热处理对PH17-4表面堆焊钴基合金后组织及性能的影响

利用等离子堆焊技术在PH17-4马氏体沉淀硬化不锈钢表面堆焊Stellite12钴基合金熔覆层,并在堆焊后对其进行热处理.采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、电子探针(EPMA)、维氏显微硬度计等测试手段,研究了固溶及固溶后时效处理对堆焊层、母材热影响区组织结构及显微硬度的影响.结果表明:焊缝金属与母材间界面熔合良好,堆焊层组织均匀,在母材中靠近熔合线处出现了宽度为2 mm左右的热影响区;焊后进行1 050℃的固溶处理,母材热影响区消失,组织均匀化,堆焊层组织细化,同时显微硬度提高;固溶后分别进行480℃,540℃及620℃的时效处理,母材中有硬质相析出,显微硬度增加,且随着时效温度升高显微硬度降低.     

Ni-Al系金属间化合物光束堆焊层的成形及析出相特征

采用X射线衍射、SEM、EDXS及显微硬度等方法，研究了光束堆焊Ni，Al混合粉末制备的金属间化合物涂层的成形和微观组织特征．结果表明，堆焊层的成形与堆焊材料的比热容量和熔点有关．采用Al含量(原子分数)高于50％或不超过25％的堆焊材料，均可获得成形良好的光束堆焊层，但Al含量过高将使堆焊金属的致密度降低．当堆焊材料中Al含量为50％-75％时，堆焊层全部由金属间化合物(Al1.1Ni0.9，Al3Ni2和Al3Ni)组成；当采用富Ni堆焊材料(不超过25％Al)时，堆焊层中将析出较多的γ-Ni固溶体，得到由γ-Ni和Ni3Al金属间化合物组成的显微组织；而采用富Al堆焊材料(80％Al)将导致堆焊层中析出大量Q—Al，其显微组织为在α—Al (α—Al Al3Ni)亚共晶基底上分布有Al3Ni2金属间化合物相．     

脉冲宽度对超薄TiNi/不锈钢激光焊接头TiNi侧界面的影响

添加Ni做为填充材料是抑制TiNi/不锈钢异种材料激光焊接头裂纹从而实现其良好连接的方法之一,但填充金属Ni与母材TiNi合金的成分差异会形成界面区,焊接热输入对界面区的组织形貌有很大的影响,进而会影响整个接头的力学行为。本文在厚度为0.2mm的TiNi合金/321不锈钢异种材料激光微焊接时,预置Ni做为填充材料,获得了TiNi合金/Ni/321不锈钢激光焊接头,研究了激光脉冲宽度对焊接接头TiNi侧界面的影响。结果表明,不同脉冲宽度下,TiNi合金侧界面区均由宽度不等的TiNi共晶层和TiNi₃金属间化合物层组成;随着脉冲宽度的增加,TiNi共晶层平均宽度逐渐减小,TiNi₃金属间化合物层平均宽度逐渐增加;界面区显微硬度随脉冲宽度的增加逐渐升高。TiNi母材熔化量和Marangoni流动的改变是影响接头该侧界面区宽度及显微硬度的主要原因。     

轴向压力对X65合金钢摩擦堆焊层组织和磨损性能的影响

为拓宽摩擦堆焊的工程化应用,以X65钢作为耗材和基板材料进行了摩擦堆焊工艺试验研究,在选定最优焊速的基础上,主要讨论了轴向压力与堆焊层组织、显微硬度及磨损性能的影响。试验表明:在转速4 000 r/min、堆焊速度200 mm/min、轴向压力在59.7~104.4 MPa范围下可获得冶金连接与成型良好的摩擦堆焊层。随轴向压力增加,堆焊层宽度增加、但厚度减小;过高轴向压力不能增加摩擦堆焊层的有效体积。摩擦堆焊接头主要由堆焊层、热影响区(HAZ)和母材区域组成,与传统摩擦焊缝细小晶粒组织特征不同,摩擦堆焊层主要为粗大板条和粒状贝氏体混合组织特征。HAZ主要由过热区和相变重结晶区组成,过热区主要为贝氏体组织特征,而重结晶区为细小铁素体晶粒组织特征。轴向压力变化对堆焊层组织粗化倾向和HAZ尺寸有较大影响,但对HAZ的组织形态影响不大。不同轴向压力下的堆焊层平均硬度及抗磨损性能均高于母材,与母材比较堆焊层磨损体积最大可降低33.3%。     

等离子堆焊球形碳化钨颗粒增强镍基合金堆焊层的组织与性能

采用等离子堆焊技术在304L不锈钢表面上堆焊碳化钨颗粒增强镍基合金层。研究了不同碳化钨颗粒含量对堆焊层组织形态、显微硬度的影响。结果表明,堆焊层组织包括树枝晶和枝晶间多元共晶组织;堆焊层中初始碳化钨颗粒沉积在堆焊层底部,堆焊层顶部无碳化钨区域出现新的鱼骨状和块状结构。在堆焊过程中,碳化钨颗粒发生熔解并与镍基合金元素相互作用形成低熔点共晶组织,以块状和长片状析出。随碳化钨含量增加,堆焊层平均硬度增加,堆焊层顶部鱼骨状和块状结构对堆焊层硬度没有影响。     

不同镍基合金等离子堆焊层的微观组织及性能

采用等离子弧堆焊技术在1Cr1 8Ni9Ti不锈钢表面分别堆焊Ni40A、Ni50A、Ni60A镍基合金粉末,研究不同镍基合金堆焊层的显微组织、硬度及磨损性能.结果表明,堆焊层基体都是由γ-Ni组成,Ni40A堆焊层中析出相主要是Cr7C3、M23C6、Ni3Si,而Ni50A和Ni60A堆焊层中析出相由CrB、M23(C,B)6、Cr7C3、Cr5B3、Ni3Si组成.Ni60A堆焊层的显微硬度最高,达780HV.耐磨性Ni60A＞Ni50A＞Ni40A.Ni60A堆焊层的摩擦系数最大,而Ni40A和Ni50A差别不大.     

AZ31B镁合金TIG-MIG双弧焊接组织分析

研究了2 mm厚的AZ31B镁合金薄板在TIG-MIG双弧堆焊条件下的工艺特点,利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜等对焊接接头显微组织、焊缝相成分等进行了分析。结果表明,焊接接头主要由母材、热影响区、焊缝区组成。在热影响区和焊缝区之间有较明显的熔合区,该区域由熔池边界半熔化状态的部分冷却而成。由于热循环和焊接冶金作用有大量的析出物(Mg17Al12),因此可以推断此处力学性能较差。焊缝区组织较细,有多种金属间化合物析出。     

不锈钢冷堆工艺对SA-508Gr.3 Cl.1钢裂纹敏感性的影响分析

为了分析不锈钢冷堆工艺对母材裂纹敏感性的影响,采用实际产品堆焊参数进行了堆焊试验,结合裂纹产生机理,分析了合金化学成分及热处理工艺对低合金钢裂纹敏感性的影响。研究表明,SA-508Gr.3 Cl.1钢在SA-508Gr.2 Cl.1钢的基础上,减少了硬化元素含量,严格控制氢含量,降低了再热裂纹和氢致裂纹的敏感性;堆焊前对母材进行预热,堆焊后进行后热处理或消除应力热处理,进一步抑制了母材氢致裂纹的产生。在不预热的情况下进行耐蚀层的堆焊,对低合金钢母材及热影响区的热影响较小。通过磁粉及液体渗透检验,过渡层与母材的交界处及熔合线下3 mm的范围内无显微裂纹等缺陷,不会增加低合金钢母材及热影响区层下裂纹的风险,减少了堆焊层在高温的停留时间,降低了产生硬脆相的可能,使堆焊层质量更加可靠。     

热处理对Stellite12堆焊层-2507双相不锈钢基体组织和硬度的影响

采用等离子堆焊技术在SAF2507双相不锈钢(DSS)表面堆焊Stellite 12 Co基合金熔覆层。通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜和维氏硬度计研究了不同热处理方式对Stellite 12堆焊层-2507 DSS基体体系微观组织和硬度的影响。结果表明,在2507双相钢表面堆焊Stellite 12 Co基合金,热影响区(HAZ)有大量氮化物析出。经1100℃保温1 h水冷,堆焊层热影响区氮化物溶解消失。经空冷和炉冷后,堆焊层热影响区有σ相析出。堆焊层热处理后显微组织变细,且硬度有小幅度增加。     

小孔内壁热丝TIG堆焊Inconel625参数优化研究

为提高油气钻采设备的耐腐蚀性能,采用热丝TIG焊工艺在直径为35 mm、深度为254 mm的AISI8630小孔内壁堆焊Inconel625合金。以堆焊稀释率为指标,运用正交试验法优化堆焊参数。应用OM、EDS及SEM等对堆焊层的显微组织及元素分布进行分析,采用失重法测定堆焊层及母材的腐蚀速率。结果表明:采用优化后的堆焊参数可在AISI8630小孔内壁获得性能良好、无缺陷的堆焊层;堆焊层主要由柱状奥氏体、枝晶和枝晶间共晶组成,熔合线处为平面晶组织,热影响区主要由柱状晶和等轴枝晶组成;从基体到堆焊层合金元素含量迅速增加,堆焊层中合金元素的含量较均匀。Inconel625合金具有较强的耐腐蚀性能,腐蚀速率约为AISI8630的1/6~1/5,堆焊后的小孔工件耐腐蚀性能得到大幅提升。     

RHEOLOGY FEATURE OF SIMPLE METAL MELT

The rheology feature of Sb, Bi melt and alloys was studied using coaxial cylinder high-temperature viscometer. The results showed that the curve of torsion-rotational speed for Sb melt presents a linear relation in all measured temperature ranges, whereas for the Bi melt, the curve presents obvious non-Newtonian feature within the low temperature range and at relative high shear stress. The rheology feature of Sb80Bi20 and Sb20Bi80 alloy melts was well correlated with that of Sb and Bi, respectively. It is considered that the rheology behavior of Sb melt plays a crucial role in Sb80Bi20 alloy and that of Bi melt plays a crucial role in Sb20Bi80 alloy.     

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of a Newly Developed Austenitic Heat Resistant Steel

The effect of heat treatment on the microstructures and mechanical properties of a newly developed austenitic heat resistant steel(named as T8 alloy) for ultra-supercritical applications have been studied. Results show that the main phases in the alloy after solution treatment are γ and primary MX. Subsequent aging treatment causes the precipitation of M_(23)C_6 carbides along the grain boundaries and a small number of nanoscale MX inside the grains. In addition, with increasing the aging temperature and time, the morphology of M_(23)C_6 carbides changes from semi-continuous chain to continuous network.Compared with a commercial HR3C alloy, T8 alloy has comparable tensile strength, but higher stress rupture strength. The dominant cracking mechanism of the alloy during tensile test at room temperature is transgranular, while at high temperature, intergranular cracking becomes the main cracking mode, which may be caused by the precipitation of continuous M_(23)C_6 carbides along the grain boundaries. Typical intergranular cracking is the dominant cracking mode of the alloy at all stress rupture tests.     

The 15th Global Foundry Sourcing Conference 2014held in Qingdao China

Organized by Suppliers China Co., Ltd and co-organized by the National Technical Committee 54 on Foundry of Standardization Administration of China, the 15th Global Foundry Sourcing Conference 2014 （hereinafter referred to as FSC 2014） was successfully held on Sep. 23rd in Grand Regency Hotel, Qingdao. More than 500 delegates from home and abroad attended this conference, including over 130 purchasers from 20 countries and 380 domestic and foreign suppliers.     

Secondary Recrystallization Behaviors of Grain-Oriented 6.5 wt% Silicon Steel Sheets Produced by Rolling and Nitriding Processes

By rolling and nitriding processes, 0.23- to 0.3-mm-thick grain-oriented 6.5 wt% silicon steel sheets were produced. The core losses of grain-oriented 6.5 wt% silicon steel at frequencies ranging from 400 Hz to 20 k Hz were lower than that of the grain-oriented 3 wt% silicon steel with the same thickness by 16.6–35.8%. The secondary recrystallization behavior was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and electron backscattered diffraction. The results show that the secondary recrystallization in high-silicon steel sheets develops more completely as the nitrogen content increases after nitriding, secondary recrystallized grain sizes become larger, and the sharpness of Goss texture increases. Because more {110}116 grains in the subsurface and the central layer of the sheets have a lot of 20°–45° high-energy boundaries in addition to Goss grains, {110}116 can be the main component through selective growth during secondary recrystallization when the inhibitor quantity is not enough and inhibitor intensity is weaker. The increases in nitrogen content can increase the inhibitor intensity and hinder abnormal growth of a mount of {110}116 grains and therefore enhance the sharpness of Goss texture.     

LASER CLADDED TiCN COATINGS ON THE SURFACE OF TITANIUM

Laser cladded coatings of TiCN were produced on the surface of titanium. To obtain the optimal techniques, several conditions were tested by varying the laser scanning rate. The choice of shielding gas was also studied. The cladded coatings were then evaluated from the surface mechanics point of view based on their microhardness. The microstructure of some interesting samples was investigated by optical micrographs (OM). The results showed that under the condition of fixed pulse frequency and pulse width, the laser scanning rate and the shielding gas are the main factors influencing the components of coatings. TiCN coatings were decompounded and oxidized during the cladding process in the condition of no shielding gas of N2. X-ray diffraction results indicated that the composite coatings composed of TiCN, TiC, Ti2N, and TiO2 were produced using appropriate techniques. The results indicated that the best condition in terms of the surface microhardness is obtained when the scanning rate is 1.5mm / s, the pulse frequency is 15Hz, the pulse width is 3.0ms, and N2 is chosen as the shielding gas. The microhardness of the composite coatings is about 1331kg · mm - 2, which is about 4 times that of the substrate. The optical micrographs indicated that the cladding zone is made up of TiCN, TiO2, and some interdendritic Ti, but the diffusion zone mainly consists of the dendrites phase, and the cladded depth is about 80m, which is more than 2 times that of the laser nitrided sample. There were no microcracks or air bubbles in the cladded sample, which was cladded using the above optimal techniques.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of X80 Pipeline Steel Joints by Friction Stir Welding Under Various Cooling Conditions

X80 pipeline steel plates were friction stir welded(FSW) under air, water, liquid CO_2 + water, and liquid CO_2 cooling conditions, producing defect-free welds. The microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of these FSW joints were studied. Coarse granular bainite was observed in the nugget zone(NZ) under air cooling, and lath bainite and lath martensite increased signifi cantly as the cooling medium temperature reduced. In particular, under the liquid CO_2 cooling condition, a dual phase structure of lath martensite and fi ne ferrite appeared in the NZ. Compared to the case under air cooling, a strong shear texture was identifi ed in the NZs under other rapid cooling conditions, because the partial deformation at elevated temperature was retained through higher cooling rates. Under liquid CO_2 cooling, the highest transverse tensile strength and elongation of the joint reached 92% and 82% of those of the basal metal(BM), respectively, due to the weak tempering softening. A maximum impact energy of up to 93% of that of the BM was obtained in the NZ under liquid CO_2 cooling, which was attributed to the operation of the dual phase of lath martensite and fi ne ferrite.     

INDUSTRY NEWS

China Securities News reported on March 21, 2014： Guangdong Hongtu Wuhan Die Casting Co., Ltd. （Wuhan Hongtu）, a wholly owned subsidiary of Guangdong Hongtu Technology （Holdings） Co., Ltd., held a groundbreaking ceremony recently. With the registered capital of 50 million Yuan, Wuhan Hongtu has a total land area of 100,000 square meters and a plant construction area of 72,000 square meters. It is expected to have a production capacity of about 30,000 tonnes of aluminum castings annually after it is put into production.     

Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of Extruded Mg–Zn–Ag Alloys with Single-Phase Structure

Mg–Zn–Ag alloys have been extensively studied in recent years for potential biodegradable implants due to their unique mechanical properties,biodegradability and biocompatibility.In the present study,Mg–3Zn-x Ag(wt%,x=0.2,0.5 and0.8)alloys with single-phase crystal structure were prepared by backward extrusion at 340°C.The addition of Ag element into Mg–3Zn slightly influences the ultimate tensile strength and microstructure,but the elongation firstly increases from12%to 19.8%and then decreases from 19.8%to 9.9%with the increment of Ag concentration.The tensile yield strength,ultimate tensile strength and elongation of Mg–3Zn–0.2Ag alloy reach up to 142,234 MPa and 19.8%,respectively,which are the best mechanical performance of Mg–Zn–Ag alloys in the present work.The extruded Mg–3Zn–0.2Ag alloy also possesses the best corrosion behavior with the corresponding corrosion rate of 3.2 mm/year in immersion test,which could be explained by the single-phase and uniformly distributed grain structure,and the fewer twinning.     

STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF PULSE ELECTRODEPOSITED RE-Ni-W-P-SiC COMPOSITE COATINGS

The effects of pulse frequency f and duty cycle r on the deposition rate, composition, morphology, and hardness of pulse electrodeposited RE （rare earth）-Ni-W-P-SiC composite coatings have been studied. The results indicate that pulse current can improve the deposition rate of RE-Ni-W-P-SiC composite coatings; W, P, and SiC contents in the coating decrease with the increase of pulse frequency and reach the lowest value at f = 33Hz, whereas the RE content in the composite coatings increases with the increase of pulse frequency. SiC content decreases with the increase of duty cycle, W content reaches the lowest value, and P content reaches the highest value at r = 0.4; pulse current and RE can lead to smaller size of the crystalline grains; however, the effects of different pulse frequency and duty cycle on the morphologies of RE-Ni-W-P-SiC composite coatings are not obvious. The hardness of RE-Ni-W-P-SiC composite coatings is the highest when the duty cycle is at 0.6 and 0.8 and pulse frequency is at 50Hz. At the same pulse frequency, the hardness of RE-Ni-W-P-SiC composite coatings at r= 0.8 is higher than that at r= 0.6.