模具自由曲面抛光过程的分析与研究

针对模具自由曲面抛光中受几何、物理及力学等因素的影响,从抛光工具与自由曲面之间的接触及摩擦角度分析,深入研究自由曲面的抛光机理,并对影响抛光工艺过程的主要因素进行分析,探讨自由曲面抛光过程中获取高质量表面的方法。     

An oblique ultrasonic polishing method by robot for free-form surfaces

This paper develops a new ultrasonic machining system and methodology by which a robot polishes on free-form surfaces at an oblique angle with an elastic tool. On the basis of the theories of reflection of elastic waves and dynamic stress concentration, the conception is brought forward that ultrasonic elastic contact is not continuous, the physical process of the oblique ultrasonic polishing is studied and the cutting mechanism of the abrasive finish machining methods driven by ultrasonic vibration is ascribed to the joint action of the machining operation and shot-blasting. Experimental results verify that the new oblique ultrasonic polishing method by robot is an effective machining method for free-form surfaces.     

5自由度混联式自由曲面研抛机床的运动学分析(二)--运动学逆解

以5自由度混联式自由曲面研抛机床的运动学正解分析为基础，对其运动学逆解问题展开了相关探讨。提出了用以限定工具研抛姿态的工艺条件和运动条件，分别给出了机床四类灵活程度工作空间中工具研抛姿态的确定方法。为后继的插补运动控制奠定了基础。     

磁流变抛光技术的研究进展

磁流变抛光技术具有加工面形精度高、表面粗糙度小、加工过程易于控制、表面损伤小、加工过程中不产生新的损伤等优秀特点,因此多应用于加工要求高的精密和超精密领域,最常应用于光学加工方面。综述了磁流变抛光技术材料去除数学模型的建立进展,论证了该模型的正确性,总结出该基本模型具有通用性,模型能够适用于平面和凸球面等形面加工中,此外,对实现计算机控制抛光过程的准确性具有指导意义。概述了磁流变抛光工艺实验进展,总结磁流变抛光影响抛光效果的主要因素是磁场强度和磁场发生装置,在优化工艺参数组合下能够达到纳米级表面,能够消除亚表面损伤,还能够用以加工各种复杂形面等。就目前磁流变抛光技术的发展新方向作以总结,包括集群磁流变抛光技术、组合磁流变抛光技术以及磁流变-超声复合抛光技术,介绍这几种加工方法的工作原理以及能够达到的实验效果。最后对现阶段磁流变抛光技术中存在的问题做出总结,并针对各个问题提出相对应的思考和展望。     

数控加工仿真中自由曲面的碰撞干涉检验

碰撞干涉检验是数控加工仿真的主要目的之一.文章解决了数控加工仿真中的自由曲面碰撞干涉的问题:把碰撞干涉分为四种情况,对其分别提出不同的检验方法,并阐述了具体的解决方案.这些方法对3-5轴数控机床均适用.其中提出的刀具与曲面全局干涉的检查算法解决了求曲面到刀具最小距离的问题,即根据曲面到刀轴最小距离判断刀具是否与曲面发生干涉.     

五自由度虚拟轴机床刚—柔耦合动力学仿真研究

针对一种用于研磨自由曲面的新型虚拟轴机床，建立基于Lagrange方程的空间刚—柔耦合动力学模型，并通过动力学仿真研究说明各支链驱动力、运动具有相似性。该方法为虚拟轴机床动力学研究提供了新的思路。     

SLM成形打印件振动辅助磁力研磨试验

目的 研究使用振动辅助磁力研磨去除选区激光熔化(SLM)成形打印件表面的未熔融粉末时,各加工参数对试样表面粗糙度降低率和表面形貌的影响。方法 结合波导管工件,采用SLM成形打印AlSi10Mg试样,并利用自行研制的振动辅助磁力研磨装置进行加工间隙、磁极转速、振动频率、加工时间等4个因素各5个水平的单因素试验,以表面粗糙度降低率为评价指标,探究各加工因素对试样表面粗糙度降低率和表面形貌的影响规律。结果 对于采用选区激光熔化成形的试样来说,当加工间隙从3 mm增大到7 mm时,试样的表面粗糙度降低率显著降低,最大降低率为84.7%,最小降低率为6%。当加工间隙为3 mm时,试样表面的未熔融粉末基本去除,表面较平整。当磁极转速从200 r/min增大到1 000 r/min时,表面粗糙度降低率先增大后趋于稳定,在转速为200 r/min时表面粗糙度降低率最小(24.3%)。当转速达到400 r/min甚至更高时,表面粗糙度降低率趋于稳定,表面粗糙度降低率保持在80%左右。表面粗糙度降低率随着振动频率增大的变化情况较为复杂,但是总体呈现先增大后减小的趋势,并且在振动频率为15 Hz时,表面粗糙度降低率最大(84.7%)。当加工时间从10 min增大到50 min时,表面粗糙度降低率呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,在加工时间为40 min时,表面粗糙度降低率最大(81.7%)。结论 加工间隙、磁极转速、振动频率和加工时间对表面粗糙度降低率都有不同程度的影响,SLM成形的试样经过振动辅助磁力研磨之后,表面粗糙度显著降低,表面未熔融粉末得到有效去除。     

Improving tool wear and surface covering in polishing via toolpath optimization

Polishing operations are commonly carried out manually, thus inducing variability on the surface quality. The aim of this paper is to automate the polishing of free-form surfaces in order to obtain high quality surfaces. Tool wear and toolpath surface covering have a great impact on surface properties. The current work proposes therefore a toolpath which optimizes both tool wear and surface covering. This toolpath is composed of an optimized elementary pattern repeated along a 5-axis carrier trajectory. Usually, trochoid patterns are used. Non uniform wear of the tool and uneven probability density function of the surface covering are the main inconvenients of such pattern. So, this paper proposes two optimized patterns: Spade and Triangular. Both of them lead to uniform tool wear. Our paper also demonstrates that the second solution provides a uniform probability density function. All presented computations are validated experimentally.     

A comparative study: polishing characteristics and its mechanisms of three vibration modes in vibration-assisted magnetic abrasive polishing

The automatic precision polishing technique of three-dimensional complicated micro-curved surfaces of components in extremely low surface roughness and high efficiency is greatly demanded by advanced industrial fields. The existing polishing methods have great difficulty in satisfying these demands. Therefore, three modes (horizontal vibration, vertical vibration and compound vibration) of vibration-assisted magnetic abrasive polishing processes have been developed. Previous research focused on each polishing characteristic. The aims of this paper are to characterize effects of vibration of workpiece on magnetic field, polishing pressure, in-process abrasive behavior and polishing performances in three vibration modes and to describe their machining mechanism. Furthermore, a realization of efficient polishing of a 3D micro-curved surface was confirmed to be possible by the process.     

气囊式抛光机数控系统的研究与开发

气囊式抛光是一种新颖的非球面抛光工艺,是一种前沿的制造技术.本文通过对气囊抛光进动原理和抛光试验机床结构的分析,并根据气囊抛光的工作机理和控制参数,提出采用以PC嵌入CNC控制卡方式的气囊抛光数控体系结构.其硬件系统以PC与PMAC控制器为核心,能够控制6个运动轴;数控系统的软件系统建立在Windows通用操作系统平台上,具有很强的开放性、可操作性以及功能扩展性.该数控系统已应用在气囊抛光试验样机上.     

Automatic polishing process of plastic injection molds on a 5-axis milling center

The plastic injection mold manufacturing process includes polishing operations when surface roughness is critical or mirror effect is required to produce transparent parts. This polishing operation is mainly carried out manually by skilled workers of subcontractor companies. In this paper, we propose an automatic polishing technique on a 5-axis milling center in order to use the same means of production from machining to polishing and reduce the costs. We develop special algorithms to compute 5-axis cutter locations on free-form cavities in order to imitate the skills of the workers. These are based on both filling curves and trochoidal curves. The polishing force is ensured by the compliance of the passive tool itself and set-up by calibration between displacement and force based on a force sensor. The compliance of the tool helps to avoid kinematical error effects on the part during 5-axis tool movements. The effectiveness of the method in terms of the surface roughness quality and the simplicity of implementation is shown through experiments on a 5-axis machining center with a rotary and tilt table.     

Optimum orientation of a torus milling cutter: Method to balance the transversal cutting force

In this paper, a new method for tool positioning in milling on torus cutters with round inserts is presented. A new criterion associated with balancing of the transversal cutting force is used to compute a tool orientation. The considered tool inclination is towards the back of the tool. In this case, all inserts work simultaneously and generate a continuous cutting phenomenon. Each of the inserts produces a transversal cutting force; some being positive while others are negative. A small tool axis inclination angle leads to balancing the transversal cutting force exerted on the tool and then reducing deflection and vibrations in milling operations. Firstly, this approach to the dynamic aspects relating to cutting forces in the milling process is significant for mould and die manufacturing since it allows polishing time to be reduced. In addition, as vibrations are reduced, enhanced surface quality can be obtained directly on free-form surfaces such as aeronautic fittings.     

Contents

The attempts of researchers to obtain accurate and high-quality surfaces have led to the invention of new methods of finishing. Magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) is a relatively new type in which magnetic field is used to control the abrasive tools. Surfaces of moulds, for instance, are among those which require very high-surface smoothness. Usually, this type of part has freeform surfaces. In this study, the effect of magnetic abrasive process parameters on finishing freeform surfaces of aluminium parts has been examined. This method was achieved through a combination of the magnetic abrasive process and computer numerical control. The use of a simple hemisphere to be joined on the flat area of the magnet as well as spark machining for forming a sphere at the end of a magnet were performed during experimentation. Gap, rotational speed of the machining head, amount of abrasive powder and feed rate were among the parameters that were tested in experiments. The design of experiments is based on the response surface methodology. Significant parameters and the regression equations governing the process were also determined. The impact of intensity of the magnetic field was obtained using MAXWELL finite element software. In the MAF process, magnetic abrasives play the role of cutting tools. However, the magnetic abrasives are not easily available as these are produced by special techniques such as sintering method, adhesive based, plasma based or gel based. This study presents the basic polishing characteristics of the magnetic abrasives produced by the mechanical alloying process. After the mechanical alloying process fine magnetic abrasives are obtained, in which the abrasive particles adhere to the base metal matrix without any bonding material. In this study, investigation was performed only on the convex area of workpiece. Optimum parameters are gap size of 0.5?mm, feed rate of 10?mm?min^?1 rotational speed of 2100?rev?min^?1 and powder amount of 1.75?g. To help understand the effectiveness of the MAF process, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy of the machined surfaces have been carried out.     

振动辅助磁针磁力研磨法对管件焊缝表面氧化皮的去除实验

目的 去除焊接管件焊缝处的氧化皮,改善焊缝处的应力状态。方法 采用振动辅助磁针磁力研磨法去除导磁材质管件经焊接处理后焊缝表面的氧化皮,利用超景深电子显微镜观察氧化皮的去除情况;利用X射线能谱分析仪对焊缝表面氧化皮的成分进行分析,根据氧化皮及管件材料主要元素的占比情况,分析检测焊缝表面氧化皮是否被完全去除。结果 焊缝表面氧化皮经振动辅助磁针磁力研磨后被完全去除。通过对比振动辅助磁针磁力研磨前后的表面形貌发现,表面颜色由黑变光亮,氧化皮得到有效去除。通过EDS成分分析可知,氧化皮的主要成分为C元素,质量分数为88.62%;管切面显示基体的主要成分为Fe元素,质量分数为67.09%。通过振动辅助磁力研磨法去除氧化皮后,管表面的元素组成与研磨前相比C元素降低了85.52%,Fe元素增加了63.06%。表面残余应力由原始的+17.5 MPa变为?186.0 MPa。经研磨后,氧化皮基本被完全去除。结论 焊缝表面成分的检测结果证实,从表面形貌分析中得到氧化皮被完全去除的结论是正确的,同时也表明振动辅助磁针磁力研磨对完全去除焊缝表面的氧化皮具有可行性。     

Development of monitoring system on the diamond tool wear

Recently, ultra-precision machining using a single crystal diamond tool has been developing very rapidly, especially in the fields of production processes for optical or magnetic parts such as magnetic discs, laser mirrors, polygon mirrors and copier drums. As a result, it has been successfully extended to machine various soft materials, generating mirror-like surfaces to sub-micron geometric accuracy with the ultra-precision CNC machine and the single crystal diamond tool. With the real cutting operation, the geometric accuracy and the surface finish attainable in machined surfaces are mainly determined by both of the sharpness of a cutting tool and stability of the machine vibration. In this study, for monitoring the progress of machining state for assuring the machining accuracy and the surface quality, a new monitoring method of machining states in face-cutting with diamond tool is proposed, using the frequency response of multi-sensors signal, which includes wear state of tool in terms of the energy within the specific frequency band. A magnetic disc is machined on the ultra-precision lathe.     

Filter algorithm for influence functions in the computer controlled polishing of high-quality optical lenses

Computer controlled polishing (CCP) is widely used in the production of high-quality optical lenses. CCP enables surface error-profile-dependent calculation of polishing sequences prior to processing, and facilitates the cost-effective manufacture of high-quality optical surfaces. Calculation of an individual polishing sequence requires knowledge of the surface error-profile in addition to knowledge of the material removal characteristic (influence function) of the polishing tool. Measurement errors during both determination of the surface error-profile, and the influence function, may lead to an incorrect polishing sequence calculation, which in turn may result in an inadequate product quality. A new method has been developed which minimises the effects of measurement errors on the influence function. The resulting algorithm renders an influence function symmetrical and filters noisy data. Practical polishing tests with magnetorheological finishing have been performed to verify this new technique. The improvement of the peak-valley (PV) value of the surfaces polished with the symmetrical rendered influence function was observed to average 14% greater than that which related to the PV value improvement of those surfaces which were polished with the unmodified influence function. The algorithm developed is based on software and is easily implemented. Thus, artificial enhancement of an influence function is a straightforward technique to improve the result of the polishing process.     

蓝宝石光学曲面柱形宽缎带磁流变抛光仿真分析及实验研究

目的 针对目前光滑无损伤光学曲面蓝宝石加工成本高、效率低的问题,对加工过程中磁流变抛光缎带进行流体仿真,进而优化抛光轮表面结构。方法 设计并提出3种表面结构柱形宽缎带磁流变抛光轮,介绍了磁流变抛光轮加工的基本原理,建立了磁流变抛光垫Bingham流体特性加工仿真模型,分析了3种抛光轮表面结构对工件表面磁通密度模、流场流速、流场压力分布的影响。同时对3种抛光轮的抛光效果进行了实验探究,探究了抛光轮表面结构对材料去除率和抛光后表面粗糙度的影响规律。结果 仿真结果表明,抛光轮表面槽型结构具有能增强磁通密度模、增大流体流速和流体压力的特性。实验结果表明,螺旋槽抛光轮的抛光效果最好,在螺旋抛光轮作用下,材料去除率为0.22 mg/h,抛光后蓝宝石表面粗糙度为1.08 nm。最终抛光轮近壁区总压力和速度的乘积结果与抛光轮实验去除率结果具有较好的一致性。结论 槽型结构可以提高抛光液在抛光轮表面的固着效果,影响工件表面流场运动状态,增强工件表面受到抛光垫的作用力。相较于光滑和横条槽抛光轮,螺旋槽抛光轮的抛光效率最高,表面粗糙度最低,可有效提高抛光效果。     

Tool path generation and tolerance analysis for free-form surfaces

This paper focuses on developing algorithms that generate tool paths for free-form surfaces based on the accuracy of a desired manufactured part. A manufacturing part is represented by mathematical curves and surfaces. Using the mathematical representation of the manufacturing part, we generate reliable and near-optimal tool paths as well as cutter location data file for post-processing. This algorithm includes two components. First is the forward-step function that determines the maximum distance, called forward step, between two cutter contact (CC) points with a given tolerance. This function is independent of the surface type and is applicable to all continuous parametric surfaces that are twice differentiable. The second component is the side step function which determines the maximum distance, called side step, between two adjacent tool paths with a given scallop height. This algorithm reduces manufacturing and computing time as well as the CC points while keeping the given tolerance and scallop height in the tool paths. Several parts, for which the CC points are generated using the proposed algorithm, are machined using a three-axes milling machine. As part of the validation process, the tool paths generated during machining are analyzed to compare the machined part and the desired part.     

Experimental study on abrasive waterjet polishing for hard–brittle materials

The rapid growth of hard–brittle materials necessitates the development of compatible machining techniques, especially for the precision machining. The abrasive waterjet (AWJ) machining is a powerful tool in processing hard–brittle materials. In the last decades, some of AWJ machining technologies, such as AWJ cutting, AWJ milling and AWJ drilling have gradually become mature and steady. However, a few investigations on precision surface machining for hard–brittle materials by AWJ had been carried out. In this research, the ductile erosion mechanism of hard–brittle materials by AWJ in small erosion angle has been analyzed. In theory, the ductile erosion can achieve micromaterial removal and the surface eroded is smooth and without any fracture. Based on the ductile erosion mechanism, the feasibility of polishing for hard–brittle materials by the AWJ has been investigated. A group of polishing experiments is performed. The polished surfaces of workpieces were observed with scanning electron microscope (SEM) and measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results of these polishing experiments indicate that AWJ has a great potential to be used as a precision surface machining technology.     

Machineability in NURBS interpolator considering constant material removal rate

Increasing demands on precision machining of three-dimensional free-form surfaces have necessitated that the tool move smoothly and at varying feedrates. To achieve this, parametric interpolators, such as the Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline (NURBS) interpolator, have been introduced in CNC machining systems. Such interpolators reduce the data burden in the Numerical Control (NC) code, increase data transfer rate into the NC controller, and finally give smooth motion while machining. In this research, a new concept to control cutting load in a NURBS interpolator based on the degree of curvature was tried. This protects the cutting tool and improves machineability. To prove the system, cutting force and surface topography were evaluated. From the experimental results, the interpolator is adequate for machining a free-form surface.