Microstructure and oxidation resistance of reactive plasma clad Cr7 C3/γ-Fe ceramic composite coating

A new type oxidation resistance in situ Cr7 C3/γ-Fe ceramic composite coating was fabricated on hardened and tempered grade C steel by reactive plasma clad with Fe-Cr-C alloy powders. The oxidation resistance of the ceramic composite coating was investigated under the test condition of 900 ℃ and 50 hours. The results indicate that the coating has a rapidly solidified microstructure consisting of blocky primary Cr7 C3 and the inter-blocky Cr7 C3/γ-Fe eutectics and is metallurgically bonded to the hardened and tempered grade C steel substrate. The high temperature oxidation resistance of the coating is up to 1.9 times higher than that of grade C steel. The oxidation kinetics curve of the coating is conforming to the parabolic-rate law equation. The excellent oxidation resistance of the coating is mainly attributed to the continuous oxide films which consist of Cr203 and Fe203. The continuous oxide films can prevent the inner part of the coating from being further oxidized.     

Characteristics of Fe-based WC Composite Coatings Prepared by Double-pass Plasma Cladding Process

The Fe-based WC composite coatings were clad on Q235 steel by double-pass plasma cladding method,in which the WC-Co(WC covered with cobalt:78wt%WC,12wt%Co)doping was about 10wt%,20wt%and 40wt%,respectively.The microstructure and wear performance of the composite coatings were investigated by X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscope(SEM),energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS)and ball-disc wear tests.The results show that the clad coatings contain mainly?-Fe,WC and carbides(Cr23C6,Fe3W3C-Fe4W2C)phases and the precipitation of carbides increases with the increase of WC-Co doping content.The WC-Co doping content has an obvious effect on the microstructure of the clad coatings.For the clad coatings with low WC-Co doping,the microstructure gradually transforms from planar crystal at the interface of substrate/coating to cell/dendritic crystal at the middle and the upper portion of the coatings.But there are a number of fishbone-like structure at the middle and the upper portion of clad coating with 40wt%WC-Co doping.The microstructure at the top is smaller than that at the bottom for all the coatings.The maximum of hardness of the clad coatings is 72.3HRC which is about 6.9 as much as the hardness of Q235 steel substrate.The composite coatings have good wear resistance due to the reinforcement of carbide particles and the strong bonding between carbide particles and ferroalloy.The suitable increase of WC-Co doping content can improve the wear resistance of the composite coatings.     

THE INVESTIGATION ON PLASMA ARC TREATMENT OF CHROMIUM PLATED ALLOY STRUCTURE STEEL

The technology of plasma arc was used to modify the interface adhesion between chromium coating and steel substrate. The interface microstructure was studied as a function of plasma arc processing parameters. Microstructure analysis was performed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electron probe. The microhardness distribution along the depth of a cross-section of the chromium coating and the substrate was measured. The results show the energy density of transferred plasma arc is obviously higher than plasma non-transferred arc. The molten interface wasbetween chromium coating and steel substrate obtained by plasma transferred arc. Interfaces between chromium coating and steel substrate can be divided by plasma non-transferred arc into three classes: non-molten, a little molten and molten. Good interface bonding was obtained by proper process parameters. The microhardness of chromium coating decreases with increasing energy density of plasma arc.     

Microstructure and sliding wear behavior of pseudo-alloy PS45/CuAl8 composite coating sprayed by HVAA technique

A pseudo-alloy PS45/CuAl8 composite coating was sprayed on steel substrate by high-velocity activated arc spraying (HVAA) process. Its sliding wear behavior at room temperature was evaluated by M-2000 wear tester. For comparison, a single CuAl8 coating was also prepared and tested under the same conditions. It is found that the pseudo-alloy composite coating consists of α-Cu and γ-Ni metallic matrix phases together with homogenously distributed minor Al 2 O 3 , Cr 2 O 3 oxide phases. Moreover, pseudo-alloy coating possesses much better sliding wear resistance than CuAl8 coating due to the enhanced hardness and microstructural homogenization. Fatigue wear and abrasive wear are responsible for the wear-down mechanism of the pseudo-alloy coating.     

Microstructure and sliding wear behavior of pseudo-alloy PS45/CuA18 composite coating sprayed by HVAA technique

A pseudo-alloy PS45/CuAl8 composite coating was sprayed on steel substrate by high-velocity activated arc spraying (HVAA) process. Its sliding wear behavior at room temperature was evaluated by M-2000 wear tester. For comparison, a single CuAl8 coating was also prepared and tested under the same conditions. It is found that the pseudo-alloy composite coating consists of α-Cu and γ-Ni metallic matrix phases together with homogenously distributed minor A12O3, Cr2O3 oxide phases. Moreover, pseudo-alloy coating possesses much better sliding wear resistance than CuA18 coating due to the enhanced hardness and microstructural homogenization. Fatigue wear and abrasive wear are responsible for the wear-down mechanism of the pseudo-alloy coating.     

Influences of the microstructure on the wear resistance of cobalt-based alloy coatings obtained by plasma transferred arc process

The microstructure, substructure, and wear characteristic of cobalt-based alloy coatings obtained by plasma transferred arc (PTA) process were investigated using optical metallurgical microscope, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and dry sand abrasion tester (DSAT). The aging effect on the structure and wear resistance of the cobalt-based PTA coating was also studied. The results show that the as-welded coating consists of cobalt-based solid solution with face-centered cubic structure and hexagonal (Cr, Fe)7C3. There are a lot of stacking faults existing in the cobalt-based solid solution. After aging at 600℃ for 60 h, the microstructure becomes coarse, and another carbide (Cr, Fe)23C6 precipitates. As a result, the wear mass loss of the aged sample is higher than that of the as-welded sample.     

Microstructure and wear-resistant properties of NiCr–Cr_3C_2 coating with Ni45 transition layer produced by laser cladding

NiCr–Cr3C2 metal–ceramic composite coating is commonly produced on metal substrate by laser cladding to be used as wear-resistant coating under medium- or high-temperature working conditions.The coating has high hardness, generally over three times that of the substrate.In order to make the hardness increase gradually from substrate to coating surface, the nickel-based alloy Ni45 was chosen as the transition layer and Ni Cr–Cr3C2 coating was indirectly cladded on 20Cr2Ni4 A substrate.Microstructure and composition of the coating were characterized by scanning electron microscope(SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy(EDS) and X-ray diffraction(XRD).Microhardness of the cross section of the coating was measured.Friction and wear behavior of Ni Cr–Cr3C2coating and substrate were investigated through sliding against the Si C ball at 20, 100 and 300 °C.The morphologies of worn surfaces were analyzed by SEM and EDS.The results show that the hardness of Ni45 transition layer is between that of the substrate and Ni Cr–Cr3C2coating, which avoids hardness jump and stress concentration of the coating.Ni Cr–Cr3C2coating contains hard phases of Cr3C2 and Cr7C3which enhance the wear resistance.With thetemperature increasing, friction coefficient and wear rate of the substrate increase significantly.Compared with the substrate, Ni Cr–Cr3C2coating has lower friction coefficient and wear rate at 100 and 300 °C, which verifies the good wear resistance of NiCr–Cr3C2 coating.     

Application of reaction nitrogen arc cladding TiCN/ Fe composite coating on cutter of agricultural machinery

In order to solve the high-price and short-lifetime problems of the cutter of agricultural machinery,and improve the wear resistance of the cutter,the TiCN/Fe metal ceramic composite coating was prepared on the substrate of Q235 steel by reaction nitrogen arc cladding technique.The mixture powder of titanium and graphite was preplaced on the Q235 steel surface after inteasive mixing by planetary ball mill and gluing with starch binder.The microstructure and phase of the coatings,interface behavior between coatings and the substrate were investigated by scanning electronic microscope and X-ray diffractometer.The micro-hardness distribution of the coating section was tested by micro-hardness tester.Friction coefficient and wear weight loss were measured by abrasion machine.Wearing surface morphology was investigated by scanning electronic microscope.The results show that an excellent bonding between the coatings and the Q235 steel substrate is ensured by the strong metallurgical interface and phase of the coatings.The coatings are mainly composed of TiCN.The highest microhardness of the coatings reaches 1 089 HV0.2,while the micro-hardness of Q235 steel substrate is only about 286 HV0.2.The anti-abrasive test results show that the wear resistance of the cladding coating is better than that of quenched and tempered 65 Mn steel which is often used as cutter of agricultural machinery.The field test results show that the TiCN/ Fe metal ceramic composite coating prepared by reaction nitrogen arc cladding is feasible to the manufacture and remanufacture of the cutter of agricultural machinery.     

Microstructure and formation mechanism of in-situ TiC-TiB2/Fe composite coating

Steel matrix composite coatings locally reinforced with in situ TiC-TiB2 particulates were prepared by argon arc cladding（AAC） with different mass fractions of Fe and Ti＋B4C powders as the binding materials. The microstructure, micro-hardness and wear resistance were investigated using SEM, XRD, Micro-hardness Tester, and Friction and Wear Tester, respectively. The results show that the main phases of coating are TiC, TiB2 and a-Fe. The excellent metallurgical bonding is formed between the composite coating and substrate. The coating is uniform, continuous and almost defect-free and the particles are dispersively distributed in the cladded coating. Moreover, the formation mechanism was investigated. With the increase of the content of TiC＋TiB2, the micro-hardness and wear resistance are also improved at the room temperature under normal atmosphere conditions.     

Amorphization of Fe38Ni30Si16B14V2 surface layers by laser cladding

Fe38Ni30Si16B14V2 amorphous composite coatings were fabricated by laser cladding on AISI 1045 steel in order to increase the wear resistance. The phase and microstructure of the coatings were analyzed by X-ray diffractometry and transmission electron microscopy. The wear properties of the coatings were also investigated by means of sliding wear test. The results show that the coating consists of amorphous phase in majority and nanocrystalline phase in minority. The amorphous coatings can be obtained while the scanning speed is 3 500 mm/min and the laser power is 4.8 kW. With increase of the laser power, the amorphous phase in the coating increases when it is lower than 4.8 kW. A gradient distribution of the microhardness ranges from Hv0.2 1 208 to Hv0.2 891 in the coating from top surface of the coating to the substrate. The amorphous coating is found to possess better property of wear than AISI 1045 steel substrate.     

STUDY ON PTA CLAD (Cr, Fe)7C3/γ-Fe CERAMAL COMPOSITE COATING

A wear resistant (Cr, Fe)7C3/γ-Fe ceramal composite coating wasfabricated on substrate of a 0.45%C carbon steel by plasma transferred arc (PTA) cladding process using the Fe-Cr-C elemental powder blends. The microstructure, rnicrohardness and dry sliding wear resistance of the coating were evaluated. Results indicate that the plasma transferred arc clad ceramal composite coating has a rapidly solidified microstructure consisting of blocky primary ( Cr, Fe)7C3 and the interblocky ( Cr, Fe)7C3/γ-Fe eutectics and is metallurgically bonded to the 0.45%C carbon steel substrate. The ceramal composite coating has high hardness and excellent wear resistance under dry sliding wear test condition.     

Microstructure and dry sliding wear behavior of Fe2TiSi /γ-Fe/Ti5Si3 composite coating fabricated by plasma transferred arc cladding process

Wear resistant Fe₂TiSi reinforced composite coating with a microstructure consisting of fine Fe₂TiSi primary dendrites uniformly distributed in the super fine γ-Fe/Ti₅Si₃ eutectic matrix was in situ fabricated on a substrate of 0.20%C plain low carbon steel substrate by the plasma transferred arc (PTA) cladding process using Fe-Ti-Si-Cr powders blend as the precursor material. Microstructure of the coating was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). Microhardness along the depth direction of the PTA clad Fe₂TiSi/γ-Fe/Ti₅Si₃ multi-phase composite coating was measured. Room temperature dry sliding wear resistance of the coating was tested. Results showed that the PTA clad Fe₂TiSi/γ-Fe/Ti₅Si₃ composite coating had high and almost uniform hardness distribution along the depth direction of the coating. Under dry sliding wear conditions at an ambient temperature, the PTA clad Fe₂TiSi/γ-Fe/Ti₅Si₃ composite coating exhibited excellent abrasive and adhesive wear resistance.     

Microstructure and oxidation resistance of reactive plasma clad Cr7C3 /γ-Fe ceramic composite coating

A new type oxidation resistance in situ Cr7C3/γ-Fe ceramic composite coating was fabricated on hardened and tempered grade C steel by reactive plasma clad with Fe-Cr-C alloy powders. The oxidation resistance of the ceramic composite coating was investigated under the test condition of 900℃ and 50 hours. The results indicate that the coating has a rapidly solidified microstructure consisting of blocky primary Cr7C3 and the inter-blocky Cr7C3/γ-Fe eutectics and is metallurgically bonded to the hardened and tempered grade C steel substrate. The high temperature oxidation resistance of the coating is up to 1.9 times higher than that of grade C steel. The oxidation kinetics curve of the coating is conforming to the parabolic-rate law equation. The excellent oxidation resistance of the coating is mainly attributed to the continuous oxide films which consist of Cr2O3 and Fe2O3. The continuous oxide films can prevent the inner part of the coating from being further oxidized.     

等离子熔覆TiC/Fe-Cr金属陶瓷复合涂层

以钛铁粉、高碳铬铁粉、硼铁粉、硅铁粉等为原料,利用等离子熔覆技术在Q235钢表面原位反应合成了与基材冶金结合Ti/Fe-Cr金属陶瓷复合涂层.利用SEM,XRD和EDS等分析了涂层的显微组织,并在室温于滑动磨损条件下测试了该涂层的耐磨性能.结果表明,涂层组织由TiC相、初生相Cr7C3、共晶(Cr,Fe)7C3和奥氏体...     

固溶时效对等离子堆焊WCp/18Ni300钢复合涂层组织与性能的影响

采用等离子堆焊技术在Cr5钢表面制备WC增强18Ni300钢复合涂层. 研究添加质量分数为25%和35%的球形WC对堆焊层组织与性能的影响，分析固溶(900 ℃ × 1 h)和时效(490 ℃ × 5 h)处理前后堆焊层的显微组织/相变过程/显微硬度和摩擦磨损性能. 结果表明，在马氏体时效钢粉末中添加WC颗粒影响堆焊层组织和马氏体相变. WC/MS300复合堆焊涂层的显微组织主要以奥氏体为主. 经固溶时效热处理后，基体试样硬度和摩擦磨损性能下降，而WC/MS300试样中γ-F转变为α-Fe，硬度和耐磨性显著改善，添加35%WC试样耐磨性能最佳. 由WC的微观结构演变表明，固溶时效后WC颗粒周围形成厚的扩散层，显著改善了界面结合.     

等离子熔敷TiC/γ-(Fe,Ni)复合涂层组织与耐磨性

为了提高奥氏体不锈钢的耐磨性能,扩大其应用范围,以Ti-C-Fe-Ni混合合金粉末为原料,利用等离子熔敷技术在1Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢表面原位合成了TiC增强耐磨复合涂层。分析了涂层的显微组织结构,测试了涂层沿层深方向的硬度分布,评价了涂层在室温干滑动磨损试验条件下的摩擦磨损性能,结果表明:等离子熔敷TiC金属陶瓷增强复合涂层显微组织细小均匀,由花瓣状和少量颗粒状TiC初生相均匀分布在TiC/γ-(Fe,Ni)共晶基体上组成,涂层与不锈钢基材之间形成了完全冶金结合,涂层平均显微硬度约790 HV,涂层在室温干滑动磨损试验条件下表现出良好的耐磨性及较低的摩擦系数。     

等离子原位合成陶瓷相增强铁基堆焊层

采用等离子堆焊技术,在碳钢基体表面预涂一定混合比例的高碳铬铁、钒铁和石墨,制备原位自生陶瓷相增强铁基堆焊层,并对堆焊层的组织和性能进行测试.结果表明:堆焊层与基体之间形成良好的冶金结合,堆焊层微观组织由马氏体、少量残余奥氏体、(Fe,Cr,V)7C3和VC构成.初生(Fe,Cr,V)7C3呈六边形,晶粒尺寸较大,均匀弥散分布在熔覆层中,VC颗粒呈团聚状或球状,晶粒较细小.堆焊层硬度从基体到表面呈合理的梯度分布,使材料具有较好的耐磨性.     

氩弧熔敷原位自生TiCp/Ni60A复合材料组织和耐磨性

利用氩弧熔敷技术在16Mn钢表面原位合成TiC增强Ni基复合材料耐磨涂层.采用XRD、SEM等手段分析涂层的组织,测试涂层的室温干滑动磨损性能.结果表明:其室温干滑动磨损机制为显微切削磨损,熔敷层与基体呈冶金结合,TiC颗粒均弥散分布于熔敷层中.涂层有较高的硬度,在室温干滑动磨损试验条件下具有优异的耐磨性.     

硼对等离子熔覆高硼铁基合金组织和性能的影响

采用等离子弧熔覆技术在20g钢表面堆焊Fe-Cr-B-C系的铁基复合材料,利用X射线衍射（XRD）,光学显微镜（OM）,扫描电镜（SEM）,洛氏硬度计及湿砂磨损试验机等试验设备进行检测、试验,研究不同硼加入量对熔覆层显微组织与性能的影响规律.结果表明,熔覆层显微组织由过饱和α-Fe枝晶固溶体、枝晶间硼化物共晶组织以及碳化物等组成;熔覆层中硬质相主要有Cr2B,CrB2,Fe2B,Cr7C3,B4C等;随着硼含量的增加,硼化物明显增多,当硼添加量为5%时熔覆层的硬度及耐磨性达到最佳,其硬度值为66.1 HRC,磨损量仅为0.383 g;继续增加硼的添加量,熔覆层的耐磨性能降低.     

Microstructure and Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Fe-Based (Cr, Fe)7C3 Composite Coating Fabricated by PTA Welding Process

Using Cr₃C₂ and Fe-CrNiBSi powder blends as raw materials, an α-Fe matrix composite coating reinforced by in situ (Cr, Fe)₇C₃ rods, with a thickness of about 3.6 mm, was fabricated on the surface of AISI A36 low carbon steel by means of plasma-transferred arc welding. The results of microstructural analysis show that in the coating, a large number of carbides, (Cr, Fe)₇C₃, in rod shape grow, and radiate around some half-dissolved Cr₃C₂ particles. The results of dry sliding wear tests at loads 100, 200, and 300 N show that the wear resistances of (Cr, Fe)₇C₃-reinforced coating, respectively, are about 6.9, 14.9, and 17 times higher than that of nonreinforced pure Fe-CrNiBSi alloy coating; the average value and fluctuation range of friction coefficient (FC) of (Cr, Fe)₇C₃-reinforced coating are less than those of pure Fe-CrNiBSi alloy coating; the main wear mechanisms of pure Fe-CrNiBSi alloy coating are ploughing, deformation, and adhesive wear, whereas those of (Cr, Fe)₇C₃-reinforced coating are microcutting, abrasive, and oxidation wear; the cracks on surfaces of (Cr, Fe)₇C₃ rods increased with the increasing loads; and the matrix α-Fe can prevent them from extending further in the composite coating.