TiN和TiAlN涂层刀具铣削铝锂合金表面质量试验对比研究

目的 比较TiN和TiAlN涂层刀具加工铝锂合金的切削性能和表面质量。方法 使用硬质合金、TiN涂层和TiAlN涂层三种刀具，对2198-T8型铝锂合金进行干式铣削试验。改变切削因素的水平，比较刀具磨损、铝锂合金的表面粗糙度、切削力和切屑形态。结果 铣削铝锂合金时，刀具主要磨损为粘附磨损，TiN涂层的粘附程度最低，硬质合金次之，TiAlN涂层表面粘附最严重，切削效能最低。粘附磨损严重影响铣削成形的表面粗糙度，并使铣削力增加。铣削速度是影响工件表面粗糙度的主要因素，通过提高铣削速度可明显降低材料的粘结程度，降低表面粗糙度与铣削力，TiN涂层在铣削铝锂合金时最小表面粗糙度可达到0.5 μm以下。在相同的切削参数下，TiN涂层断屑均匀，切屑表面较为光滑，切屑塑性变形最小。硬质合金刀具产生的切屑尺寸较短，切屑表面有少量带状条纹，TiAlN涂层刀具产生的切屑发生了严重的塑性变形。结论 与TiAlN涂层和硬质合金刀具相比，TiN涂层刀具在铣削铝锂合金时的切削效能最好，可以达到最好的表面粗糙度和加工效果。     

碳纤维/树脂基复合材料铣削表面粗糙度及表面形貌研究

目的研究了CFRP材料铣削加工过程中,部分主要工艺对CFRP材料加工表面质量的影响规律,为工艺参数优化,提高此类零件的表面质量提供依据。方法设计了CFRP材料铣削中的切削参数、刀具结构、加工方法与加工表面粗糙度及表面形貌之间的单因素试验。通过单调改变一个切削参数而其余切削参数不变,得到了工件表面粗糙度和表面形貌随切削参数、刀具结构、加工方法的变化规律。结果当铣削速度增大时,工件的表面粗糙度变化不大,表面微坑缺陷的数量却有所增加,但变小、变浅。当进给速度增大时,工件表面粗糙度呈上升趋势,表面缺陷也随之增加。无涂层多齿刀具铣削后的工件表面粗糙度最大,其次是金刚石涂层多齿刀具铣削的工件,最小的是金刚石涂层交错齿刀具铣削的工件。多齿刀具加工后的表面有较多的微坑缺陷,但普遍深度较浅且面积较小。交错齿刀具对分层缺陷的抑制作用最明显,但在左旋和右旋刀齿交错处容易出现较严重的加工缺陷。与普通机械加工方法相比,超声振动加工方法得到的工件表面质量较好,可以有效减少表面微坑缺陷,改善CFRP铣削加工表面质量。结论 CFRP材料铣削加工时,为了获得较好的加工表面质量,切削参数应选用较高的切削速度和较低的进给速度,切削刀具宜选用多齿带涂层刀具。和普通机械加工方法相比,超声振动铣削加工方法更为有利于获得好的表面质量。     

基于二维超声振动辅助的钛合金切削加工分析与试验研究

针对普通切削时钛合金表面质量较差的问题，将二维超声辅助切削用于钛合金的加工过程。对钛合金的超声振动切削理论进行分析，找出影响刀具运动轨迹及切削力的因素；设计基于二维超声振动的钛合金表面切削试验，研究超声振动对切削力、工件表面形貌以及刀具寿命的影响。结果表明:与普通切削相比，二维超声振动辅助切削可以有效降低加工中的切削力，减轻加工过程对刀具的冲击，提高刀具的耐用度；且在相同加工条件下，二维超声振动加工时的切削力下降了47.7%，工件表面轮廓平均高度减小了40.9%，刀具的使用寿命提高了近1倍。      

T2纯铜高速铣削刀具磨损对表面形貌的影响

目的 满足T2纯铜与日俱增的加工需求,改善T2纯铜的加工质量,探究不同铣削速度下刀具损伤和已加工表面形貌之间的内在联系。方法 根据单因素试验结果,研究铣削速度对于刀具磨损的影响。在磨损刀具铣削力模型和已加工表面应力模型的基础上,从铣削力、刀具损伤形式以及磨损机理出发,分析刀具磨损对于已加工表面质量的影响,解析表面缺陷产生的原因,并通过光学和电子显微镜对磨损后的刀具表面形貌及已加工表面缺陷进行分类表征。结果 当铣削速度较低时,刀具严重的崩刃现象引起了系统铣削力急剧增加,这极大的破坏了铣削系统的稳定性和已加工表面的应力状态,并导致表面粗糙度增大,形成颤振波纹、表面撕裂等加工缺陷。而当铣削速度较高时,由于刀具的损伤较轻,铣削系统相对稳定,已加工表面仍然保持较好的加工质量,特别是铣削速度为600 m/min时,表面粗糙度Sa和Sq的值达到了1.80 μm和2.25 μm,在刀具磨损后仍然分别保持在2.20 μm和3.10 μm左右。结论 在T2纯铜的铣削加工中,提高铣削速度对延长刀具寿命,改善已加工表面质量有积极作用。     

不同切削距离下硬质合金刀具加工GH4169的切削性能研究

为探索不同切削距离下硬质合金刀具加工GH4169时的磨损规律、切削力、表面粗糙度,对GH4169材料进行了切削试验。分析了硬质合金刀具磨损的演变过程及刀具磨损对切削力、表面粗糙度的影响。研究结果表明,随着切削距离的增加,前刀面磨损区域逐渐扩大,前刀面磨损形式依次为涂层脱落、沟槽磨损、粘附磨损,后刀面磨损形式主要为涂层脱落及微崩刃。高温合金材料中较多的硬质颗粒,及其较强的粘性是导致前刀面磨损的主要原因。F_x、F_y、F_z的总体变化趋势为随着切削距离的增加先增大后减小,试件表面粗糙度随切削距离的增加先减小再增大后减小,在切削75m时,表面粗糙度最小。     

钛合金铣削刀具的磨损对工件表面沿主轴方向粗糙度的影响

采用硬质合金立铣刀对Ti6Al4V进行高速铣削正交试验,将新刀具所加工的工件表面粗糙度和后刀面磨损至0.05 mm左右时的刀具所加工出来的工件表面粗糙度值进行对比分析,研究磨损后的刀具对工件表面粗糙度的影响。利用粗糙度仪对工件表面粗糙度进行测量,使用超景深显微镜对加工后的工件表面形貌以及刀具磨损情况进行观察,并利用测力仪测量铣削加工过程中刀具产生的铣削力。结果表明:当刀具后刀面磨损至0.05 mm时,其切削参数对工件表面的粗糙度影响大小与刀具崭新时的不一样,这是由于刀具的磨损导致在加工时刀具发生了振颤,从而影响到了工件沿机床主轴方向的粗糙度使其粗糙度增大。     

端面铣削工件表面粗糙度数学模型与实验验证

目的 针对多种表面粗糙度影响因素的耦合作用使轮廓形成机理不清,导致表面粗糙度数学模型存在表面质量智能管控工业应用预测精度不足的技术难题,建立端面铣削工件表面粗糙度数学模型。方法 首先,基于加工运动学机理和刀具几何学分析端面铣削工件表面轮廓形成机理,建立考虑刀具跳动的工件表面轮廓模型以及轮廓高度偏差关于铣削力的补偿函数,并通过卷积神经网络(Convolution Neural Network,CNN)进行解析。其次,建立端面铣削表面粗糙度数学模型。最后,进行可转位面铣刀端面铣削ZG32MnMo的实验验证,分别采集轮廓数据与铣削力信号,建立以铣削力为输入、轮廓高度偏差数据为输出的铣削数据集,训练卷积神经网络解析轮廓高度补偿值并验证理论模型的准确性,对比分析考虑刀具跳动的表面粗糙度数学模型与CNN优化考虑刀具跳动的表面粗糙度数学模型的精度。结果 CNN优化考虑刀具跳动的表面粗糙度数学模型对加工重叠区与非重叠区内沿刀具进给方向的轮廓算术平均偏差Ra的预测误差分别为18.71%和14.14%,与考虑刀具跳动的表面粗糙度数学模型相比,精度分别提高了10.61%和32.83%,CNN优化考虑刀具跳动的表面粗糙度数学模型对轮廓单元的平均宽度Rsm和支承长度率Rmr(c)的预测结果与实验值吻合。结论 考虑刀具跳动以及动态铣削力耦合作用边界条件的表面粗糙度数学模型能够有效预测端面铣削表面粗糙度,可为在质量管控工程中的应用提供理论指导与技术支撑。     

微沟槽织构对切削力和表面粗糙度的影响

为研究微织构对切削过程中产生的切削力和已加工表面粗糙度的影响,在聚晶立方氮化硼(PCBN)刀片前刀面制备与主切削刃平行的宽度为32.6μm的微沟槽织构。分别用微沟槽刀具和无织构刀具在主轴转速为450、500、600 r/min的条件下切削淬硬钢GCr15,分析切削力和已加工表面粗糙度。试验结果表明:微沟槽改善了刀具的切削性能,主切削力、进给力和切深力均小于无织构刀具;进给力、切深力随着主轴转速的增加均变大,主切削力表现为先减小再增大;用微沟槽织构刀具切削的已加工表面粗糙度大于无织构刀具,表明微沟槽不利于获得表面质量较好的工件;随着主轴转速增加,微沟槽刀具和无织构刀具切削的表面粗糙度均减小。     

碳纤维/树脂基复合材料高速铣削的刀具磨损机理

采用涂层(Ti CN,Ti Al N)与无涂层超细晶粒硬质合金立铣刀对碳纤维/树脂基复合材料进行高速铣削试验,研究了刀具后刀面磨损带扩展及刀具磨损规律,并探讨了切削力、毛刺随着刀具磨损的变化趋势,观察了刀具的微观磨损形貌,分析了刀具的磨损机理。结果表明:在相同的切削条件下,无涂层刀具的后刀面磨损量及切削力最大,毛刺扩展严重,后刀面主要发生磨粒磨损,由于黏着磨损和氧化磨损对切削刃的弱化作用,主切削刃发生了微崩刃;Ti CN涂层刀具后刀面主要发生磨粒磨损,并伴随有黏着磨损和轻微的氧化磨损,失效形式为剥落和微崩刃;Ti Al N涂层刀具的后刀面磨损量及切削力最小,毛刺扩展缓慢,更适合碳纤维复合材料的加工。其后刀面主要发生了磨粒磨损,其失效形式为剥落。     

超声振动辅助铣削加工实验研究

通过实验研究了超声振动辅助铣削加工参数和振动参数对切削力与表面粗糙度的影响。在工件上施加沿进给方向的高频率、小振幅的超声振动。通过切削轨迹研究了超声振动切削的瞬时切削厚度,进而分析了切削力。以主轴转速、每齿进给量和振幅为参数,设计了一系列超声振动辅助铣削加工实验,并利用方差分析方法研究了各参数对切削力影响的显著性。研究结果表明:与未施加超声振动相比,施加超声振动后的切削力明显降低;超声振动铣削加工时对切削力的影响程度由大到小依次为振幅、主轴转速、每齿进给量;在特定的参数下,表面粗糙度也有所改善;表面形貌在同一振幅、不同进给量下存在明显差异。     

表面微织构在切削过程中的研究进展

在切削过程中,临近切削刃的刀具前刀面与切屑、刀具后刀面与已加工表面接触区存在的高温高压情况严重影响了刀具服役寿命和工件表面完整性。表面微织构技术是一种先进的表面改性技术,在刀具表面制备不同尺寸参数、形状参数、分布参数的表面织构能够显著影响刀具的切削性能。当刀具表面微织构制备方法不同时,微织构所呈现的性能也不同。首先从制备技术的原理、制备过程、制备技术特点等方面对当前最先进的刀具表面微织构制备技术进行了综述。然后从切削力、切削温度、刀具磨损、切屑形成、工件表面完整性等角度分析了微织构对刀具切削性能的影响规律与机理。在分析切削力、切削温度、刀具磨损、切屑形成等4个指标时重点关注了刀具前刀面微织构所起的作用,在分析工件表面质量时,同时考虑了刀具后刀面微织构、前刀面微织构的影响。最后,介绍了当前微织构的研究热点,主要包括微织构技术与钝化刃口、润滑剂的协同作用对切削性能的影响,以及微织构刀具在切削过程中发生的衍生切削行为。通过对文献的归纳、总结与深入分析,给出了表面微织构未来的研究方向,为刀具进一步优化提供设计参考。     

基于微磨削方法的微织构刀具制备与切削性能研究

目的研究表面微织构对硬质合金刀具切削性能的影响。方法采用微磨削方法在硬质合金刀具前刀面加工出具有不同结构参数的横向、纵向和交叉微织构,通过AL6061切削试验和有限元切削仿真,研究表面微织构对硬质合金刀具的切削温度及刀具磨损的影响。结果采用V形金刚石砂轮微磨削方法能够加工出几何形状规则且表面质量良好的表面微织构。与无织构刀具相比,微织构刀具的切削温度明显降低,高温区域明显减少,其中横向织构刀具降温效果最为显著。微织构刀具的切削温度随沟槽间距的增大而升高,沟槽间距为150μm时,切削温度最低。表面微织构能够有效减轻刀具前刀面的粘结磨损,横向织构刀具减摩抗粘效果最好,且采用较小的沟槽间距更利于减轻刀具的粘结磨损。随着切削速度的增加,表面微织构的抗粘结作用更加明显,当切削速度为150 m/min时,沟槽间距为150μm的横向织构刀具的切屑粘结面积最小。结论在横向、纵向和交叉织构刀具中,沟槽间距为150μm的横向织构刀具切削性能最好,即降温效果、抗粘结性能最为显著。     

研磨刀架结构对金刚石刀具刃口质量的影响

金刚石刀具刃口锋利度和刀面表面粗糙度对所加工零件的质量有着重要影响。较好的研磨刀架结构将有助于降低因刀架而产生的振动扰动,获得高质量的刀具刃口。通过改进刀架结构,使刀具刃口锋利度从300 nm提高到了50 nm,表面粗糙度从15 nm提高到了0.5 nm,刀具刃口质量得到了明显改善。     

高能离子刻蚀前处理对AlTiSiN涂层切削性能的影响

目的提高AlTiSiN涂层与刀具基材的结合强度,降低涂层表面的粗糙度,减少切削过程中涂层的剥落,改善涂层刀具的切削寿命。方法采用离子源增强的多弧离子镀设备刻蚀清理基体材料,并制备AlTiSiN涂层。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、粗糙度仪、划痕仪和铣削实验探讨涂层沉积前不同Ar离子刻蚀清洗工艺对AlTiSiN涂层结构、膜基结合力和涂层表面形貌的的影响,探究不同刻蚀清洗工艺对涂层刀具切削机理和切削性能的影响。结果 AlTiSiN涂层的相结构主要由(Al,Ti)N固溶体相组成,涂层沿着基体呈现柱状生长。随着高能Ar离子刻蚀电流由40 A增加至100 A,涂层的表面粗糙度降低,Ra值由140 nm降至69 nm,Sq值由226 nm降至117 nm;涂层与基体之间的结合强度增加,Lc2由41 N增加至52 N;切削加工DC53模具钢结果显示,当清洗电流增加至100 A,涂层的剥落几率降低,涂层刀具的切削寿命增加,由11 m增加至23 m。结论高能离子刻蚀前处理过程可有效增加涂层与基体之间的结合强度,降低涂层表面粗糙度,进而提高涂层刀具的切削寿命。刻蚀清洗所用电流强度越大,清洗效果越好,刀具涂层切削性能提高越明显。     

Prediction of surface roughness profiles for milled surfaces using an artificial neural network and fractal geometry approach

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) models were developed for the analysis and prediction of the relationship between the cutting conditions and the corresponding fractal parameters of machined surfaces in face milling operation. These models can help manufacturers to determine the appropriate cutting conditions, in order to achieve specific surface roughness profile geometry, and hence achieve the desired tribological performance (e.g. friction and wear) between the contacting surfaces. The input parameters of the “ANNs” models are the cutting parameters: rotational speed, feed, depth of cut, pre-tool flank wear and vibration level. The output parameters of the model are the corresponding calculated fractal parameters: fractal dimension “D” and vertical scaling parameter “G”. The model consists of three-layered feed-forward back-propagation neural network. ANNs models were utilized successfully for modeling and predicting the fractal parameters “D” and “G” in face milling operations. Moreover, W–M fractal function was integrated with the developed ANNs models in order to generate an artificially fractal predicted profiles at different cutting conditions. The predicted profiles were found statistically similar to the actual measured profiles of test specimens.     

Refrigerated cooling air cutting of difficult-to-cut materials

One approach to enhance machining performance is to apply cutting fluids during cutting process. However, the use of cutting fluids in machining process has caused some problems such as high cost, pollution, and hazards to operator's health. All the problems related to the use of cutting fluids have urged researchers to search for some alternatives to minimize or even avoid the use of cutting fluids in machining operations. Cooling gas cutting is one of these alternatives. This paper investigates the effect of cooling air cutting on tool wear, surface finish and chip shape in finish turning of Inconel 718 nickel-base super alloy and high-speed milling of AISI D2 cold work tool steel. Comparative experiments were conducted under different cooling/lubrication conditions, i.e. dry cutting, minimal quantity lubrication (MQL), cooling air, and cooling air and minimal quantity lubrication (CAMQL). For this research, composite refrigeration method was adopted to develop a new cooling gas equipment which was used to lower the temperature of compressed gas. The significant experimental results were: (i) application of cooing air and CAMQL resulted in drastic reduction in tool wear and surface roughness, and significant improvement in chip shape in finish turning of Inconel 718, (ii) in the high-speed milling of AISI D2, cooling air cutting presented longer tool life and slightly higher surface roughness than dry cutting and MQL. Therefore, it appears that cooling air cutting can provide not only environment friendliness but also great improvement in machinability of difficult-to-cut materials.     

Cutting performance of PVD-coated carbide and CBN tools in hardmilling

In this study, cutting performance of CBN tools and PVD-coated carbide tools in end-milling of hardened steel was investigated. In high-speed dry hardmilling, two types of CBN tools were applied: the CBN-rich type and an ordinary one. In the case of relatively low-speed milling, on the other hand, a few coated carbide tools were selected where four kinds of coating films, TiN, TiCN, TiAlN and multi-layered TiAlN/AlCrN, were deposited on the K10 and P30 grade carbide. The cutting performance was mainly evaluated by tool wear, cutting temperature, cutting force and surface roughness. In dry cutting of hardened carbon steel with the ordinary CBN tool, the cutting tool temperature rose rapidly with increase in cutting speed; and tool temperature reached approximately 850 °C at the cutting speed of 600 m/min. In the case of the CBN-rich tool, the cutting temperature decreased by 50 °C or more because of its high thermal conductivity. It is remarkable that tool wear or damage on a cutting tool was not observed even when the cutting length was 156 m in both CBN tools. In the case of coated carbide tools, the temperatures of TiN-, TiCN- and TiAlN-coated carbide tools rose as cutting proceeded because of the progress of tool wear, but that of TiAlN/AlCrN-coated carbide tool hardly rose due to little tool wear. When the base material was K10 grade carbide, tool temperature was lower than that of P30 with any coating. The tool flank wear depends considerably on hardness and oxidizing temperature of the coating film.     

The preparation of cutting edges using a marking laser

During the machining process, high mechanical and thermal loads occur at the cutting edge. Such loads can cause tool failure. Specifically non-uniform and sharp cutting edges that have a low cutting edge stability lead to such failures. In order to enhance the tool performance, the cutting edges are prepared by manufacturing both a pre-defined cutting edge geometry, and an appropriate cutting edge roughness. This paper describes the use of a low-cost marking laser for the preparation of cutting edges as an alternative to conventional preparation techniques, such as brushing or blasting. Cutting edge radii of 9?C47 ??m can be prepared with a machining accuracy of 1.5 ??m. The maximum preparation time for an individual cutting edge is approximately 10 s. Uncoated indexable inserts manufactured in this way were tested in a face milling operation. The results of these investigations (using prepared cutting edges) show both an increase in tool life and an improved surface roughness of the machined workpieces compared to those using non-prepared cutting edges.     

CVD金刚石厚膜刀具切削参数对切削力及粗糙度影响的研究

为了探究CVD金刚石厚膜刀具切削参数(包括刀具后角、刀尖圆弧半径、切削速度、进给量和切削深度)对切削力和被加工表面粗糙度影响的初步规律,采用单因素方法进行了一系列CVD金刚石厚膜刀具车削仿真和试验研究。结果表明:AdvantEdge有限元仿真软件模拟切削力过程有一定的准确性;在试验参数范围内,随着刀具后角的增大,切削力和表面粗糙度都是先减小后增大,当后角为11°时,切削力和表面粗糙度值最小;随着刀尖圆弧半径的增大,切削力逐渐增大,而表面粗糙度则逐渐减小;随着切削速度的增大,切削力和表面粗糙度都是先增大后减小,当切削速度为90m/min时,切削力和表面粗糙度值最大;随着进给量的增大,切削力和表面粗糙度都显著增大;随着切削深度的增大,切削力和表面粗糙度都逐渐增大,但切削深度对表面粗糙度的影响较小。     

An improved cutting force and surface topography prediction model in end milling

During the milling operation, the cutting forces will induce vibration on the cutting tool, the workpiece, and the fixtures, which will affect the surface integrity of the final part and consequently the product's quality. In this paper, a generic and improved model is introduced to simultaneously predict the conventional cutting forces along with 3D surface topography during side milling operation. The model incorporates the effects of tool runout, tool deflection, system dynamics, flank face wear, and the tool tilting on the surface roughness. An improved technique to calculate the instantaneous chip thickness is also presented. The model predictions on cutting forces and surface roughness and topography agreed well with experimental results.