气淬过程中换热系数的数值模拟

为了研究淬火时流体与工件的对流换热,用计算流体的数值方法(CFD)对空气喷射平板探头的淬火传热过程做了模拟计算,得到了流体与平板探头之间的随平板温度和平板表面位置变化的换热系数,与试验结果比较吻合,应用模拟计算可简单准确地了解气体淬火传热过程,为制定气淬工艺提供参考依据,应该成为气淬过程重要的研究手段。     

真空高压混合气淬技术的发展

在真空热处理中,液体淬火正在被气淬所取代。提高淬火剂的热传递系数能提高厚壁件的冷却速率,用混合气体代替单一气体淬火可达到这一目的。举例介绍了国外应用混合气体提高气淬能力的研究情况。     

1Cr17Ni2钢真空气淬和普通油淬的性能与组织比较

研究了真空气淬和普通油淬热处理对1Cr17Ni2钢的力学性能与组织的影响.结果表明,两种淬火工艺处理的试样组织基本一致,均为细小板条状淬火马氏体加少量铁素体组织,真空气淬后的组织更均匀,强度、硬度比普通油淬的略高,而断面收缩率、冲击韧度略有降低,淬透性变化不大,均能满足结构件的性能要求;而且试样表面光洁,呈银灰色,变形微小,对于要求精度不太高的零件,无需进行后续加工,对环境也无污染.     

不同淬火方式对KMN钢组织及力学性能的影响

真空气淬相较于传统热处理工艺具有控温精度高,表面氧化脱碳少等优势,但同时具有冷却速度慢的劣势。本文对KMN钢锻件进行真空加热970℃、淬火(5 bar氮气冷却或油淬)及580℃高温回火。热处理后,检验其力学性能和显微组织。结果表明:经气淬并高温回火的KMN钢力学性能略低于油淬并高温回火,显微组织均以回火索氏体为主。KMN钢经真空气淬或油淬并高温回火后,可以得到类似的力学性能与显微组织。     

轴承用8Cr4Mo4V钢真空气淬及等温盐浴淬火后的性能对比分析

通过显微组织观察及性能测定,对轴承用8Cr4Mo4V钢真空气淬及等温盐浴淬火处理后的性能进行了对比分析。结果表明,8Cr4Mo4V钢真空气淬后得到马氏体组织,等温盐浴淬火后得到马氏体+贝氏体混合组织。真空气淬后钢的晶界有碳化物析出,腐蚀后晶界特征明显,而等温盐浴淬火后晶界碳化物析出量少,钢的晶界特征不明显。再经回火处理后,钢中析出大量碳化物,与真空气淬相比,等温盐浴淬火钢中析出的碳化物在尺寸和数量上都更大。钢的硬度和耐磨性测试表明,等温盐浴淬火钢的硬度为61.78 HRC,而真空气淬钢的硬度为60.28 HRC,硬度提高了1.5 HRC,等温盐浴淬火钢的摩擦磨损性能比真空气淬钢高。与真空气淬相比,等温盐浴淬火处理后钢的力学性能提升,室温拉伸强度提高了164 MPa,高温拉伸强度提高了50 MPa,冲击吸收能量提高了46.9%,旋转弯曲疲劳强度极限由860 MPa提高至1050 MPa,提高了22%。     

真空高压气淬炉流场和温度场的数值模拟

建立了高压气淬过程的数值模型,对不同工艺参数下真空高压气淬炉内气体流场和工件温度场进行模拟和预测,得到淬火过程中工件的温度变化和特征点的冷却曲线。根据不同的工件形状和材料以及淬火气体压力进行计算,据此分析了工艺参数对工件冷却过程的影响。     

4Cr5MoSiV1热作模具钢的真空气冷热处理

研究了４Ｃｒ５ＭｏＳｉＶ１钢经真空炉１０５０℃加热负压气淬,气体渗碳炉９６０℃保护气氛加热油淬和风冷的淬硬深度,抗回火稳定性,耐磨性。结果表明,４Ｃｒ５ＭｏＳｉＶ１钢９６０℃加热淬火硬度可达ＨＲＣ,Φ１７０ｍｍ的试块可以淬透,有很好的回火稳定性和耐磨性,是一种变形较小的热处理工艺。     

27SiMnMoV钢针阀体的高压气淬工艺

采用低压真空渗碳工艺对27SiMnMoV钢针阀体进行渗碳处理,比较了高压气淬与油淬对表面渗层组织和心部组织的影响。结果表明,不同淬火参数对渗碳层组织影响不大,淬火温度越高,气淬压力越大,心部组织中铁素体含量越少,同一温度下,15 bar(1 bar=10⁵ Pa)气淬与油淬得到的心部组织相近;装料方式对心部组织影响很大,同炉装料中,上层比下层的铁素体含量少;27SiMnMoV钢针阀体气淬易出现同炉不同零件心部硬度不均匀的现象,通过适当的调整气淬压力,在一定程度上可以减小不均匀程度;选用适当工艺,27SiMnMoV钢针阀体气淬可以取代油淬。     

W18Cr4V钢真空气淬和普通油淬的组织与性能比较

采用真空气淬法和普通空气加热油淬法分别对W18Cr4V钢进行热处理。利用金相显微镜和洛氏硬度计对热处理后W18Cr4V高速钢的组织和硬度进行了比较观察和测试分析。结果表明,两种淬火工艺处理的试样组织基本一致,均为隐晶形的淬火马氏体基体组织、大颗粒状的共晶碳化物和细小点粒状的二次碳化物及残留奥氏体,气淬后的组织更均匀;回火后的组织也很相似,为回火马氏体及未溶解的共晶碳化物和二次碳化物。经真空气淬的试样硬度（65HRC）仅比普通空气加热油淬的（66HRC）略有降低,但能满足工模具的硬度要求,而且试样表面光洁,呈银灰色,变形微小,对于要求精度不太高的零件,无需进行后续加工,对环境也无污染。     

4Cr5MoSiV1钢铝合金压铸模高纯氮回充真空气淬及高温回火

论述了4CrSMoSiV1钢制铝合金压铸模零件的服役条件，真空气淬、真空回火工艺，以及分别在淬火前、使用过程中和补焊后进行的真空消除应力处理工艺。     

高压气淬均匀性研究

高压气淬具有纯对流传热、易于控制、工件淬火后无需清洗和对环境影响小等优点。然而,典型的气淬设备显示出淬火料盘与工件之间的气流不均匀,导致工件的最终性能产生差异。业已发现,料盘的逆向气流布置是决定局部气流状态和热量传递的关键因素。尽管气流的主要部分在料盘与炉壁之间流动,对淬火过程不起作用,但是由料盘引起的流动阻力所产生的压降决定了淬火冷却强度。采用一种能较快收敛的多尺度模型对工业用高压气淬炉的内部流场进行了模拟,并通过速度测量和气流可视化技术对试验用淬火炉的内部气流进行了试验研究。最后,对圆柱体工件的双室真空炉淬火进行了模拟结果的验证,揭示了不同的逆向流速分布对淬火结果的影响。报道了多尺度模拟方法和流动过程的研究结果,并概述了对气淬工艺优化的指导性建议。     

响应曲面法优化气体淬火过程中的工艺参数

以轴对称问题气体淬火过程为研究对象,提出了阶段换热系数模型,进行了五因子三水平Box-Behnken实验设计．根据实验设计结果,将设计的变量水平代入本文开发的淬火过程有限元分析软件进行计算,用逐步回归法和响应曲面方法对实验结果进行拟合,建立了拟合变形程度、表面单元平均等效残余应力、等效残余应力标准差、平均表面硬度和表面硬度标准差的响应曲面公式．以变形程度为目标,建立了相应的优化目标函数,用Lagrange乘子法对优化目标函数进行了带上下限及约束函数的非线性优化．优化后,五项目标中的四项得到了有利的结果,使用优化后工艺参数进行气体淬火,可以提高零件的淬火质量．     

Optimising Gas Quenching Technology through Modelling of Heat Transfer

AMONG the carburising and quenching technologieslow-pressure carburising in line with high pressure gasquenching knows a strong development[1],[2],[3].Thisprocess offers indeed an environmentally-friendlyalternative to standard atmosphere carburisingassociated to oil quenching.Gas quenching allows toeliminate parts washing and oil residues processingsteps.Besides low pressure carburising and quenchingprocesses allow more automation of the processFinally gas quenching offers process controopp…     

Dry and clean age hardening of aluminum alloys by high-pressure gas quenching

When precipitation-hardenable aluminum parts are water quenched, distortion occurs due to thermal stresses. Thereby, a costly reworking is necessary, and for this reason polymer quenchants are often used to reduce distortion, with the disadvantage that the quenched parts have to be cleaned after quenching. In opposition to liquid quenchants, gas quenching may decrease distortion due to the better temperature uniformity during quenching. Furthermore, cleaning of the quenched parts can be avoided because it is a dry process. For this purpose, a heat-treating process was evaluated that included a high-pressure gasquenching step. Gas quenching was applied to different aluminum alloys (i.e., 2024, 6013, 7075, and A357.0), and tensile tests have been carried out to determine the mechanical properties after solution annealing, gas quenching, and aging. Besides high-pressure gas quenching, alloy 2024 was quenched at ambient pressure in a gas nozzle field. The high velocity at the gas outlet leads to an accelerated cooling of the aluminum alloy in this case. Aluminum castings and forgings can be classified as an interesting field of application of these quenching methods due to their near-net shape before the heat treatment. Cost savings would be possible due to the reduced distortion, and therefore, less reworking after the precipitation hardening.     

Flexible Furnace Concepts for Vacuum Heat Treatment Combined with High-pressure Gas Quenching

IN the past five years the process combination of vacuum hardening, respectively vacuum carburizing with high-pressure gas quenching was successfully introduced to the market, especially in the manufacture of gears. In the meantime furnace concepts for various applications are available to the industry. In the following report three plant varieties are introduced, which differ in process flexibility and throughput. This report also explains criteria for the selection of a furnace in view of the existing application requirements. Besides this a short introduction is given into the vacuum carburizing process and the high-pressure gas quenching technology.     

高压气淬过程的数值模拟

应用有限体积法建立了数学模型,对高压气淬过程中气体的速度场、气体和工件的温度场以及工件内部的组织场进行了耦合计算,针对一组小棒料高压气淬的模拟结果,分析了气体流动、工件温度与相变各自的影响因素以及它们之间的相互影响,指出几何模型准确建立的重要性.另外通过模拟结果与实测冷却曲线的比较,该模型基本反映了高压气淬过程,其中加入相变计算能更符合实际,并且还能预测出工件的最终组织.应用本文中的相变计算模型,相变的计算结果与工件金相照片中的实测结果基本吻合.     

基于多场耦合模拟的齿毂高压气淬工艺设计

针对20CrMnTi齿毂高压气淬工艺设计的需求,建立了一套流场-温度场-组织场-应力应变场耦合模拟体系,能够实现对淬火气流与工件的同步耦合计算。利用该体系模拟了不同淬火气压和进气方式下的齿毂高压气淬过程,分析了不同工艺方案下齿毂的组织成分、硬度以及畸变,确定了2.0 MPa、下方单向进气的工艺方案,模拟结果满足齿毂性能要求。     

Gas Quenching during Age Hardening of the Aluminium Casting Alloy Al-7Si-0.3Mg

For quenching of age hardenable aluminium alloys today predominantly aqueous quenching media are used,which can lead due to the Leidenfrost phenomenon to a non-uniform cooling of the parts and thus to thermal stresses.Particularly at thin-walled or complex shaped parts local plastic deformations can occur by the uneven thermal stresses. In relation to the conventional quenching procedures in aqueous media, gas quenching exhibits a number of technological,ecological and economical advantages. In comparison to liquid quenching media, gas does not change its phase during quenching. Moreover, the cleaning problem of the parts can be avoided. The quenching intensity can be adjusted by the variable parameters gas pressure and gas speed as well as the kind of gas and thus can be adapted to the requirements of the alloy. By the higher uniformity and the better reproducibility, gas quenching offers a high potential to reduce distortion. The goal of these investigations is to clarify, if the cooling rate during gas quenching is sufficient to obtain the specific required strength after age hardening of the alloy Al-7Si-0.3Mg. For this purpose different tests in high-pressure gas quenching facilities, gas nozzle fields and water quenching baths were performed.