过金相显微镜、显微硬度计和X射线衍射仪等分析测试手段,对激光熔覆镍基合金粉末45号钢熔覆层组织和性能进行分析研究。结果表明,在其他工艺参数一定的条件下,随着激光功率的增加,熔覆层宽度、高度和厚度均增加,熔覆层的双相组织粗大且分布稀疏不均匀,结合面趋于不规则。激光熔覆层的主要物相由λ-(Fe,Ni)、Cr23C6、Cr7C3、WC和FeMo组成。随着扫描速度的增加,熔覆层的双相组织细化且分布均匀,结合面趋于平直。45号钢经激光熔覆镍基合金粉末处理后,硬度(HV0.1)最大值为550,出现在距结合面0.5mm的熔覆层处。     

激光熔覆Fe基合金粉末熔覆层的组织及性能研究

采用金相显微分析、EDS分析等方法,研究了激光熔覆Fe基合金粉末熔覆层的组织及性能。结果表明:该激光熔覆层的表面微气孔数量与熔覆速度有关,熔覆速度越快,出现微气孔的概率越大。该熔覆层的显微组织主要由平面晶、胞状晶和树枝晶等组成,在树枝晶的不同区域存在成分偏析。随着熔覆速度的增加,该激光熔覆层的硬度和耐腐蚀性都会受到影响。     

热处理对激光熔覆Ni合金层的组织及冲蚀磨损性能的影响

借助于扫描电镜、Ｘ射线衍射仪、能谱仪和显微硬度计研究了２Ｃｒ１３不锈钢激光熔覆Ｎｉ基合金及后续热处理前后的组织结构、显微硬度和耐冲蚀磨损性能。结果表明,Ｎｉ基合金激光熔覆层的显微硬度高达５００～７００ＨＶ,而后继热处理又进一步使熔覆层硬度提高到８５０～１１２０ＨＶ。在含有Ｈ２ＳＯ４和ＮａＣｌ的砂浆水溶液中冲击速度７ｍ·ｓ－１、冲击角４５°的条件下激光熔覆Ｎｉ基合金并经处理后可使冲蚀磨损率下降约９０％。热处理使熔覆层的硬度和韧度增加。组织细化以及γＮｉ基体中沉淀析出Ｆｅ４．５Ｎｉ１８．５Ｂ６化合物被认为是覆层强化和冲蚀磨损性能改善的主要原因     

激光熔覆Stellite-6+VC混合粉末的熔覆层组织

用脉冲300 W Nd:YAG激光器、6轴机器人、5 m长的光纤、送粉系统及送粉专用喷嘴,建立了激光机器人熔覆系统.在低碳钢（SM400B）上熔覆Co基合金（Stellite-6）和碳化钒（VC）混合粉末（VC的质量分数变化范围为0~100%）,并对熔覆层的形状和显微组织进行了分析.结果表明,在0~80%范围内随着混合粉末中VC的质量分数增加,VC初晶相的数量随之增加,同时熔深也随之增加;根据混合粉末中VC的质量分数的不同,熔覆层显微组织可分为两种类型,即亚共晶组织和过共晶组织;亚共晶组织由富钴的γ相与共晶组织组成,过共晶组织由初晶VC相与共晶组织组成.     

纳米Y2O3-Co基合金激光熔覆复合涂层的分析

采用纳米Y2O3和Co基合金粉末,并利用激光表面熔覆技术和堆焊技术在Ni基合金基体上制备了纳米Y2O3-Co基合金复合涂层.运用扫描电镜(SEM)等测试方法,研究了复合涂层的显微组织和显微硬度,通过磨损试验和腐蚀试验分析了激光熔覆涂层和单一堆焊层的耐磨性和耐蚀性.结果表明,激光熔覆层显微组织由熔合区、细等轴状枝晶区及粗枝晶区构成;激光熔覆层的显微硬度由堆焊层的512.8 HV提高到868.9HV;激光熔覆层的耐磨性提高了51.2倍,40 min磨损量由堆焊层的25.6 mg降低到激光熔覆层的0.5 mg;激光熔覆层在10%HCl、10% HNO3和10% NaOH中的耐腐蚀性均比堆焊表面有明显改善.     

扫描速度对45钢表面Ni基TiC激光熔覆层性能的影响

TiC陶瓷相韧性好、润湿性好、热化学稳定性高、耐磨性好,在激光熔覆温度下几乎没有脆性第二相生成,是理想的增强相,但目前对其加入Ni基合金粉末进行激光熔覆的研究较少。在TLF3200TM三维激光焊接机上以不同的扫描速度在45钢表面激光熔覆Ni基TiC复合粉末,采用扫描电镜观察熔覆层形貌,采用硬度计测试熔覆层的硬度,采用磨损试验测试其耐磨性,采用极化曲线分析其耐蚀性,研究了扫描速度对激光熔覆层显微组织和性能的影响。结果表明:不同扫描速度得到的激光熔覆层组织均由熔覆区、界面结合区和基底热影响区组成;当扫描速度为5 mm/s时,熔覆层组织中细小的TiC颗粒均匀、弥散分布于熔覆区和热影响区,熔覆层磨损率最低为0.12 mg/mm2,维钝电流密度最小,为0.008 mA/mm2,钝化区间最大,为0.65 V,耐磨及耐蚀性最佳。     

基于激光熔覆的35CrMo钢轴类零件修复再制造

针对轴类零件的工作条件,采用激光熔覆的方法,在35CrMo钢表面熔覆3540铁基合金粉末和Ni00镍基合金粉末,借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜和显微硬度计等实验设备,研究了熔覆层的形貌、组织特征及显微硬度;通过拉伸实验设计,研究了熔覆层、熔覆层与基体之间的结合强度。研究分析结果表明,两种合金粉末都与基体形成了良好的冶金结合,无明显裂纹或气孔,熔覆层组织致密,晶粒细小。采用3540合金粉末制备的熔覆层的显微硬度高于Ni00合金粉末试样的熔覆层,而在熔覆区与熔合区交界处两种熔覆材料试样显微硬度差别不大,都明显高于基体的硬度,有利于提高零件的耐磨性。拉伸试验结果显示,3540合金粉末和Ni00合金粉末制备试样的平均抗拉强度分别为637.6 MPa和614.7 MPa,在进行拉伸实验过程中,断口出现在中间熔覆层,说明熔覆层与基体间实现了良好的冶金结合,拉伸过程没有出现明显的屈服现象。     

灰铸铁激光熔覆铁基和镍基粉末的比较*

采用高功率横流CO2激光器,以铁基和镍基合金粉末为熔覆材料,用同步送粉法在灰铸铁基体材料上进行激光熔覆试验,并对熔覆层组织和性能进行比较分析。结果表明,激光熔覆镍基时覆层内的组织较铁基合金熔覆层组织均匀细致;熔覆镍基和铁基粉末合金层与基体结合紧密成冶金结合;结合区的组织晶粒细小,合金碳化物含量高,其硬度也最高。用正交试验法分析激光功率、扫描速度、熔覆层数对熔覆效果、表面硬度的影响规律,获得激光熔覆层表面硬度显著提高;对表面硬度影响最大的因素是扫描速度,其次是激光功率,熔覆层数则影响不大。熔覆Fe35合金粉末综合优化参数为扫描速度300mm/min、激光功率4.0kW、熔覆二层。熔覆Ni20A合金粉末优化参数为扫描速度400mm/min、激光功率4.0kW。     

IN718合金增材制造温度场仿真及微观组织分析

针对微观组织的调控相关问题,构建了IN718材料激光选区熔化(selective laser melting,SLM)温度场仿真的三维有限元模型,研究了激光功率和扫描速度对熔池温度场和凝固机理的影响,进而预测增材制造材料的微观组织,为微观组织的调控提供理论依据.首先分析了激光功率和扫描速度对熔池尺寸的影响,分析了不同工...     

激光熔覆参数对熔覆层组织的影响

通过改变激光熔覆过程中的激光功率、扫描速度等工艺参数,获得单道激光熔覆层:分析了熔覆层组织中温度梯度/凝固速度(G/R)对凝固组织生长形态的影响规律;探讨了工艺参数对熔覆层组织、性能的影响.结果表明:熔覆层的硬度随激光功率的增加先增大后减小;随扫描速度的增加,经历一个由小到大然后再由大到小的过程.     

激光熔覆VC-Cr7C3复合熔覆层的组织与力学性能

采用激光熔覆技术在Q235钢表面原位合成了VC-Cr₇C₃复合熔覆层,并研究激光扫描速度对熔覆层微观组织与力学性能的影响。利用扫描电镜、X射线能谱仪和X射线衍射仪等对熔覆层组织及性能进行分析。结果表明,激光熔覆技术可使V、Cr、C混合颗粒间发生原位反应形成VC-Cr₇C₃复合熔覆层,其主要由黑灰色VC相、灰色Cr₇C₃相及{FeM}粘结相组成,其中Fe与Cr可共同形成Cr₇C₃相(M₇C₃)。激光熔覆凝固形状控制因子K与C元素的分布状况使得熔覆层顶部出现大量碳化物等轴晶组织,中部碳化物等轴晶的含量有所减小,而底部由于C含量较低,其碳化物含量较少,且碳化物晶粒形貌受到激光扫描速度的影响,在1 mm/s时碳化物呈树枝晶组织,在1.5 mm/s时呈等轴晶组织。同时在1.5 mm/s时熔覆层晶粒尺寸明显小于1 mm/s时的。以上熔覆层组织结构与成分变化使其硬度随层深的增加而降低,同时随着扫描速度的增加,熔覆层的硬度也逐渐增加,熔覆层的硬度高于Q235钢3倍以上。在1.5 mm/s时熔覆层摩擦因数为0.4,低于Q235钢基材的0.6,且熔覆层磨损量显著低于Q235钢基材。由此可知,激光熔覆VC-Cr₇C₃复合熔覆层可用于碳钢的表面高硬、耐磨改性。     

物理场对3003/4004复合铸锭凝固组织的影响

采用电磁搅拌、功率超声、超声电磁复合场等不同物理场制备3003/4004铝合金复合铸锭。结果表明,在电磁搅拌作用下,界面附近4004合金一侧α(Al)组织从未施加外场的树枝状转变为花瓣状。在功率超声作用下,4004合金中α(Al)及共晶硅组织都得到了良好的细化。在超声和电磁场联合作用下,界面处4004合金中的α(Al)组织同样得到细化,并且界面处的共晶硅组织较单独超声铸锭的更细小,其形貌从未施加外场时的粗大板条状及施加超声后的细针状转变为细小短棒状。     

Numerical Simulation of Anomalous Eutectic Growth of Ni-Sn Alloy Under Laser Remelting of Powder BedEI北大核心CSCD

Eutectic is one of the most commonly observed solidification patterns, the growth mor-phology of which is important to materials properties. Anomalous eutectic is typically coarser and globular than lamellar eutectic, which is commonly observed during solidification of binary eutectic alloy, including deep undercooled melt and laser remelting process. The morphological evolution mechanism of anomalous growth is still unknown due to the lack of simulation evidence. During laser remelting process, the anomalous eutectic is sandwiched between lamellar eutectic at the bottom of melt pool. Comparing to deep undercooled melt, laser remelting has simpler temperature field distribution, which can be simplified into directional solidification. Thus, simulations of anomalous eutectic growth in laser remelting process are feasible. In the present work, the anomalous eutectic growth mechanism under laser remelting conditions was simulated using a low mesh induced anisotropy cellular automaton (CA) model. Firstly, a two-dimensional lamellar eutectic CA model of CBr4-C2Cl6 alloy was established, and the morphological transition from 1 lambda O to 2 lambda O was simulated. The calculated results are in good agreement with experiments and phase field simulations. By setting the interface cells containing three phases (alpha, beta and liquid phases), the model can continuously change the alpha and beta phase volume fractions in the CA model, making it easier for the model to capture the instability of lamellar eutectic. Compared with the results of the phase field model, the intermediate 1 lambda O-2 lambda O state of oscillation instability of 1 lambda O and 2 lambda O which is consistent with the experimental results was calculated. Based on the above-mentioned binary eutectic CA model, the lamellar eutectic to anomalous eutectic transition at the bottom of the molten pool was simulated. Under the condition of initial low cooling rate, the fine lamellar eutectic is decoupled, it leads to the overgrowth of beta-Ni3Sn phase. During the subsequent accelerated cooling process, alpha-Ni nucleated in the liquid phase at the front of the solid/liquid interface, and the beta-Ni3Sn phase wrapped around the alpha-Ni phase forming anomalous eutectic morphology. During the laser remelting process, there is indeed a rapid change of solidification rate from zero to scanning speed rate from the bottom to the top of the melt pool, and therefore coincides with the solidification conditions of the variable pulling velocity used in the CA simulations.     

Effect of casting technology on microstructure and phases of high carbon high speed steel

The as-cast microstructures of high carbon high speed steels (HC-HSS) made by sand casting,centrifugal casting and electromagnetic centrifugal casting, respectively, were studied by using of optical microscopy (OM) and D/max2200pc X-ray diffraction. The results show that the microstructure of as-cast HCHSS is dominated by alloy carbides (W2C, VC, Cr7C3), martensite and austenite. The centrifugal casting and electromagnetic centrifugal casting apparently improve the solidification structure of HC-HSS. With the increase of magnetic intensity (B), the volume fraction of austenite in the HC-HSS solidification structure increases significantly while the eutectic ledeburite decreases. Moreover, the secondary carbides precipitated from the austenite are finer with more homogeneous distribution in the electromagnetic centrifugal castings. It has also been found that the lath of eutectic carbide in ledeburite becomes finer and carbide phase spacing in eutectic ledeburite increases along with the higher magnetic field strength.     

微焊点纳米压痕循环力学行为与承受载荷的关联性

通过对Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu/Cu和Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu/Cu微焊点进行循环加载-卸载方式的纳米压痕试验,研究了焊点循环力学行为与承受最大载荷的关联性.结果表明,循环F-h曲线在闭合前表现为1个迟滞回环,随着最大载荷的增加,焊点迟滞回环的面积和残余压痕深度增大;当最大载荷一定时,迟滞回环的面积及残余压痕深度增量随着加载次数的增加逐渐减小;微焊点的压痕蠕变C随最大载荷的增大而不断降低,同时随加载次数的增加先急剧减小而后逐渐趋于平稳.Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu/Cu焊点的压痕蠕变低于Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu/Cu焊点的蠕变量.     

42CrMo钢表面Fe-WC激光熔覆层的组织与性能

用同轴送粉的方式在42CrMo表面激光熔覆Fe-WC合金粉末,通过扫描电镜、光学显微镜、能谱仪观察分析熔覆层的显微组织特征、WC陶瓷颗粒对熔覆层组织性能的影响、WC陶瓷颗粒分布特征及WC周围块状共晶物的组成成分;用显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验仪、高精度电子天平测量基体与熔覆层的性能及质量损失,分析了引起性能曲线变化的原因。结果表明,熔覆层底部到顶部的组织变化为平面晶、晶界明显的胞状晶、交错生长的柱状树枝晶、排列紧密的胞状晶、方向均一的柱状树枝晶;WC陶瓷颗粒具有细化枝晶、阻断枝晶生长,增强熔覆层性能的能力;WC陶瓷颗粒在熔覆层中聚集分布,形成较宽的陶瓷带;WC陶瓷颗粒周围的块状共晶物是由WC部分分解得到的,其组成元素包括C、W、Fe、P、Cr。熔覆层平均硬度达到850 HV0.3,是基体平均硬度的3.4倍。摩擦因数为0.275左右,比基体小0.525。基体的质量损失是熔覆层的11倍多。说明Fe-WC合金熔覆层能够有效提升基体的硬度及其抗磨损能力。     

Modeling of eutectic macrosegregation in centrifugal casting of thin walled ZA8 zinc alloy

The maximum segregation zone and microstructure formation during the solidification of thin walled ZA8 zinc–aluminum alloy produced by centrifugal casting are investigated. From the results obtained, it is seen that the maximum segregation zone of the eutectic through the part section corresponds to the zone of final solidification point. The concentration of eutectic through the section changes depending on the initial mold temperature, pouring temperature, and cooling rate. A high cooling rate reduces the rate of change in eutectic concentration across the section. The distance separating the maximum segregation zone from the inner and outer faces of the casting can be controlled by controlling the ratio between the speeds of the solidification fronts advancing from opposite sides. The microstructure obtained becomes finer as the cooling rate increases. The structure of eutectic changes according to the cooling rate, and may be granular or lamellar.     

Effects of laser processing parameters on solidification microstructures of ternary Al2O3/YAG/ZrO2 eutectic in situ composite and its thermal property

Rapid surface resolidification with a high powered CO₂-laser was performed in preparing directionally solidified Al₂O₃/YAG/ZrO₂ ternary eutectic ceramic in situ composite. The effects of laser processing parameters on the solidification microstructure characteristics and thermal properties were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and synthetically thermal analysis (STA). Detailed investigations of the influence of laser power and scanning rate on the preparation and microstructural parameters of the ternary eutectic were presented. Moreover, the eutectic phase separation rule at high temperature was discussed. The results indicate that solidification microstructure of the ternary eutectic composite is greatly influenced by the laser processing parameters. The synthetically thermal analysis shows that the eutectic temperature of ternary Al₂O₃/YAG/ZrO₂ composite is 1 738 °C, well matching the phase diagram of Al₂O₃-Y₂O₃-ZrO₂.