2219铝合金FSW和TIG焊接头力学与腐蚀行为

评价了2219-CS铝合金FSW和TIG焊接头的力学性能,并采用晶间腐蚀、剥落腐蚀及电化学腐蚀方法对2219-CS铝合金FSW和TIG焊接头进行了整体及分区域腐蚀行为表征,借助光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜分析了表面腐蚀形貌. 结果表明,搅拌摩擦焊接头焊核区的细晶结构和弥散再分布的沉淀相大幅度提高了其耐腐蚀性能,热影响区中沉淀相回溶及粗化较TIG焊接头热影响区较弱,耐腐蚀性能有一定提高,搅拌摩擦焊接头的高电化学均质性宏观表现为其整体腐蚀速率的显著降低.     

2219铝合金焊接接头晶间腐蚀行为

采用晶间腐蚀试验及极化曲线测试方法对2219铝合金母材、搅拌摩擦焊（FSW）及钨极氩弧焊（TIG）接头的腐蚀行为进行分析,借助金相显微镜、激光共聚焦显微镜、体视显微镜、扫描电镜及能谱仪分析腐蚀形貌及腐蚀产物.结果表明,2219铝合金母材及焊接接头的腐蚀行为主要与析出相有关,Al₂Cu的析出导致贫铜的无沉淀带作为阳极优先溶解.母材的抗晶间腐蚀能力最差,由表面点蚀开始,沿轧制方向逐渐发展为剥落腐蚀;TIG焊次之,表现为网状晶间腐蚀;FSW焊最低,焊核表现为点蚀,散落分布于表面.     

2219铝合金母材及焊接接头的腐蚀行为

采用剥蚀试验和动电位极化曲线测试对2219铝合金母材、搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)和钨极氩弧焊(TIG)焊接头的腐蚀行为进行了研究。通过腐蚀失重测试、电化学试验与剥蚀后表面及深度方向腐蚀微观形貌观察,对三者的腐蚀形式和机理进行了分析。结果表明:母材腐蚀速率最大,自腐蚀电位最低,而腐蚀电流密度最大;两种接头焊缝/焊核的耐蚀性总体接近,都优于母材的,FSW焊核的耐蚀性最优。合金母材的腐蚀形式为层状剥蚀,TIG焊缝为晶间腐蚀,深度较小,FSW焊核为点蚀。三者的腐蚀均与析出相有关,母材的析出相粗大,与基体之间的电偶效应最明显;TIG焊缝析出相沿枝晶晶界排列,但析出相尺寸小,电偶作用弱于母材;FSW焊核析出相尺寸由于机械搅拌而变小且分布弥散,腐蚀性能有所改善。     

Tungsten Inert Gas and Friction Stir Welding Characteristics of 4-mm-Thick 2219-T87 Plates at Room Temperature and −196 °C

2219-T87 aluminum alloy is widely used for fabricating liquid rocket propellant storage tank, due to its admirable cryogenic property. Welding is the dominant joining method in the manufacturing process of aerospace components. In this study, the tungsten inert gas welding and friction stir welding (FSW) characteristics of 4-mm-thick 2219-T87 alloy plate at room temperature (25 °C) and deep cryogenic temperature (?196 °C) were investigated by property measurements and microscopy methods. The studied 2219 base alloy exhibits a low strength plane anisotropy and excellent room temperature and cryogenic mechanical properties. The ultimate tensile strength values of TIG and FSW welding joints can reach 265 and 353 MPa at room temperature, and 342 and 438 MPa at ?196 °C, respectively. The base metal consists of elongated deformed grains and many nano-scaled θ (Al₂Cu) aging precipitates. Fusion zone and heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the TIG joint are characterized by coarsening dendritic grains and equiaxed recrystallized grains, respectively. The FSW-welded joint consists of the weld nugget zone, thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), and HAZ. In the weld nugget zone, a micro-scaled sub-grain structure is the main microstructure characteristic. The TMAZ and HAZ are both characterized by coarsened aging precipitates and elongated deformed grains. The excellent FSW welding properties are attributed to the preservation of the working structures and homogenous chemical compositions.     

Corrosion Resistance of Friction Stir Welded Al-Cu-Li Alloy AA2099-T8

In order to study the effect of friction stir welding (FSW) on corrosion resistance of Al-Cu-Li alloy AA2099-T8, the microstructure and microhardness of FSW joints were characterized, and then, the corrosion behavior of the FSW joints was investigated by the immersion and potentiodynamic polarization tests in a 3.5% NaCl solution at room temperature. It is indicated that the alloy was softened by FSW, with the lowest hardness appearing at the boundary between the nugget zone and the thermo-mechanically affected zone. When exposed to the NaCl solution, the FSW joint was characterized by shallow pits and was free of severe localized corrosion, probably due to dissolution of T₁ (A₂CuLi) phase in the FSW joint. It is suggested that further work should be carried out to evaluate the galvanic coupling effect between the FSW joint and the base metal, as well as the stress corrosion cracking resistance of the FSW joint.     

2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头剥落腐蚀机理

采用原位腐蚀试验、静态失重试验、浸泡试验研究了2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头的剥落腐蚀行为与机理。结果表明:2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊缝腐蚀速率比母材小,焊缝的抗腐蚀性提高;腐蚀从局部点蚀开始,起源于第二相粒子与其边缘的铝基体,第二相粒子作阴极;原位腐蚀2 h后焊核与热机影响区发生晶间腐蚀,母材发生严重的点蚀;均匀分布的第二相粒子与细小的等轴晶组织是焊核区剥落腐蚀敏感性降低的主要原因。     

2219高强铝合金焊接接头的腐蚀性能

采用浸泡试验、极化曲线以及电化学阻抗测试,对2219高强铝合金母材和焊接接头在3.5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀性能进行研究。浸泡后试样的显微形貌表明,试样中铜元素的分布及存在形态与其腐蚀性能密切相关;极化曲线表明,在电化学腐蚀过程中,搅拌摩擦焊接头的腐蚀电流最小,电子束焊接接头次之,而钨极氩弧焊接头的腐蚀电流最大;电化学阻抗测试表明,腐蚀过程中体系阻抗值由大到小顺序为搅拌摩擦焊的接头,电子束焊的接头,母材,钨极氩弧焊的接头。     

Effects of Welding Processes and Post-Weld Aging Treatment on Fatigue Behavior of AA2219 Aluminium Alloy Joints

AA2219 aluminium alloy square butt joints without filler metal addition were fabricated using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), electron beam welding (EBW), and friction stir welding (FSW) processes. The fabricated joints were post-weld aged at 175 °C for 12 h. The effect of three welding processes and post-weld aging (PWA) treatment on the fatigue properties is reported. Transverse tensile properties of the welded joints were evaluated. Microstructure analysis was also carried out using optical and electron microscopes. It was found that the post-weld aged FSW joints showed superior fatigue performance compared to EBW and GTAW joints. This was mainly due to the formation of very fine, dynamically recrystallized grains and uniform distribution of fine precipitates in the weld region.     

2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头腐蚀行为

采用晶间腐蚀试验和剥落腐蚀试验研究了2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的腐蚀行为,结合金相显微镜、扫描电镜及能谱仪等分析手段研究了接头腐蚀后的表面形貌和腐蚀产物的成分,并对接头腐蚀机理进行了初步的探讨.结果表明,搅拌摩擦焊焊核区耐蚀性比母材高;腐蚀从点蚀开始,逐渐发展为晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀的全面腐蚀形貌;接头组织成分的均匀化,降低了材料形成局部腐蚀原电池的倾向,使得电位正向移动,接头耐蚀性增强.     

水下摩擦螺柱焊接头在饱和CO2中的电化学性能

以X65钢为焊接基板,16Mn钢为螺柱,利用摩擦螺柱焊(FSW)技术获得水下FSW接头,研究了接头和X65钢在通入饱和CO₂的NaCl溶液中的电化学腐蚀性能。利用光学显微镜观察试样的宏观和微观金相,利用SEM观测FSW接头腐蚀8 h后的腐蚀形貌,并结合XRD和EDS分析接头腐蚀产物的成分和元素。结果表明:FSW接头整体的开路电位更正、阻抗更大、腐蚀电流密度更小,说明FSW接头的耐腐蚀性整体比X65管线钢要好;FSW接头各个区域中,焊缝区和塞棒区腐蚀较轻,而上热影响区、下热影响区和母材区腐蚀较严重;FSW接头试样在饱和CO2的NaCl溶液中的腐蚀产物为Fe₂O₃。     

中性盐雾下7075铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊缝的腐蚀行为

用金相和透射电镜对包铝的7075铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织和微结构进行分析,用中性连续盐雾试验研究焊缝表面的腐蚀行为,并观察焊缝宏观和微观腐蚀形貌。研究结果表明：焊缝区的晶粒和第二相粒子得到明显细化,在焊缝表面的第二相粒子分布不均匀;搅拌摩擦焊焊缝区耐蚀性比包铝的母材低。腐蚀首先从局部点蚀和晶间腐蚀开始,最终演变为剥落腐蚀。     

AlCoCrFeNi2.1高熵合金电子束焊接接头耐蚀性

为明确高熵合金焊接接头耐腐蚀行为,采用电子束方法对共晶双相AlCoCrFeNi_2.1高熵合金进行焊接,并运用电化学腐蚀方法研究了接头耐蚀性.结果表明,焊缝区域(FZ)自腐蚀电位相比母材(BM)提高0.16 V左右,耐蚀性增强,自腐蚀电流减小了一个数量级,腐蚀速率明显降低.焊接接头母材区域腐蚀坑呈纵深扩展趋势,而焊缝区域腐蚀坑呈横向扩展,并表现出明显的相选择性腐蚀现象.焊缝区域的晶粒细化显著,硬度升高,两相分布呈现密集的“网络”状,元素分布更加均匀,大角度晶界增加,这都增强了焊接接头的耐点蚀穿孔的能力.     

Effect of second-phase particle on localized corrosion in Al–Zn–Mg–Cu–Mn alloy friction stir welded joint

The microstructure and corrosion behavior of a high-strength Al–Zn–Mg–Cu–Mn alloy friction stir welded (FSWed) joint were investigated using scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, open-circuit potential test, and potentiodynamic polarization. The weld nugget zone and heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the FSWed joint showed diverse microstructural characteristics including micron-scale intermetallic particles and nanoscale precipitates, leading to different localized corrosion sensitivities. The results of electrochemical tests confirmed the regional difference of corrosion in FSWed joints. Detailed research on the corrosion process revealed that micron-scale Al(Fe,Mn,Si) particles promoted the dissolution of the vicinal matrix to induce pitting corrosion. The directionally distributed intermetallic particles and grain boundary precipitates in HAZ conduced to the development of intergranular microcracks into exfoliation. The matrix precipitates affected the localized corrosion tendency due to regional variation of the redissolution degree.     

6082铝合金摩擦搅拌焊缝和熔化极惰性气体保护焊缝电化学性能对比

基于动电位极化曲线,交流阻抗谱(EIS) 和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)手段 ,在室温0.2M NaHSO3 和 0.6M NaCl的水溶液中,对比研究了铝合金摩擦搅拌焊(FSW)焊缝和熔化极惰性气体保护焊(MIG)焊缝电化学性能。结果表明： FSW 焊缝的腐蚀速率低于MIG焊缝和母材的腐蚀速率;FSW 焊缝的腐蚀电位高于MIG焊缝和母材的腐蚀电位; FSW 焊缝的腐蚀电流密度低于MIG焊缝和母材的腐蚀电流密度;FSW 焊缝的极化电阻高于MIG焊缝和母材的极化电阻。所有样品的EIS Nyquist 谱图上均有一感抗弧存在;SEM观察表明：仅有少量浅蚀坑出现在FSW焊缝表面。     

酸性盐雾中7075铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的腐蚀行为

    采用金相和透射电镜对包铝的7075铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织和微结构进行分析,采用酸性连续盐雾试验对焊缝表面的腐蚀行为进行研究,并观察焊缝宏观和微观腐蚀形貌.结果表明：焊缝表面的晶粒和第二相粒子得到明显细化;搅拌摩擦焊焊缝区耐蚀性比包铝的母材低,且存在一定程度的不均匀腐蚀.腐蚀首先从局部点蚀和晶间腐蚀开始,最终演变为剥落腐蚀.     

Microstructure and Properties of TIG/FSW Welded Joints of a New Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr Alloy

A new Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy with low Sc content was welded by tungsten inert gas (TIG) and friction stir welding (FSW) techniques. The microstructure and properties of those two welded joints were investigated by property tests and microstructural observations. The results show that the new Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy has desirable welding property. The ultimate tensile strength and welding coefficient of the TIG joint reach 405 MPa and 76.7%, respectively, and in FSW joint those property values reach 490 MPa and 92.6%, respectively. The studied base metal has a deformed fibrous subgrains structure, many nano-scaled Al₃(Sc,Zr) particles, and very fine aging precipitates. In the TIG joint, the fusion zone consists of coarsened dendritic grains and the heat-affected zone (HAZ) has fibrous micro-scaled subgrains. The FSW welded joint is characterized by a weld nugget zone, thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), and HAZ. Due to plastic deformation around the rotating pin and anti-recrystallized effectiveness of Al₃(Sc,Zr) particles, the weld nugget zone has a very fine subgrain structure. The TMAZ experiences some dissolution of aging precipitates. Coarsening of aging precipitates was observed in the HAZ. The better mechanical properties of the FSW joint are derived from a fine subgrain structure and homogeneous chemical compositions.     

紫外光对铝合金焊接接头腐蚀行为的影响

通过光学显微镜分析研究了6061铝合金熔化极惰性气体保护焊(metal inter gas welding, MIG焊)和搅拌摩擦焊(friction stir welding, FSW)对接头组织的影响.结合极化曲线测试，比较了紫外光照射与暗态对预沉积NaCl的基材及焊接接头腐蚀行为影响的差异.结果表明，MIG焊接头组织均匀性较差，焊缝Mg含量远高于母材，使得表现出较差的热力学稳定性.紫外光照射加速了铝合金焊接接头的腐蚀，尤其是明显加速了MIG焊接头的腐蚀.30天的紫外光照射对FSW接头的影响与母材相近.这些影响与材料本身的耐腐蚀性能及铝合金表面形成的半导体性质腐蚀产物密切有关.     

2024-T4铝合金水下搅拌摩擦焊接研究

分别在空气和循环水冷条件下对2024-T4铝合金板进行搅拌摩擦焊接(friction stir welding,FSW),研究了水冷介质对FSW接头组织性能的影响.结果表明:循环水冷介质具有明显的瞬时快冷作用,水冷介质下FSW可以显著细化晶粒,并抑制焊核区析出相的生长,焊核区的平均晶粒尺寸达到700 nm,析出相尺寸达到30～200 nm.水冷介质减弱了FSW接头的热软化效应,改善了接头的组织和性能,使焊核区HV显微硬度值提高了234 MPa,接头抗拉强度提高了52.2 MPa,但试样延伸率有所下降.     

热源同轴辅助搅拌摩擦焊工艺特性分析

研究了激光同轴辅助搅拌摩擦焊中激光/搅拌摩擦焊的热量分配对不同系列铝合金焊缝成形、接头力学性能及显微组织的影响,并得到了相应的优化能量分配条件.结果表明,加入激光辅助热源可有效扩大工艺参数窗口,特别是流动性差的5A06和2219铝合金,焊接速度可提升30%以上.激光辅助热源对6061及5A06铝合金焊接接头性能影响较小,对2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的性能影响明显,焊接热输入增大后,接头性能下降,但总得来说,加入激光辅助热源能够在更小的焊接热输入下获得更高的接头性能.     

Effect of different pre- and post-weld heat treatments on microstructures and mechanical properties of variable polarity TIG welded AA2219 joints

The microstructures and mechanical properties of 2219 aluminium alloy joints welded by variable polarity TIG welding in four kinds of different heat treatment conditions, namely, with/without pre-/post-weld heat treatment, were analysed and compared. The post-weld artificial aging treatment rendered fine dispersed precipitates (metastable θ′ phase) separate out of weld metal, which made the hardness of weld metal increase by ～20%. Meanwhile, the fracture location of joints during tensile test changed from weld zone to heat affected zone (HAZ). The pre-weld solution treatment reduced the overaging degree of HAZ and a large number of θ′ phase reprecipitated in HAZ after post-weld artificial aging treatment. Intermediate state welding, with pre-weld solution treatment and post-weld artificial aging treatment together, could increase 20% of the hardness of weld zone, increase 11.5% of the hardness of HAZ and increase 20.3% of the tensile strength of joint.