80W-Cu合金力学行为的拉压不对称性研究

在不同加载应变率下,对熔渗法制备的80W-Cu合金进行压缩和拉伸力学性能研究,对比分析应力状态对80W-Cu合金力学行为的影响规律。结果表明,80W-Cu合金在准静态和动态加载条件下的力学行为均具有明显的拉压不对称性,在压缩加载条件下80W-Cu合金具有良好的塑性,而在拉伸加载条件下材料的塑性极差。微观分析表明,80W-Cu合金具有高的钨-钨连接度,在拉伸加载时钨-钨界面极易发生开裂,导致材料破坏,因此塑性变形能力极差;而在压缩加载时钨骨架发生坍塌变形,塑性良好的铜在压应力的作用下发生延性流动,填充到钨-钨界面之间,从而使材料具有良好的塑性变形能力     

C_f/Al复合材料横向拉伸微观损伤与力学性能的有限元分析

根据石墨纤维增强铝基复合材料(C_f/Al基复合材料)显微组织特征构建了其代表性体积单元(RVE),通过基体合金的延性损伤模型和纤维的最大应力失效模型,建立了基于内聚力界面模型的细观力学有限元模型并结合试验结果验证了其可靠性,在此基础上分析了纤维含量对复合材料横向拉伸损伤演化与力学行为的影响。结果表明,基于正六边形纤维排布RVE建立的细观力学模型能够准确预测复合材料横向拉伸力学性能。横向拉伸过程中首先发生界面损伤,随应变增加界面损伤累积,引起局部界面失效并诱发附近基体合金的损伤与失效,最终导致复合材料横向开裂,拉伸断口呈现界面脱粘和基体合金撕裂共存的微观形貌。提高纤维含量增加了界面数量和面积,从而降低了复合材料横向拉伸弹性模量和极限强度。     

W—Ni—Fe合金力学性能的研究

研究了钨基合金中钨的含量与其显微组织、断裂方式及力学性能之间的关系。结果表明，随着钨含量的增加，钨邻接值增加．合金的抗拉强度增加；当钨含量到达一定值后，强度可达最高，再增加钨含量，强度则急剧下降。     

90W-7Ni-3Fe合金拉伸力学行为的应变率效应

采用CMT4105拉伸试验机对烧结态90W-7Ni-3Fe(90W)合金进行准静态拉伸试验;在较高应变率条件(1600~2000s-1)下,采用套筒加载直拉式Hopkinson拉杆对90W合金进行动态拉伸试验,研究90W合金在不同加载应变率下的拉伸性能及破坏机制。结果表明,在拉伸加载条件下,90W合金具有明显的应变率效应,随着应变率的增加,强度显著提高,材料断裂时的真实应变下降,断裂前吸收的总能量下降。90W合金的破坏机制由钨-钨界面开裂向钨颗粒解理断裂转变。     

液相烧结W—Ni—Cu重合金的大气应力腐蚀

本文从实验和理论方面,研究了液相烧结W—Ni—Cu重合金的大气应力腐蚀,分析了应力腐蚀开裂行为,提出了合金大气应力腐蚀的电化学模型以及应力腐蚀的微观机理。实验表明,合金发生大气应内腐蚀开裂,与合金的材料因素、应力因素和环境因素有关,合金中裂纹尖端的H~+的浓度、Cl~-的浓度、Cu—Ni固溶体中镍、钨的偏析程度以及残留应力的状态等,是影响合金应力腐蚀开裂的重要因素。实验还表明,减少和避免环境因素的影响,细化合金中的钨晶粒度,是提高合金抗应力腐蚀开裂能力的有效途径。     

放电等离子烧结的Ta-W合金的组织和性能研究

以钽粉、锡粉为原料,采用放电等离子烧结技术制备了含钨量为2.5%、5. 0%和7. 5%(质量分数)的钽钨合金。借助于拉伸试验、扫描电镜、显微硬度计和X射线衍射检验了钽钨合金的显微组织、力学性能、致密度及断口形貌。结果表明,部分钨固溶于合金中,随着钨含量的增加,钽钨合金的晶粒减小,硬度升高,相对致密度下降,抗弯强度、抗拉强度和屈服强度先升高后下降。     

93W与98W粉末冶金材料摩擦焊接头性能及组织分析

为了充分利用93W钨合金和98W钨合金两种粉末冶金材料各自独特性能优势,开发基于这两种钨合金的复合材质是非常必要的.采用自主研制的HSMZ-10型摩擦焊机,利用优选的焊接工艺参数,将93W钨合金和98W钨合金在主轴转速为2 000r/min,摩擦变形量为5 mm,摩擦压力为30 MPa,顶锻压力为60 MPa,摩擦顶锻变形速率为20 mm/s的条件下,通过摩擦焊接方法成功地实现了焊接,并对接头和母材进行了金相组织分析和力学性能检测分析.结果表明,接头力学性能良好,无未焊透等焊接缺陷;93W和98W粉末冶金材料之间无成分均一化现象,焊缝的强度大于母材.     

多晶材料细观力学建模与模拟软件的开发与应用

Thermal Prophet-RVE是最近自主开发的一款基于实际微观组织数据的多晶材料细观力学模拟软件。本文着重对其软件架构、基本功能及技术特点进行介绍,并模拟了铁素体/马氏体双相钢生产过程马氏体相变引起的变形和双相组织在拉伸载荷作用下的细观力学行为。结果表明,基于材料实际微观组织数据构建的微结构模型能够高度还原组织相组成以及晶粒之间的几何拓扑关系,由此建立的细观力学模型能够对多晶材料在复杂热力耦合作用下的变形行为以及整体力学性能进行可靠预测。     

冷轧两相钨合金的硬化和织构

研究了两种W-Ni-Fe合金在室温下纵向轧制和横向轧制的组织、显微硬度、织构及断裂特性。合金是由粉末压坏经液相烧结方法制备的。用专门的方法在拉伸试样侧面刻上显微线条,用来研究拉伸过程中材料的流动特性。轧制时的真实变形为1.42～1.75。上述两类合金都是均匀变形,在钨-钨及钨-粘结剂界面上没有观察到切变。合金的硬化都遵循抛物线规律。这可能与可动位错和位错群(forest dislocation)之间的长程交互作用有关。     

Influences of Contents and Reaction of Carbon and Oxygen on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Sintered 93W-4.6Ni-1.9Fe-0.5Co Alloys

采用具有不同碳氧含量的初始粉末,利用真空液相烧结制备93W-4.6Ni-1.9Fe-0.5Co合金试样,研究碳氧含量的变化及其平衡反应对合金力学性能与组织的影响。结果表明,压坯在真空高温烧结过程中,原料自身含有的碳具有较强的脱氧能力,通过碳氧反应可减少合金中的氧、碳含量,阻止氧化物、碳化物夹杂的生成,在钨颗粒与粘接相之间形成牢固的界面。当合金总氧含量低于500μg/g时,合金的力学性能显著提高。     

Microstructural control of and mechanical properties of mechanically alloyed tungsten heavy alloys

93W-5.6Ni-l.4Fe tungsten heavy alloys with controlled microstructures were fabricated by mechanically alloying of elemental powders of tungsten, nickel and iron by two different process routes. One was the full mechanical alloying of blended powders with a composition of 93W-5.6Ni-l.4Fe, and the other was the partial mechanical alloying of blended powders with a composition of 30W-56Ni-14Fe followed by blending with tungsten powders to form a final composition of 93W-5.6Ni-l.4Fe. The raw powders were consolidated by die compaction followed by solid state sintering at 1300°C for 1 hour in a hydrogen atmosphere. The solid state sintered tungsten heavy alloys were subsequently liquid phase sintered at 1445∼1485°C for 4-90 min. The two-step sintered tungsten heavy alloy using mechanically alloyed 93W-5.6Ni-l.4Fe powders showed tungsten particles of about 6-15 μm much finer than those of 40 um in a conventional liquid phase sintered tungsten heavy alloy. An inhomogeneous distribution of the solid solution matrix phase was obtained in the two-step sintered tungsten heavy alloy using partially mechanically alloyed powders. The two-step sintered tungsten heavy alloy using mechanically alloyed 93W-5.6Ni-l.4Fe powders showed larger elongation of 16% than that of 1% in the solid state sintered tungsten heavy alloy due to the increase in matrix volume fraction and decrease in W/W contiguity. Dynamic torsional tests of the two-step sintered tungsten heavy alloys showed reduced shear strain at maximum shear stress than did the sintered tungsten heavy alloys using the conventional liquid phase sintering.     

Impact and dynamic deformation behavior of mechanically alloyed tungsten heavy alloy

93W-5.6Ni-l.4Fe tungsten heavy alloy was fabricated by mechanical alloying process using elemental powders of tungsten, nickel and iron, followed by sintering at temperatures of 1445~1485°C under hydrogen atmosphere. The tungsten heavy alloy sintered using mechanically alloyed powders showed finer tungsten particles about 5~18 μm with high density above 99% at shorter sintering time than that fabricated by conventional liquid-phase sintering process. Charpy impact energy of mechanically alloyed tungsten heavy alloy increased with increasing the matrix volume fraction and with decreasing the W/W contiguity. The high strain rate dynamic deformation behavior of tungsten heavy alloys using torsional Kolsky bar test exhibited different fracture modes dependent on microstructure. While the brittle intergranular fracture mode was dominant when the tungsten particles were contiguously interconnected in tungsten heavy alloys solid-state sintered below 1460°C, the ductile shear fracture mode was dominant when the tungsten particles were surrounded by ductile matrix phase in tungsten heavy alloys liquid-phase sintered above 1460°C.     

W+Co+C(碳黑)制备板状晶硬质合金及其性能研究

采用经球磨扁平化处理的W粉末为原料,添加适量Co、C(碳黑)、成型剂及纳米W粉制备板状晶硬质合金,研究了烧结温度、时间和添加纳米W粉,对板状晶硬质合金显微组织结构和性能的影响。结果表明,球磨预处理中颗粒W粉末可获得扁平化程度高的薄片状W粉末,以其为原料制备的WC-12%Co(质量分数)板状晶合金相对密度达97%,合金硬度呈现出明显的各向异性;添加纳米W粉或提高烧结温度、延长烧结时间,均有利于压坯烧结收缩致密化,生成更多的板状WC晶粒。     

Properties and microstructural evolution of W-Ni-Fe alloy via microwave sintering

The mechanical properties and microstructure evolution of 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe (wt.%) alloys were investigated via microwave sintering. The microwave sintering promoted the dissolution and diffusion of tungsten atoms in the matrix phase and strengthened sintering activity. With the increase of microwave sintering temperature, pores in the alloy were reduced and gradually eliminated, tungsten grains coarsened, the distribution of tungsten grains and matrix phase became more homogeneous, and the fracture mode transformed from intergranular fracture to tungsten transgranular cleavage fracture, respectively. The W-matrix interfacial bond strength of 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe was enhanced and the mechanical properties were significantly improved with the increase of sintering temperature.     

New insights into the accelerated sintering of tungsten with trace nickel addition

In Ni-doped W alloys, 1–4 wt% of Ni was often employed to accelerate densification in conventional sintering process but at the expense of restricted service temperatures because of formation of liquid phase. To break the dilemma, in this work 0.1 wt% Ni was alloyed into W matrix and achieved 98% relative density. The densification and grain growth behaviors of both pure and nickel doped tungsten compacts were investigated, in which a potential new accelerated sintering mechanism by solid-solution alloying was explored. First-principles calculations demonstrated the transition barrier for vacancies in W system was lowered by 34% upon Ni doping. This alloying process therefore was beneficial for lattice diffusion of tungsten that, in turn, improved the sintering performance and service abilities of tungsten-nickel alloy.     

Effects of tungsten particle shape and size on dynamic deformation and fracture behavior of tungsten heavy alloys

Dynamic torsional tests were conducted using a torsional Kolsky bar for five alloys, one of which was fabricated by double-cycled sintering process, and then the test data were compared via microstructures, mechanical properties, adiabatic shear banding, and fracture mode. The double-sintered tungsten alloy specimen whose tungsten particles were very coarse and irregularly shaped showed cleavage fracture in the central area of the gage section with little shear deformation, whereas shear deformation was concentrated in the central area of the gage section in the other alloys. The deformation and fracture behavior of the double-sintered alloy correlated well with the observation of the impacted penetrator specimen and thein situ fracture test results,i.e., microcrack initiation at coarse tungsten particles and cleavage crack propagation through tungsten particles. These findings suggested that the cleavage fracture mode would be beneficial for the serf-sharpening effect and, thus, the improvement of the penetration performance of the double-sintered tungsten heavy alloy would be expected.     

Microstructure and properties of liquid-phase sintered tungsten heavy alloys by using ultra-fine tungsten powders

The microstructure and properties of liquid-phase sintered 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe tungsten heavy alloys using ultra-fine tungsten powders (medium particle size of 700 nm) and original tungsten powders (medium particle size of 3um) were investigated respectively. Commercial tungsten powders (original tungsten powders) were mechanically milled in a high-energy attritor mill for 35 h. Ultra-fine tungsten powders and commercial Ni, Fe powders were consolidated into green compacts by using CIP method and liquid-phase sintering at 1465℃ for 30 rain in the dissociated ammonia atmosphere. Liquid-phase sintered tungsten heavy alloys using ultra-fine tungsten powders exhibit full densification (above 99% in relative density) and higher strength and elongation compared with conventional liquidphase sintered alloys using original tungsten powders due to lower sintering temperature at 1465℃ and short sintering time. The mechanical properties of sintered tungsten heavy alloy are found to be mainly dependent on the particles size of raw tungsten powders and liquid-phase sintering temperature.     

Effect of predeformation on semi-solid microstructure of ZK60＋RE magnesium alloy

Microscopical techniques were used to provide the semi-solid microstructure evolutions of ZK60+RE alloys formed by compression and equal channel angular extrusion(ECAE), respectively. It is found that after compression and ECAE, as-cast microstructures exhibit an obvious directional characteristic. The predeformation exerts a significant influence on the formation of thixotropic microstructures during partial remelting. Coalescence and Ostwald ripening are operative in the semi-solid mixture for both compression and ECAE formed alloys. Furthermore, the degree of spheroidization of ECAE formed alloy is better than that of compression formed alloy in appearance.     

A comparative study of spark plasma sintering and hybrid spark plasma sintering of 93W–4.9Ni–2.1Fe heavy alloy

Mixed 93W–4.9Ni–2.1Fe powders were sintered via the spark plasma sintering (SPS) and hybrid spark plasma sintering (HSPS) techniques with 30 mm and 60 mm samples in both conditions. After SPS and HSPS, the 30 mm and 60 mm alloys (except 60 mm-SPS) had a relative density (> 99.2%) close to the theoretical density. Phase, microstructure and mechanical properties evolution of W–Ni–Fe alloy during SPS and HSPS were studied. The microstructural evolution of the 60 mm alloys varied from the edge of the sample to the core of the sample. Results show that the grain size and the hardness vary considerable from the edge to the core of sintered sample of 60 mm sintered using conventional SPS compared to hybrid SPS. Similarly, the hardness also increased from the edge to the core. Furthermore, the 60 mm-HSPS alloy exhibited improved bending strength of 1115 MPa when compared to that of 60 mm-SPS, 920 MPa. The intergranular fracture along the W/W grain boundary is the main fracture modes of W–Ni–Fe, however in the 60 mm-SPS alloy peeling of the grains was also observed which diminished the properties. The mechanical properties of SPS and HSPS 93W–4.9Ni–2.1Fe heavy alloys are dependent on the microstructural parameters such as tungsten grain size and overall homogeneity.