碳氮共渗及渗后喷丸对低碳钢疲劳极限的影响

用内部疲劳极限概念，定量分析了碳氮共渗及渗后喷丸对低碳钢疲劳极限的影响，提出了预测疲劳极限和优化工艺准则。     

碳氮共渗及渗后喷丸对低碳钢疲劳极限的影响

用内部疲劳极限概念，定量分析了碳氮共渗及渗后喷丸对低碳钢疲劳极限的影响，提出了预测疲劳极限和优化工艺准则。     

喷丸强化综合效应理论的工业应用

根据喷丸强化综合效应理论，全面考虑材料的表面疲劳极限、喷丸残余应力场以及表面粗糙度的作用，提出了预测喷丸件疲劳极限的总体方案和优化喷丸的γ准则。最后以40Cr钢的喷丸处理和疲劳试验对方案和准则作了验证。结果表明，本方案能够预测疲劳源位置、疲劳极限和优化喷丸规范。     

汽车用高强度弹簧钢54SiCrV6和54SiCr6 的超高周疲劳行为

研究了54SiCrV6和54SiCr6两种洁净高强弹簧钢的超高周疲劳行为，并利用FESEM和EPMA对疲劳断口进行了观察．实验结果表明，在高应力幅区，两种弹簧钢的疲劳破坏均起源于表面基体；而在低应力幅长寿命区，疲劳开裂均发生在试样内部．54SiCrV6钢的S-N曲线为典型的台阶式曲线，在10^9循环周次内，其疲劳极限消失；而54SiCr6钢存在疲劳极限．疲劳断口分析表明，54SiCrV6钢内部破坏是由钢中小夹杂物聚集引起的，而在54SiCr6钢中则起源于碳化物的偏聚．临界夹杂物尺寸的估算表明，当高强弹簧钢中的夹杂物尺寸大于临界夹杂物尺寸时，其疲劳极限消失．     

表面强化对A-100钢带孔构件疲劳性能的影响

对超高强度钢A-100带孔构件进行喷丸和孔挤压等表面强化处理,对比在相同试验条件下的疲劳性能,计算分析表面强化延寿增长系数和疲劳极限的提高幅度,获得了超高强度钢A-100带孔构件疲劳的应力集中特性与表面强化改性效果。结果表明,A-100超高强度钢具有很高的应力集中敏感性;表面强化可显著延长带孔构件的疲劳寿命和提高其疲劳极限,表面强化效果主要取决于表面强化层内的残余压应力;疲劳断口分析表明表面强化构件的疲劳源不再位于孔边而是在孔边与内部的过渡部位。由于孔挤压强化在引入较深残余压应力的同时还可以改善孔边的粗糙度,因此其强化效果优于喷丸强化。喷丸和挤压分别使疲劳极限提高了35%和38%,有效缓解了孔边应力集中对疲劳性能的不利影响。     

表面完整性对40Cr钢性能的影响

采用电火花表面强化和喷丸强化改变40Cr钢的表面完整性,用升降法测定了10^7循环周次下试样的疲劳极限,用滚动磨损试验评定了试样的耐磨性。结果表明,两种表面强化方法均使试样的表面粗糙度发生变化并且产生残余压应力。喷丸强化使疲劳极限提高12％,电火花表面强化使疲劳极限提高20％;电火花表面强化试样的耐磨性明显高于磨加工、喷丸强化试样的耐磨性。     

疲劳裂纹萌生的微细观过程与内部疲劳极限理论

通过对现有的各种疲劳裂纹萌生模型的分析以及对表面形变哟化材料疲劳裂纹萌生现象的大量观察与分析，发现现有形核理论有若干不足。为此，提出了新的“疲劳裂纹萌生微细观过程理论”，并进而提出了表征金属材料疲劳性能的又一个新的特征能量－“内部疲劳极限”。     

ZMl Mg合金的表面滚压强化SCIEI

研究了表面滚压对ＺＭ１Ｍｇ合金疲劳强度和疲劳缺口敏感度的影响。结果表明，滚压可使其光滑疲劳极限提高５７％，缺口疲劳极限提高２００％，大大降低疲劳缺口敏感度，使ｑ出现负值。ｈｃｐ的ＺＭ１Ｍｇ合金滚压时以滑移和孪生方式变形和形变强化，引入高的残余压应力，有利于提高缺口疲劳极限和降低疲劳缺口敏感度。     

基于红外热像法的SUS301L-Q235B异种材料点焊接头疲劳强度快速评定

借助高性能红外热像仪对SUS301L-Q235B异种材料点焊接头的SUS301L不锈钢侧熔核及塑性环表面局部热点进行监测，建立了异种材料点焊接头温升斜率与疲劳极限间的定量关系，提出了一种基于温升斜率转折点预测异种材料点焊接头疲劳极限的方法. 结果表明，SUS301L-Q235B异种材料点焊接头向Q235B侧发生了较严重的熔核偏移，导致不锈钢侧承载能力降低；点焊接头在高频循环剪切拉伸作用下，SUS301L不锈钢侧熔核及塑性环表面热点表现出“4个阶段”的温度演化特征；利用红外热像法预测的疲劳极限为5.569 kN，采用传统阶梯法试验获得的疲劳极限为5.875 kN，预测值与试验值之间的误差为5.21%，具有较高的一致性. 所提出的疲劳极限快速预测方法能够克服传统疲劳试验方法的局限性，实现异种材料点焊接头疲劳极限的非接触、非破坏快速预测，具有重要的工程意义和科研价值.     

回火温度对42CrMo钢超高周疲劳行为的影响

利用超声疲劳试验方法研究了不同回火温度对汽车轴用42CrMo调质钢疲劳性能的影响以及其裂纹萌生机理。结果表明,42CrMo调质钢的疲劳S-N曲线在106~109cyc范围内存在平台,490℃回火后109cyc的疲劳极限为600 MPa,520℃回火后109cyc的疲劳极限为550 MPa。SEM断口观察表明42CrMo钢在高应力水平下疲劳裂纹倾向于在表面萌生,应力在疲劳极限附近疲劳裂纹倾向于在内部Al2O3夹杂处萌生,疲劳后材料中的碳化物明显增加。TEM结果显示经过疲劳后屈氏体中板条的尺寸从原始的237 nm降低为138 nm。同时定量分析了夹杂尺寸与疲劳极限和疲劳寿命的关系。     

The role of electrochemical factors in the initial stage of fatigue-corrosion destruction of stainless steels

The corrosion-fatigue destruction of stainless steels of different classes is studied. It is shown that a decrease in their endurance limit in chloride media is determined by their structure, rather than chemical composition and strength. Based on the electrochemical studies of cyclic-deformed steel samples, their additional deformation dissolution during the period of cracks initiation was calculated. An electrochemical criterion of the susceptibility of corrosion-resistant steels to a corrosion fatigue is suggested and its characteristic analytical formula is derived. The criterion is based on the mutual correlation between the metals’ relative deformation-dissolution at the strain equal to the fatigue limit on one hand and the degree of decrease in their endurance under the effect of environment on the other. The occurrence of physical limit of the corrosion fatigue for passive metals is demonstrated. A nondestructive method of determining the corrosion fatigue limit of corrosion-resistant steels, based on the change in the sign of polarizing current is developed, and accelerates the tests by a factor of 10–15. Original Russian Text ? V.I. Pokhmursky, M.S. Khoma, 2007, published in Zashchita Metallov, 2007, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 268–275.     

SURFACE YIELD STRENGTH AND FATIGUE LIMIT FOR STEELS

The surface yield strength(σ_(ms))for various carbon steels was studied by means of X-raydiffraction method.The results showed that it is.far below the bulk yield strength,and is theresistance against plastic deformation in the surface layer.The smooth fatigue limit is associ-ated with crack initiation which is a result of accumulation of plastic deformation.Experimen-tal results showed the relation of smooth fatigue limit for 50% survival with σ_(ms)is σ_(ms)=0.81tO 1.02 σ_(-1)for different steels.The smooth fatigue limit of a medium carbon steel for 99.9%survival with σ_(ms)is σ_(ms)=0.98 tO 1.10 σ_(-1).It is less expensive and time consuming to measureσ_(ms)than σ_(-1).     

两种不同碳含量铁素体+珠光体型非调质钢的缺口高周疲劳破坏行为

采用旋转弯曲疲劳实验和疲劳裂纹扩展速率实验研究了两种不同碳含量的铁素体+珠光体型非调质钢30MnVS和49MnVS的光滑样和缺口样(应力集中系数Kt=4)的高周疲劳破坏行为。结果表明,缺口对实验钢的疲劳极限具有显著的影响,30MnVS和49MnVS钢缺口样的疲劳极限较光滑样降低了约69%,呈现出较高的疲劳缺口敏感性。与49MnVS钢相比,30MnVS钢的光滑疲劳极限提高了11.0%,缺口疲劳极限提高了8.5%,但30MnVS钢的疲劳缺口敏感性及疲劳裂纹扩展速率均略高。两种实验钢的疲劳裂纹往往萌生于试样或缺口根部表面基体组织中的铁素体/珠光体边界,并优先沿着该边界扩展。实验结果及文献数据的拟合分析表明,可采用Kt的二次多项式拟合公式来简便地计算Kf值。     

INVESTIGATION OF INFLUENCE OF HYDROGEN ATTACK ON FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF PRESSURE VESSEL STEELS

1.IntroductionLowalloysteelsexposedtohydrogenatmoderatepressuresandtemperaturessufferalossinmechanicalandfatigueproperties.Thisphenomenon,calledhydrogenattack(HA)['],isduetothemethanegeneratedbychemicalreactioll:abC. 2H2~ac ACHe.Methaneformationmayoccureitheratafreesurface(surfacedecarburization)oratinternalsiteinthemetal(internaldecarburiatioll)suchasgrainboundariesanddefects.Internalmethaneisunabletodiffuseoutofthesteel,anditmaybllildupintheinterllalvoidsandgrainboundaries,growandcoalesce…     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of laser welded dissimilar DP600/DP980 dual-phase steel joints

The use of dual phase (DP) steels in the automobile industry unavoidably involves welding and dynamic loading. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the microstructural change and mechanical properties of laser welded dissimilar DP600/DP980 steel joints. The dissimilar joints showed a significant microstructural change from nearly full martensite in the fusion zone (FZ) to the unchanged ferrite-martensite dual-phase microstructure in the base metal. The welding resulted in a significant hardness increase in the FZ but the formation of a soft zone in the heat-affected zone (HAZ). The dissimilar welded joints were observed to exhibit a distinctive unsymmetrical hardness profile, yield-point-like phenomenon, and single-stage work hardening characteristic, with yield strength and work hardening rate lying in-between those of DP600 and DP980 base metals, and ultimate tensile strength equivalent to that of DP600 base metal. Although the welded joints showed a lower fatigue limit than the base metals, the fatigue life of the welded joints at higher stress amplitudes was almost the same as that of the DP600 base metal. The welded joints failed in the soft zone at the DP600 side under tensile loading and fatigue loading at the higher stress amplitudes. Fatigue crack initiation occurred from the specimen surface and crack propagation was characterized by typical fatigue striation together with secondary cracks.     

300M钢疲劳热耗散的试验研究

研究了300M钢疲劳损伤过程中的热耗散和温度演化规律,测试了300M钢在热处理和未经热处理状态下力学性能和疲劳性能。试验结果显示:经过热处理的300M钢其拉伸性能和疲劳性能都有显著提高,且在拉伸以及疲劳损伤过程中,温度升高更为明显。两种处理方式的试件显现出不同的热耗散规律。根据疲劳损伤过程中温度演化规律估算了疲劳极限σ-1,与试验值吻合很好,为快速确定300M钢的疲劳极限提供了一个方法。     

Another mechanism for fatigue strength improvement of metallic parts by shot peening

Fatigue crack source in shot-peened specimens may be located either at the surface or in the interior, beneath the hardened layer. In this paper, the mechanism for fatigue strength improvement of shot-peened specimens with internal fatigue crack source was studied. Un-peened and shot-peened specimens made of quenched and low-temperature tempered 40CrNi2Si2Mo2V steel were used. The fatigue crack source in shot-peened specimen is found in the interior beneath the hardened layer. X-ray diffraction analyses of both kinds of specimen fatigue tested at stress equal to their apparent fatigue limit show that obvious changes have taken place in the surface layer for un-peened specimens, while for shot-peened specimens, such changes are observed in the sub-surface layer beneath the hardened layer. The calculated actual critical stress at the fatigue source position (the “internal fatigue limit”) for shot-peened specimen is about 138% of the (surface) fatigue limit of un-peened specimen. According to an analysis about the micromeso-processes of fatigue crack initiation in metals, a concept of “internal and surface fatigue limits of metal” has been proposed. It is believed that the fatigue crack source transfers into the interior, Also, the internal fatigue limit of metal is higher than its surface fatigue limit, and is another mechanism for the improvement of apparent fatigue limit of shot-peened specimen.     

Effect of the cutting process on the fatigue behaviour of press hardened and high strength dual phase steels

Press hardened 22MnB5 steels are steady broadening their applications in vehicles since they allow to meet the increasing demands for weight reduction and safety standards. Press hardened parts have been typically applied as structural reinforcements where high rigidity and crash resistance are required. However, the need for further weight reductions in vehicles leads to potential applications in chassis areas, where parts must face up to cyclic loads. The fatigue behaviour of the press hardened 22MnB5 steel and the effect that post-forming processes (such as trimming or punching that usually follows press hardening) on the fatigue behaviour is scarcely known. Thus, the aim of this work is to analyse the fatigue behaviour of 22MnB5 press hardened steels cut using different strategies. The fatigue limit has been obtained in tensile samples of 22MnB5 with an Al–Si coating. Samples were cut by laser and shearing with two different clearance values. Results are compared to those obtained with a high drawing quality mild steel and a dual phase steel with a tensile strength of 1000 MPa, DP1000. It is shown that the fatigue behaviour of press hardened 22MnB5 steels and DP1000 is governed by the defects introduced in cut edges, while the behaviour of the mild steel is almost independent of the cut edge quality. This finding indicates that high strength steels are markedly sensitive to pre-existent defects, such as burr, cracks at the cut edge or surface cracks, and they can be considered as low damage tolerant steels. On the contrary, mild steels are highly damage tolerant, i.e. the fatigue life is mainly independent of the initial defect size. In press hardened 22MnB5, even when cut edges have a high surface quality, the fatigue limit is still limited by the presence of cracks in the brittle Al–Si coating. Crack propagation due to the low damage tolerance capacity of the press hardened steel has been successfully rationalized through a fracture mechanics approach. Thus, if coated press hardened 22MnB5 steels are to be applied in vehicle components subjected to cyclic loads, they must be designed following fracture mechanics concepts to state the safe loading conditions for adequate fatigue resistance.     

疲劳裂纹萌生的微细观过程与内部疲劳极限理论

通过对现有的各种疲劳裂纹萌生（形核）模型的分析以及对表面形变强化材料疲劳裂纹萌生现象的大量观察与分析,发现现有形核理论有若干不足。为此,提出了新的“疲劳裂纹萌生微细观过程理论”,并进而提出了表征金属材料疲劳性能的又一个新的特征参量——“内部疲劳极限”。根据提出的新理论,可对目前许多难以理解的疲劳现象,给出较圆满的解释。