β相水淬对Zr-4合金在LiOH水溶液中耐腐蚀性能的影响

采用β相水淬处理后再经480-600℃保温2-200 h的工艺,研究了β相水淬对Zr-4合金在360℃/18.6 MPa和0.01 mol/L LiOH水溶液中腐蚀行为的影响;用TEM和HRSEM分别观察了合金的显微组织和氧化膜断口形貌.结果表明:β相水淬时控制合适的冷却速率,避免残留β-Zr的生成,提高固溶在α-Zr基体中Fe和Cr含量,Zr-4合金也可获得与Zr-Sn-Nb合金一样优良的耐腐蚀性能.但当β相水淬速率过快时,由于残留β-Zr的存在使Zr-4合金的耐腐蚀性能降低;而随后进行480-600℃退火处理,随着退火温度的升高和退火时间的延长,β相水淬快冷样品的耐腐蚀性能得到明显改善,这主要与残留β-Zr的分解有关.     

添加Nb对Zr-4合金在500℃过热蒸汽中耐腐蚀性能的影响

用高压釜腐蚀实验研究了在Zr-4合金成分基础上添加0.1%-0.3%(质量分数)Nb的合金在500℃/10.3MPa过热蒸汽中的耐腐蚀性能,用TEM和SEM分别观察了合金的显微组织和氧化膜断口形貌,结果表明.合金在500℃/10.3 MPa过热蒸汽中腐蚀500 h均未出现疖状腐蚀.完全抑制了疖状腐蚀的产生,这与Nb在αZr中的固溶量较大有关.固溶在αZr中的Nb能抑制疖状腐蚀斑的形核,提高耐疖状腐蚀性能;合金耐均匀腐蚀性能随着Nb含量的增加而降低,这与Nb的添加降低了固溶在α-Zr中的(Fe+Cr)含量有关,也与Zr(Fe,Cr.Nb)_2第二相的析出有关.这2种因素都会加快氧化膜显微组织在腐蚀过程中的演化,促进孔隙和微裂纹的形成.     

Zr-2.5Nb合金中β-Nb相的氧化过程

Zr-2.5Nb合金经β相水淬、冷轧变形及580℃,50 h退火处理,在静态高压釜中进行500℃/10.3 MPa的过热蒸汽腐蚀实验.HRTEM观测表明,580℃,50 h退火处理的锆合金析出了颗粒细小(<100 nm)的β-Nb第二相,其数量较多,分布较均匀.β-Nb相的氧化速率比锆合金基体缓慢,在氧化过程中首先生成NbO_2,呈现晶态和非晶态的混合组织,然后转变成非晶态占主导的氧化物,最后流失到腐蚀介质中.     

锆合金在550℃，25MPa超临界水中的腐蚀行为

选用了Zr-4，N18（NZ2），N36（NZ8）和M5等4种比较典型的锆合金，在口相水淬及变形后，经过580℃，5h和650℃，2h的热处理，用静态高压釜腐蚀试验研究了锆合金样品在550℃，25MPa超临界水中的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明，4种合金样品的耐腐蚀性能差别明显，Zr-4合金会发生疖状腐蚀，而含Nb的N18（NZ2），N36（NZ8）和M5是均匀腐蚀。获得数量多，分布均匀的纳米尺度的第二相颗粒，对改善锆合金在超临界水中的耐腐蚀性能是有利的，但远不如合金成分的影响巨大。调整合金成分是改善锆合金耐超临界水腐蚀性能的主要途径。     

Cu在Zr-2.5Nb-0.5Cu合金及其腐蚀生成氧化膜中的存在形式

用电子显微镜研究了合金元素Cu在Zr-2.5Nb-0.5Cu合金及其腐蚀生成氧化膜中的存在形式。合金基体中的元素Cu主要以四方结构的CuZr2第二相形式存在,CuZr2相中会富集杂质元素Fe。合金经过550℃,25MPa超临界水条件深度腐蚀后,伴随着合金基体发生的H致β相变,CuZr2第二相也发生了相消溶、扩散及凝聚长大过程。在腐蚀生成的氧化膜中,合金元素Cu以非晶氧化物的形式存在于氧化锆的晶界。     

Zr-2.5Nb合金在500℃/10.3MPa过热蒸汽中腐蚀形成的O/M界面特征的APT研究

合金耐腐蚀性能的差异被认为是合金表面形成的具有保护作用的氧化物结构差异所导致的。为了表征氧化层的微结构,利用原子探针层析技术(APT)和扫描电镜(SEM)研究了Zr-2.5Nb合金在500℃/10.3 MPa过热蒸汽中腐蚀16 h后,其氧化膜/基体(O/M)界面处的三维原子分布和显微组织。结果表明:在Zr O2生成之前,存在Zr/O比接近1的氧化物前驱相; Zr O层中Nb的含量很低,位于该氧化层中的β-Nb第二相中的Nb元素几乎不向外扩散,Fe元素偏聚在Zr O2与Zr O层界面处;β-Nb第二相的抗氧化性能高于基体,Fe元素偏聚在氧化后的β-Nb第二相与基体的界面处。     

Zr-0.7Sn-1Nb-0.03Fe-xCu-xGe(x=0,0.05,0.2)合金在400℃/10.3MPa过热蒸汽中耐腐蚀性能的研究

利用静态高压釜腐蚀实验研究了Zr-0.7Sn-1Nb-0.03Fe-x Cu-x Ge(x=0,0.05,0.2,%,质量分数)系列合金在400℃/10.3 MPa过热蒸汽中的耐腐蚀性能;利用TEM和SEM分别观察了合金基体和氧化膜的显微组织。结果表明:同时添加0.05%Cu和0.05%Ge时,可以改善Zr-0.7Sn-1Nb-0.03Fe合金在400℃/10.3 MPa过热蒸汽中的耐腐蚀性能。合金显微组织的TEM观察和EDS分析表明:合金中存在4种第二相,分别是bcc结构的β-Nb,hcp结构的Zr(Nb,Fe)2,四方结构的Zr2Cu和Zr3Ge。本研究制备的Zr-0.7Sn-1Nb-0.03Fe-x Cu-x Ge合金中,Cu和Ge在α-Zr基体的最大固溶含量均小于0.05%,两种元素同时添加改变了单一元素添加时元素在α-Zr基体中的固溶度和第二相的析出。腐蚀220 d时氧化膜的形貌表明:固溶在α-Zr基体中的Cu和Ge可以延缓氧化膜中显微组织的演化,从而改善了合金的耐腐蚀性能。     

Zr-Sn-Nb合金的腐蚀行为研究

研究了我国开发的Zr-Sn-Nb合金（N18和N36）在360℃、18.6MPa含LiOH高温高压水，400℃和500℃、10.3MPa过热蒸汽中的腐蚀行为。结果表明，两种合金试样在500℃腐蚀500h未出现疖状腐蚀，而Zr-4合金在4h就出现疖状腐蚀；在400℃腐蚀245d后，N18试样的增重低于Zr-4，而N36怕增重高于Zr-4；在360℃含LiOH的高温高压水中腐蚀300d，两种合金试样的增重只有Zr-4的16％－25％。N18合金不仅在高温高压水中而且在过热蒸汽中都具有优良的抗腐蚀性能。在Zr-Sn系合金中加入适量的Nb，一部分固溶在α-Zr中可以抵抗C、N等杂质对腐蚀性能的有害影响，另一部分形成第二相均匀弥散分布在合金中可明显降低合金在高温水和过热蒸汽（500℃）中的氧化速率。氧化膜／金属界面处的氧化膜生长存在不均匀性，转折后氧化膜的不均匀生长更明显。     

固溶时效处理对TiZrNb合金组织和性能的影响

采用X射线衍射仪、光学显微镜、扫描电镜、硬度测试和拉伸试验等方法研究了固溶时效处理对Ti-25Zr-25Nb合金的显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:在750℃保温30 min水淬后,合金发生再结晶,并且发生了β+α″→β的相变过程,锻造态中的α″马氏体相完全转变为β相;随后450℃时效处理,合金显微组织中β相晶界出现部分"融合"现象,同时发生了β→β+α的相变过程,此时显微硬度、抗拉强度和伸长率达到了最大值,分别为356 HV、814 MPa和10.5%;进一步升高时效温度到550℃和600℃,合金的显微硬度、抗拉强度和伸长率均随之降低。450℃和500℃时效处理后的合金的拉伸断口呈现韧性断裂,而在550℃和600℃时效处理后,断口呈现为典型的脆性断裂。     

变形及热处理影响Zr-4合金显微组织的研究

Zr- 4 合金样品经1 020 ℃保温20 min后水淬处理,形成了一些富集Fe和Cr的片层状β-Zr相(bcc结构),a=0.362 nm.其中Fe含量约为3.65 wt%,Cr含量约为0.61 wt%,Sn含量约为1.57 wt%.该β-Zr相经变形及580 ℃热处理后分解,形成α-Zr和细小的、带状分布的Zr(Cr,Fe)2第二相,所以Zr- 4合金经β相水淬、变形及热处理后也可得到细小且分布较均匀的第二相.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

Rheology Feature of Simple Metal Melt

The rheology feature of Sb, Bi melt and alloys was studied using coaxial cylinder high-temperature viscometer. The results showed that the curve of torsion-rotational speed for Sb melt presents a linear relation in all measured temperature ranges, whereas for the Bi melt, the curve presents obvious non-Newtonian feature within the low temperature range and at relative high shear stress. The rheology feature of Sb80Bi20 and Sb20Bi80 alloy melts was well correlated with that of Sb and Bi, respectively. It is considered that the rheology behavior of Sb melt plays a crucial role in Sb80Bi20 alloy and that of Bi melt plays a crucial role in Sb20Bi80 alloy.     

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of a Newly Developed Austenitic Heat Resistant Steel

The effect of heat treatment on the microstructures and mechanical properties of a newly developed austenitic heat resistant steel(named as T8 alloy) for ultra-supercritical applications have been studied. Results show that the main phases in the alloy after solution treatment are γ and primary MX. Subsequent aging treatment causes the precipitation of M_(23)C_6 carbides along the grain boundaries and a small number of nanoscale MX inside the grains. In addition, with increasing the aging temperature and time, the morphology of M_(23)C_6 carbides changes from semi-continuous chain to continuous network.Compared with a commercial HR3C alloy, T8 alloy has comparable tensile strength, but higher stress rupture strength. The dominant cracking mechanism of the alloy during tensile test at room temperature is transgranular, while at high temperature, intergranular cracking becomes the main cracking mode, which may be caused by the precipitation of continuous M_(23)C_6 carbides along the grain boundaries. Typical intergranular cracking is the dominant cracking mode of the alloy at all stress rupture tests.     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

The 15th Global Foundry Sourcing Conference 2014held in Qingdao China

Organized by Suppliers China Co., Ltd and co-organized by the National Technical Committee 54 on Foundry of Standardization Administration of China, the 15th Global Foundry Sourcing Conference 2014 （hereinafter referred to as FSC 2014） was successfully held on Sep. 23rd in Grand Regency Hotel, Qingdao. More than 500 delegates from home and abroad attended this conference, including over 130 purchasers from 20 countries and 380 domestic and foreign suppliers.     

Secondary Recrystallization Behaviors of Grain-Oriented 6.5 wt% Silicon Steel Sheets Produced by Rolling and Nitriding Processes

By rolling and nitriding processes, 0.23- to 0.3-mm-thick grain-oriented 6.5 wt% silicon steel sheets were produced. The core losses of grain-oriented 6.5 wt% silicon steel at frequencies ranging from 400 Hz to 20 k Hz were lower than that of the grain-oriented 3 wt% silicon steel with the same thickness by 16.6–35.8%. The secondary recrystallization behavior was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and electron backscattered diffraction. The results show that the secondary recrystallization in high-silicon steel sheets develops more completely as the nitrogen content increases after nitriding, secondary recrystallized grain sizes become larger, and the sharpness of Goss texture increases. Because more {110}116 grains in the subsurface and the central layer of the sheets have a lot of 20°–45° high-energy boundaries in addition to Goss grains, {110}116 can be the main component through selective growth during secondary recrystallization when the inhibitor quantity is not enough and inhibitor intensity is weaker. The increases in nitrogen content can increase the inhibitor intensity and hinder abnormal growth of a mount of {110}116 grains and therefore enhance the sharpness of Goss texture.     

Laser Cladded TiCN Coatings on the Surface of Titanium

Laser cladded coatings of TiCN were produced on the surface of titanium. To obtain the optimal techniques, several conditions were tested by varying the laser scanning rate. The choice of shielding gas was also studied. The cladded coatings were then evaluated from the surface mechanics point of view based on their microhardness. The microstructure of some interesting samples was investigated by optical micrographs (OM). The results showed that under the condition of fixed pulse frequency and pulse width, the laser scanning rate and the shielding gas are the main factors influencing the components of coatings. TiCN coatings were decompounded and oxidized during the cladding process in the condition of no shielding gas of N2. X-ray diffraction results indicated that the composite coatings composed of TiCN, TiC, Ti2N, and TiO2 were produced using appropriate techniques. The results indicated that the best condition in terms of the surface microhardness is obtained when the scanning rate is 1.5mm / s, the pulse frequency is 15Hz, the pulse width is 3.0ms, and N2 is chosen as the shielding gas. The microhardness of the composite coatings is about 1331kg · mm - 2, which is about 4 times that of the substrate. The optical micrographs indicated that the cladding zone is made up of TiCN, TiO2, and some interdendritic Ti, but the diffusion zone mainly consists of the dendrites phase, and the cladded depth is about 80?滋m, which is more than 2 times that of the laser nitrided sample. There were no microcracks or air bubbles in the cladded sample, which was cladded using the above optimal techniques.     

Effect of Short-Time Aging on the Pitting Corrosion Behavior of a Novel Lean Duplex Stainless Steel 2002

The effect of short-time aging in the temperature range between 400 and 1000 °C on the pitting corrosion behavior and mechanical property of a novel lean duplex stainless steel(LDSS) 2002 was investigated through the potentiostatic critical pitting temperature(CPT) tests and the Charpy impact tests. Both the pitting corrosion resistance and the toughness of aged specimens degraded due to the precipitation of detrimental secondary phases and the most significant reduction of CPT and impact energy emerged at 650 °C concurrently. The CPT of LDSS 2002 specimen aged at 650 °C decreased by 28 °C, and the impact energy dropped from 69 to 29 J/cm~2 compared with the solution-annealed sample. Transmission electron microscopy characterization showed that the main precipitates in LDSS 2002 were Cr_2N and M_(23)C_6 along the ferrite–austenite grain boundaries.     

Information for Contributors

正The Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,founded in 1991 and sponsored by The Nonferrous Metals Society of China,is published monthly now and mainly contains reports of original research which reflect the new progresses in the field of nonferrous metals science and technology,including mineral processing,extraction metallurgy,metallic materials and heat treatments,metal working,physical metallurgy,powder metallurgy,with the emphasis