应力三轴度对316LN钢临界损伤值的影响

利用Gleeble-1500D热模拟机对316LN钢做温度1 050℃、应变速率0.5s-1的高温拉伸试验,试样尺寸Φ10mm×121.5mm,缺口半径分别为0.5mm、1mm、2mm和4mm,得到不同缺口半径试样的真应力-真应变曲线。通过数值模拟得到试样初始拉伸时的应力三轴度最大值及空洞形核时的临界损伤值,结果表明,缺口试样的临界损伤值随应力三轴度的增大而增大,即应力三轴度越大,裂纹越不容易萌生。通过对实验数据和模拟结果的回归分析,建立应力三轴度与空洞形核应变的定量关系模型。     

不同应变速率和缺口尺寸对316LN高温断裂行为的影响

针对核电设备零部件在热成形过程中产生的裂纹缺陷,采用热力学实验方法及微观组织观察,研究了应变速率ε(1、0.1、0.01、0.001s-1)和缺口半径(1、2、4 mm)对316LN不锈钢高温断裂行为的影响。结果表明,在同一温度(T=1200℃)、不同应变速率下,断裂应变ε_f随ε的减小而减小,微裂纹发生几率增加。此外,应变速率影响着断裂行为,较小ε下,以沿晶方式断裂;较大ε下,以沿晶和穿晶的混合方式断裂。同一温度同一应变速率(T=1200℃,ε=0.01 s-1)下,峰值应力σp和稳态应力σs随缺口半径的增大而降低;对比光滑和不同缺口半径试样断口微观组织,微裂纹随缺口半径的增大,发生的几率降低,而缺口半径对断裂模式没有影响。     

应力三轴度对7050铝合金热塑性成形损伤和晶粒尺寸的影响

在应变速率为0.01～10s-1、温度为423～623K下,采用Gleeble1500热物理模拟机并结合有限元法对7050铝合金进行单轴拉伸试验与模拟,分别确定了该材料流变应力、动态再结晶及热塑性损伤的模型参数。然后,基于布里奇曼(Bridgman)法建立了不同缺口半径的7050铝合金圆棒拉伸有限元分析模型,研究了不同温度条件下应力三轴度对7050铝合金热塑性成形损伤的影响。最后,利用DEFORM-3D软件模拟了该合金在不同应力三轴度下的晶粒长大规律。结果表明,在相同温度下,塑性损伤值随应力三轴度的增大而增加,当应力三轴度高于0.7后,塑性损伤值基本保持稳定;在相同应力三轴度下,塑性损伤值随温度的升高而降低,当温度高于523K以后,塑性损伤值基本保持稳定;随应力三轴度的增加晶粒尺寸先减小后增加。     

AZ80镁合金热模拟压缩变形的实验研究

采用Gleeble-1500D热模拟实验机,对AZ80镁合金在250℃～450℃之间,应变速率为0.001s-1、0.01s-1、0.1s-1、1s-1、5s-1进行热模拟压缩变形,对试样宏观形貌与变形温度和应变速率进行了分析,分析了流变应力与应变速度和温度的关系,结果表明:AZ80镁合金的压缩热变形属于动态再结晶型,镁合金的变形抗力随着变形温度的上升而减小,塑性随着变形温度的增加而有所提高。随变形温度的升高和应变速率的减小,流变应力峰值向应变减小的方向移动,同一变形速率下,变形温度越高所对应的应力值越低。     

应力三轴度和罗德参数对铝合金材料韧性断裂的影响

大量研究表明应力三轴度对韧性断裂有重要影响。然而,最新研究表明,与应力偏张量第三不变量相关的罗德参数也是影响韧性断裂的重要因素。采用7075铝合金制成的缺口圆棒和凹槽平板试样分析了应力三轴度和罗德参数对韧性断裂的影响及相应的微观机理。通过准静态拉伸试验和数值模拟得到应力三轴度、罗德参数及失效轨迹,同时利用扫描电镜分析了试样不同应力状态下的空穴演化规律。结果表明,应力三轴度和罗德参数对破坏应变有重要影响,并且罗德参数的影响随应力三轴度的增加而降低。断口分析表明,孔洞的尺寸随着应力三轴度的增大而减小,不同罗德参数的空穴形态明显不同。二级孔洞的成核速率和生长程度也受罗德参数的影响。     

应力三轴度对7075铸态铝合金断裂应变的影响研究

基于ABAQUS/Explicit有限元平台,以有限元仿真为主,并结合室温下的准静态拉伸试验,研究了应力三轴度对7075铸态铝合金断裂应变的影响,建立了可靠的7075铸态铝合金单向拉伸断裂预测模型,进而采用正交回归分析建立了7075铸态铝合金断裂应变与应力三轴度的关系模型。结果表明,在室温下,单向拉伸速率为0.004 mm·s~(-1)时,每个试样在缺口处断裂应变最大,而应力三轴度最小;在断裂临界点,缺口处的应变随着缺口半径R的增大逐渐增大,由缺口处向两端逐渐减小;应力三轴度随着缺口半径R的增大逐渐减小,且由缺口处向两端逐渐增大;7075铸态铝合金断裂应变随着应力三轴度的增大而减小;断裂应变与应力三轴度成反比例关系。     

颗粒增强金属基复合材料的断裂应变

研究了应力三轴度、温度、应变速率对颗粒增强金属基复合材料(PRMMCs)断裂应变的影响.结果显示,高温下PRMMCs的断裂应变对应力三轴度非常敏感,断裂应变和应力三轴度的指数函数exp(1.5?σm/)成反比关系.高温断裂应变值随应变速率的增加呈抛物线形式下降,而随温度的降低呈线性减小.断口分析显示,高温变形时,材料韧窝的直径随应力三轴度的增大而减小;室温拉伸应力三轴度与韧窝的大小无关.     

温度及应变速率对结构钢变形行为的影响

利用热/力学模拟试验机,对40Cr钢进行了变形温度为950、760、710℃,应变速率为0.1、0.5、10、30 s-1,应变量为0.7的热模拟单向单道次压缩试验.分析了试样热变形后的最大直径、横向最大真应变以及变形过程中的最大应力.结果表明,随着变形温度的降低,应变真应力明显上升,试样变形不均匀程度略有增加;40Cr钢在应变速率为10 s-1及以上时,试样变形不均匀程度明显,且不均匀程度随应变速率的增加而增大.     

40CrNiMo钢高温拉伸变形行为和组织演变规律

采用光滑和缺口拉伸试样进行不同温度(950、1050和1150 ℃)和不同应变速率(0.5、1.0和5.0 s^-1)的高温拉伸试验,研究了40CrNiMo钢在高温拉伸时的力学性能变化、微观组织演变以及塑性损伤形成机理,分析了不同应力三轴度对高温塑性损伤的影响。结果表明,提高变形温度或降低应变速率会降低峰值应力;应变速率从0.5 s^-1增大至5 s^-1,晶粒大小不均匀程度增加,材料更容易产生塑性损伤;变形温度从950 ℃提高到1150 ℃,晶粒尺寸增大近3倍;损伤经历形核、长大并形成微裂纹3个步骤,应力三轴度与缺口半径成负相关关系,应力三轴度的增大会加剧塑性损伤的发生,使得拉伸试件的断裂应变值降低。在车轴实际轧制过程中,在保证一定生产效率的前提下,可以通过尽可能减小楔横轧模具的成形角,并适当增大展宽角的方法,来降低材料塑性变形时内部各处的动态应力三轴度值,降低损伤发生的概率。     

TC27钛合金的热变形行为及加工图

通过Thermecmaster-Z热模拟试验机，对TC27钛合金在变形温度900~1 150 ℃和应变速率0.01~10 s-1范围内进行等温恒应变速率热压缩实验，压缩变形量为50%。结果表明，流变应力随应变的增加迅速增大，达到峰值后随应变的增加而减小，最后趋于相对稳定。流变应力随着温度的增加而减小，随着应变速率的增加而增大。TC27钛合金加工图有2个耗散效率峰值区，一个是900 ℃/0.01 s-1，此区域变形时出现动态回复；另一个峰值区为1 050 ℃/0.01 s-1，此区域变形时出现再结晶。     

基于熵模型镀锡银钎料钎焊性能的定量表征

以BAg50CuZn钎料和BAg34CuZnSn钎料为基材，采用镀覆扩散组合工艺制备了两类镀锡银钎料，利用综合热分析仪、润湿试验炉、万能拉力试验机测定镀锡银钎料的熔化温度区间、润湿面积及钎焊接头抗拉强度，建立了钎料润湿熵和接头强度熵的数学模型，并与熔炼合金化制备的相同Sn含量的传统钎料进行对比. 结果表明，与相同Sn含量的传统钎料相比，镀锡银钎料的润湿熵值更小、强度熵值略高. 同等Sn含量条件下，镀锡银钎料和传统钎料润湿熵值的变化趋势，与对应钎料在316LN不锈钢表面的润湿面积随Sn含量的变化趋势基本一致，强度熵值的变化趋势与对应钎料钎焊316LN不锈钢接头的抗拉强度随Sn含量的变化趋势几乎吻合；润湿熵和强度熵的模型在一定程度上可定量预测镀锡银钎料的钎焊工艺性和接头力学性能.     

Temperature Dependence of Tensile Behaviors of Nitrogen-Alloyed Austenitic Stainless Steels

The temperature dependence of tensile behaviors of two nitrogen-alloyed austenitic stainless steels, an annealed 316LN steel and a high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steel (Fe-Cr-Mn-0.66% N), was investigated by tensile test at different temperatures from 293 K down to 77 K. It was found that strength of the two steels increased with decrease of temperature. With a decrease in temperature, the uniform elongation increased for the 316LN steel, whereas it increased followed by a decrease for the high-nitrogen steel. A three-stage hardening behavior occurred in the 316LN steel, but not in the high-nitrogen steel, with decrease of temperature. The strain-induced martensite transformation in the 316LN steel could retard void nucleation and increase the strain-hardening rate, resulting in much higher tensile stress and higher uniform elongation of 316LN steel. It was analyzed that stacking fault energy of the high-nitrogen steel decreased with decrease of temperature, which promoted the twinning and planar slipping in the steel, and resulted in brittle fracture at cryogenic temperatures.     

316LN钢ESR材料热变形行为及高温塑性本构方程

为了研究铸态316LN钢ESR材料的高温变形行为,建立铸态316LN钢ESR材料高温塑性本构方程,采用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机对316LN钢进行等温压缩试验,研究了316LN钢ESR材料在变形温度为900~1200℃、应变速率为0.001~1 s~(-1)、最大变形量为55%条件下热变形行为,并测得相应的流动应力-应变曲线。结果表明,在高变形温度、低应变速率的条件下,更有利于动态再结晶的发生。通过对试验数据进行多元线性拟合计算,得到了316LN钢的热变形激活能,建立了316LN钢ESR材料的高温塑性本构方程。     

Corrosion behavior and tensile properties of AISI 316LN stainless steel exposed to flowing sodium at 823 K

Austenitic stainless steel of the grade AISI 316 LN was exposed to flowing sodium in a loop at 823 K for 6,000 h to examine the corrosion and mass-transfer behavior. The specimens were incorporated in specially designed sample holders in the loop. These were retrieved and examined by various metallurgical techniques. Specimens were also subjected to thermal aging in the same sample holder to aid in separating the consequences of exposure to sodium from those cause by mere thermal effects. Microstructural investigations have revealed that thermal aging caused the precipitation of carbides at the grain boundaries. Exposure to sodium caused the leaching of elements such as chromium and nickel from the specimen. Loss of nickel from the austenite phase promoted the generation of ferrite phase. Microhardness investigation revealed the hardening of the sodium-exposed surface. Analysis using an electron Probe Microanalyzer revealed that the surface of the steel was both carburized and nitrided. Tensile tests indicated that there is no appreciable difference in the yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the thermally aged and sodium-exposed specimens when compared with the material in the as-received condition. However, the thermally aged and sodium-exposed specimens showed a decrease in the uniform elongation and total elongation at rupture, perhaps due to carburization and nitridation.     

316LN奥氏体不锈钢的高温流变行为与本构模型

利用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对锻造态316LN不锈钢进行了等温热压缩试验,研究了应变速率为0.001～1 s^-1、变形温度为1223～1523 K、压缩变形量为65%条件下材料的高温流变行为,建立了流变应力本构模型,并将其应用于Deform-3D软件平台,通过导入新材料数据,考虑界面摩擦等尺寸仿真了热模拟试验结果。结果表明:相同应变速率下,随着变形温度升高,316LN奥氏体不锈钢的压缩应力逐渐减小;相同变形温度下,随着应变速率增加,材料的压缩应力逐渐增大;且在真应力-真应变曲线中,随应变量增大,压应力在后期逐渐达到一个稳定值;考虑界面摩擦因数,并利用Arrhenius本构模型进行变形模拟仿真说明了本构方程和仿真模型的有效性和可靠性,可为316LN不锈钢材料的工程应用提供研究基础和理论依据。     

Dynamic tensile strength and failure mechanisms of thermally treated sandstone under dry and water-saturated conditions

To study the tensile strength and failure mechanisms of rock with hydro-thermal coupling damage under different loading rates, a series of static and dynamic splitting tests were conducted on thermally treated sandstone under dry and water-saturated conditions. Experimental results showed that high temperatures effectively weakened the tensile strength of sandstone specimens, and the P-wave velocity declined with increasing temperature. Overall, thermal damage of rock increased gradually with increasing temperature, but obvious negative damage appeared at the temperature of 100 °C. The water-saturated sandstone specimens had lower indirect tensile strength than the dry ones, which indicated that water−rock interaction led to secondary damage in heat-treated rock. Under both dry and water-saturated conditions, the dynamic tensile strength of sandstone increased with the increase of strain rate. The water-saturated rock specimens showed stronger rate dependence than the dry ones, but the loading rate sensitivity of thermally treated rock decreased with increasing treatment temperature. With the help of scanning electron microscopy technology, the thermal fractures of rock, caused by extreme temperature, were analyzed. Hydro-physical mechanisms of sandstone under different loading rate conditions after heat treatment were further discussed.     

热处理22MnB5钢的力学响应及本构建模

22MnB5钢冷轧板材分别在750、850和950 ℃保温30 min水淬后,进行了应变速率分别为0.0005、0.001、0.01和0.1 s^-1的室温拉伸试验。结果表明:随着热处理温度的升高,试验钢的微观组织中板条状马氏体含量增加,其屈服强度和抗拉强度也显著提升;随着应变速率的增加,试验钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度呈现先增加后减小的趋势;最后基于Voce本构模型,通过引入Johnson-Cook本构的应变速率项,构建了可以描述22MnB5钢在不同热处理工艺和应变速率下力学行为的本构方程,其相关系数(R)和平均相对误差(AARE)分别为0.993和3.15%。     

Effect of friction stir and activated-GTA welding processes on the 9Cr–1Mo steel to 316LN stainless steel dissimilar weld joints

ABSTRACT

The consequence of friction stir welding (FSW) and activated-gas tungsten arc welding (A-GTAW) processes on the evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties of 9Cr–1Mo (P9) steel to 316LN stainless steel dissimilar weld joint is investigated. The FSW specimen shows considerably higher tensile strength (～652?MPa) compared to A-GTAW specimen (～595?MPa) as well as its base metal of P9 (～642?MPa) and 316LN (～608?MPa) owing to the formation of tempered martensite and refined austenite in P9 and 316LN weld portion, respectively. The cross-weld tensile test revealed that the specimens failed in the base metal of 316LN SS for both FSW and A-GTAW process with ductile mode fracture. This study proves that FSW could be an alternate joining technique.     

大气环境下1180MPa级超高强钢延迟开裂寿命研究

通过对试验钢进行拉深成形模拟超高强钢实际应用时的应力、应变状态,研究了盐雾和大气环境下DP1180钢、MS1180钢和QP1180钢这3种1180 MPa级超高强汽车薄板钢拉深冲杯试样的延迟开裂寿命。试验结果表明:在盐雾条件下,DP1180钢的抗延迟开裂性能最好,QP1180钢的抗延迟开裂性能最差;但大气环境下,DP1180钢的抗延迟开裂性能最好,MS1180钢的抗延迟开裂性能最差,最易出现延迟开裂。在大气环境下,超高强钢在拉应力和拉应变与环境中氢的共同作用下易出现延迟开裂现象,并且首次发现冲杯试样在最大拉应力、最大拉应变的杯底外表面边缘处开裂。此外,在试验钢中存在岛状马氏体和块状铁素体组织,有利于降低其延迟开裂敏感性。