选择性激光烧结零件的冷等静压塑性成形过程模拟(英文)

应用结合的选择性激光烧结和冷等静压技术快速制造金属零件。使用有限元方法预测零件的最终尺寸并降低成本;使用Drucker-Prager-Cap模型在ABAQUS软件中实现对选择性激光烧结零件的冷等静压过程的模拟。金属粉末的性质通过冷等静压实验测量。结果表明:橡胶包套和摩擦因数对零件的形状和尺寸影响很小;零件只有均匀收缩,没有明显的形状扭曲。实验与模拟结果符合得较好,这表明Drucker-Prager-Cap模型是模拟冷等静压过程的有效模型;通过模拟可以为选择性激光烧结零件的冷等静压成形过程提供有益的指导。     

金属粉末冷等静压下致密化过程的分析

分析了铁粉、铜粉在冷等静压下材料的致密化过程。常用的Ｆｌｅｃｋ和Ｓｈｉｍａ模型得到了应用和讨论。与实验数据对比可知：不考虑基体材料塑性硬化的Ｆｌｅｃｋ模型可较好地模拟金属粉末在冷等静压下的致密化过程。     

钛合金热等静压模拟本构关键参数确定及工艺优化

对钛合金粉末热等静压进行数值模拟,以预测材料的成形性能;采用本构为MSC.Marc软件中嵌入的Shima模型,通过对该数值模型的分析;制定了本构模型中TC4材料模拟所需材料参数的测定方法。针对航空类典型环形零件的成形,应用数值模型,通过对多种不同工艺制度参数的对比,得到了热等静压过程中的关键参数压力、温度曲线的优化制度。利用热等静压制备了实际的环形样件,数值模拟与试验结果吻合较好,说明数值模拟可对零件的热等静压工艺过程进行预测,同时也为复杂零件的成形预测奠定了基础。     

齿轮激光淬火硬化层数值模拟

建立了采用轴向扫描工艺对渐开线齿轮进行激光淬火时的三维温度场数值模型,采用ANSYS软件模拟激光束扫描过程中齿面及轮齿横截面的温度分布。结果表明,激光淬硬层深度模拟结果与试验结果相吻合,可以通过该温度场模型对各种模数和齿数的齿轮激光淬火过程进行模拟,快速得到与实际相近的硬化层深度分布曲线。建立该数值模型的一些思路和方法也适用于各种曲面类零件激光淬火的数值模拟。     

2017铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头焊接参数和硬化参数的关系(英文)

对2017铝合金进行搅拌摩擦焊接,表述Swift硬化规律。采用面心复合设计方法进行焊接接头的拉伸实验设计。采用基于最小二乘法和响应面法的2种模型评估搅拌摩擦焊各焊接因素对硬化参数的影响。采用到有限元程序Abaqus来模拟焊接接头拉伸测试结果。相对平均偏差判据结果表明,实验结果和模拟结果吻合较好。这些结果能用于实验多目标优化,实行具体焊接或完成搅拌摩擦焊接零件成形过程中塑性变形的数值模拟,如液压成形、弯曲度和锻造。     

粉末热等静压的离散元-有限元混合模拟

为了从微观角度仿真热等静压成形过程中粉末颗粒的变形情况,提出使用离散元和有限元混合方法建立热等静压成形的仿真模型。编写了粉末颗粒的随机填充算法,完成了包套内粉末颗粒的填充。使用上述模型,对包套内不同位置的粉末颗粒的变形情况、颗粒间孔隙消失的演化过程和成形后零件表面的形貌进行了仿真,并与已有试验结果进行了对比。仿真结果表明,包套中心的颗粒变形较小,大部分孔隙是在成形达到稳定状态之前消除的,热等静压成形零件的表面形貌主要是在达到稳定状态前形成的。离散元-有限元混合模拟可以反映热等静压成形中颗粒重排和塑性变形阶段的粉末颗粒变形。     

基于数值模拟和遗传算法的粉末材料参数反求

提出一种基于试验、有限元模拟以及优化算法的反向求解过程来得到2A12铝合金粉末材料本构参数的方法。利用热等静压机制备圆柱形试验件并获取测量参数,采用MSC.Marc软件中的Shima模型对2A12铝合金粉末热等静压成形过程进行数值模拟,再利用遗传算法(GA)对数值模拟中2A12铝合金粉末材料本构参数进行优化调整。结果表明,粉末体由于包套的屏蔽效应,各个方向上的收缩率有一定差异,成形零件的几何形状与最初并不相似;利用环形件进行模型验证,优化参数后进行数值模拟结果和实际测量结果的相对误差,与直接利用原始参数进行数值模拟结果和实际测量结果的相对误差相比,有明显降低。     

非回转铝合金薄板零件冷摆辗成形规律研究

基于Deform-3D平台建立了薄板零件冷摆辗成形三维有限元模型,研究了非回转铝合金薄板零件冷摆辗成形规律。揭示了薄板零件金属流动、模具充填规律以及等效应力和等效应变分布演化规律,阐明了薄板零件冷摆辗飞边分布不均匀性形成机理。最后开展了相关工艺实验,验证了有限元模拟结果的准确性。     

花键冷搓成形力正交试验分析

确定了花键轴零件冷搓时所使用搓齿刀具的基本参数,依据金属流动性规律,合理简化了花键轴零件冷搓时模具的三维模型。应用DEFROM-3D软件对花键轴零件的冷搓成形过程进行了数值模拟,模拟所得齿形与实际基本保持一致。以花键轴零件冷搓过程中的毛坯材料(力学特征)、搓制速度、摩擦系数作为影响因素,基于数值模拟并选择全程、咬入和粗搓3个阶段的径向和切向成形力进行了极差分析和方差分析,得出了各个因素对于冷搓成形力的影响程度。此外,对冷搓过程中上述3个影响因素进行了综合分析,得出了各影响因素的变化对于成形力大小变化的影响规律。     

DP980高强钢U形弯曲实验与数值模拟

为了评估DP980高强钢材料的成形与回弹特性,通过加载-卸载实验与单向拉伸-压缩循环加载实验,获得了考虑包申格效应的吉田-上森硬化模型参数,并对DP980高强钢的U形弯曲实验进行了研究。实验结果表明,DP980高强钢U形件在凹模圆角处易开裂,在成形过程中需减小压边力并增大凹模圆角。由于材料的回弹量与施加的压边力有关,可通过增大压边力来减小U形件的回弹,但压边力过大又可能导致开裂,因此,需合理选择压边力。同时,对U形件成形后的回弹进行仿真分析,仿真中分别采用等向硬化模型与吉田-上森硬化模型,通过将实验数据与模拟的回弹结果进行对比分析发现,采用吉田-上森硬化模型的仿真结果与实验结果吻合良好,证明了吉田-上森硬化模型模拟回弹的准确度较高,可以应用于回弹仿真中。     

Forming Simulation and Experimental Verification of Combined Formation of Selective Laser Sintering and Cold Isostatic Pressing

Selective laser sintering (SLS) could manufacture complex parts rapidly which, however, have high porosity and low intensity. While the parts made by cold isostatic pressing have advantages of uniform structure without composition segregation, high-dimension precision and high density. However, it could not form high complex parts because of the difficulties in manufacturing bag. A combination of SLS and cold isostatic pressing is expected to use the advantages of the two methods and is an efficient way to make complicated parts rapidly. After SLS and cold isostatic pressing, dimensions of parts decrease and relative density increases. To predict final dimensions and density, the finite element simulations are performed for cold isostatic pressing. The results show the parts made from ball shape powder contract symmetrically. The simulation results agree with the achieved geometries within 4%. Comparisons are made with that parts made from irregular powder. The SEM pictures after SLS are also showed. This has an important indication to process of SLS and cold isostatic pressing forming.     

热等静压技术对金刚石工具制品性能的影响

采用热等静压和传统热压两种烧结方式对Co粉进行烧结,研究两种烧结工艺所得制品在密度、硬度、抗冲击强度、抗弯强度等力学性能以及锯切性能上的差异。结果表明:相比传统热压烧结而言,采用热等静压烧结制备的金属胎体,在相对密度、抗冲击强度、抗弯强度、锯切性能方面都有明显提升;采用热等静压工艺烧结的制品,其硬度较传统热压烧结的制品的略低。利用热等静压烧结制备的金刚石绳锯产品,在锯切试验中表现出良好的性能。      

Density improvement of alumina parts produced through selective laser sintering of alumina-polyamide composite powder

A powder metallurgy (PM) process to fabricate alumina parts through indirect selective laser sintering (SLS) of spherical alumina-polyamide composite powder is presented. The PM process includes powder production, SLS, debinding and furnace sintering. Three different strategies are investigated in order to improve the density of the final alumina parts: laser remelting, warm isostatic pressing (WIP), and different infiltration techniques which use alumina containing suspensions: pressureless infiltration and infiltration under pressure (i.e. squeeze infiltration). Furthermore, microstructural and geometrical changes which occur during the PM process are investigated.     

Additive manufacturing of alumina parts by indirect selective laser sintering and post processing

Innovative powder preparation and post-processing techniques can be employed to obtain high density ceramic parts by means of indirect selective laser sintering. Thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) was used to produce polymer and polymer–ceramic composite particles. The effect of polymer concentration, cooling rate, stirring and alumina particles on polymer and polymer–ceramic composite particles was investigated. Homogeneous spherical alumina–polypropylene (PP) composite powder was synthesized by TIPS for selective laser sintering (SLS). Green Al₂O₃–PP component parts with a density of 34% could be produced by conventional SLS of the polymer under optimized laser power, scan speed, scan spacing and powder preheating temperature. Various post-processing techniques like pressure infiltration (PI), warm isostatic pressing (WIPing) or a combination of both were applied to increase the green density of the Al₂O₃–PP SLM parts. Infiltrating the open porosity green SLS parts with a 30 vol% alumina-powder based ethanol suspension allowed to increase the sintered density, i.e. after polymer debinding and pressureless sintering in air at 1600 °C, from 38 to 64% of the theoretical density (TD). WIPing of the SLS and SLS/infiltrated green parts at 135 °C and 64 MPa allowed raising the green density up to 93 and 83% TD and a sintered density up to 89 and 88% TD, respectively.     

A constitutive model for sintering of granulated ceramic powders

Sintering behavior of granulated powder is investigated to develop a constitutive model for deformation analysis of ceramic powder compacts during sintering. Spray-dried alumina is compacted by CIPing (cold isostatic pressing) and sintered at various temperatures. Shrinkage and the change in grain size of the compacts during sintering are revealed in relation to the inhomogeneous microstructure consisting of fractured and unfractured granules as a consequence of the compaction. A constitutive model for the ceramic powder compacts having the internal structure is presented; The difference in grain growth in dense and sparse regions of the compacts is taken into consideration to the model. The results calculated by the model show good agreement with that obtained by experiment.     

覆膜砂选择性激光烧结过程的建模研究

建立选择性激光烧结粉末的快速成型工艺过程的数值计算模型,并用于估算热固结宽度和深度.在该计算模型中,综合考虑了材料的热物性参数随温度变化的情况和激光光强分布不均匀的因素,采用Ansys有限元分析软件模拟计算激光点加热过程覆膜砂的热影响区大小,结果与实验吻合较好.     

Processing and mechanical properties of porous 316L stainless steel for biomedical applications

Highly porous 316L stainless steel parts were produced by using a powder metallurgy process, which includes the selective laser sintering（SLS） and traditional sintering. Porous 316L stainless steel suitable for medical applications was successfully fabricated in the porosity range of 40%-50% （volume fraction） by controlling the SLS parameters and sintering behaviour. The porosity of the sintered compacts was investigated as a function of the SLS parameters and the furnace cycle. Compressive stress and elastic modulus of the 316L stainless steel material were determined. The compressive strength was found to be ranging from 21 to 32 MPa and corresponding elastic modulus ranging from 26 to 43 GPa. The present parts are promising for biomedical applications since the optimal porosity of implant materials for ingrowths of new-bone tissues is in the range of 20%-59% （volume fraction） and mechanical properties are matching with human bone.     

Finite element simulation of real cavity closure in cast Ti6Al4V alloy during hot isostatic pressing

The healing behavior of shrinkage cavity inside the cast Ti6Al4V alloy during hot isostatic pressing(HIP)was investigated experimentally by interrupted hot isostatic pressing tests.The X-ray micro computed tomography was used to record the morphology changes before and after hot isostatic pressing.The two-dimensional geometry obtained by the microCT scan was used in simulation to study the evolution of the real shrinkage cavity during hot isostatic pressing.Shrinkage cavities,shrinkage porosity and small gas pores can be effectively eliminated under proper HIP conditions.The two-dimensional morphology in the simulation results agrees well with the experimental results.This study reveals that plastic deformation,creep and diffusion are the main mechanisms of cavity closure during hot isostatic pressing.In addition,the simplified elliptical pores with aspect ratios at different positions were used to replace the real pores to further study the factors affecting the position of dimples after HIP by simulation.It is found that the position of the dimples mainly depends on the aspect ratio of the elliptical pore and the distance between the pore surface and the external surface of the geometric model.     

选区激光熔化法制备的M2052锰铜合金的组织与性能

使用真空感应熔炼气雾化法(VIGA)制备M2052锰铜粉末,通过选区激光熔化技术(SLM)直接成形合金试样,经固溶时效处理和热等静压加工,从热力学计算、显微组织分析及力学性能测试等方面对SLM法制备的锰铜合金进行了研究。研究发现SLM法成形的锰铜合金的抗拉和屈服强度较高,但冲击吸收能量低,塑性差。经过热等静压处理后,合金的综合力学性能明显提高。