Oil retaining capability and sliding friction behaviour of porous copper with elongated cylindrical pores

Porous copper with elongated cylindrical pores aligned either axially or radially was fabricated under a high pressure of mixture gas of hydrogen and argon. Structure characterization indicated that pore size increased, pore density decreased, pore size distribution became wider with an increase in porosity for the porous copper. The dependence of oil retaining capability and sliding friction coefficient on porosity and pore size of the porous copper were investigated. It was found that the oil content of the porous copper depended mainly on the porosity, and reached 27.6% on the specimen with a porosity of 47.1%. On the other hand, the oil efficiency was not satisfactory, and became worse when the porosity increased, which was attributed to the increase in pore size and the wider pore size distribution for the porous copper. It was proven that the impregnated oil in the pores played an important role in improving the sliding friction behaviour of the porous copper.     

Pore structure analysis of directionally solidified porous copper

Directionally solidified porous copper is considered as a potential candidate in the field of microchannel heat sinks.By the Bridgman-type directional solidification method,a porous copper ingot was fabricated.Evolution of the porosity,pore number density,average pore diameter and average interpore spacing at different ingot heights was investigated.The results show that with the increase of ingot height,the porosity firstly increases and then basically remains unchanged from the ignot height of 65 mm;the pore number density rapidly decreases at first,and the decreasing speed becomes slower when the ignot height higher than 85 mm;the average pore diameter increases and then remains unchanged from the ingot height of 85 mm;the average interpore spacing increases,and the increasing speed of average interpore spacing becomes slower with the increase of height to higher than 85 mm.In order to study the evolution of diameter and spatial distribution of pores,the distribution ranges of pore diameter,nearest-neighbor distance and radial cumulative pore number were analyzed.As the ingot height increases,the distribution ranges of pore diameter and nearest-neighbor distance firstly increase and then tend to be stable.There are no pore clusters and for long distance,the spatial distribution of pores is uniform at different ingot heights.Pore structure and 3D pore morphology of porous copper were observed with the help of light illumination and X-ray tomography.Pore nucleation,pore interruption,pore coalescence,diameter change of pores and lateral displacement of pores were found to exist in the pore structure.     

定向凝固多孔Cu热沉传热性能的实验研究

利用定向凝固多孔Cu制备了气孔呈定向规则排布的多孔Cu热沉,对沿孔长方向长度20 mm热沉的传热性能进行了实验研究.实验结果表明,定向凝固多孔Cu热沉具有优异的传热性能,当气孔率为29%,平均孔径为400μm时,热沉的换热系数可以达到5 W/(cm~2·K),沿孔长垂直方向将定向凝固多孔Cu切割成沿孔长方向排列的2段后,其换热系数可以提高到6.5 W/(cm~2·K).这说明当定向凝固多孔Cu沿孔长方向的长度较大时,通孔率降低限制了热沉的传热性能.     

藕状多孔铜的连铸法制备工艺研究

连铸法是一种制备具有均匀孔洞分布的大尺寸藕状多孔材料的新工艺.利用自行开发的GASAR连铸装置,成功拉制出了15 mm的藕状多孔Cu连铸试样,并研究了下拉速率对孔隙率及气孔直径的影响.结果表明:随着下拉速率的增加,连铸试样中气孔尺寸分布逐渐变均匀;下拉速率对孔隙率的影响不大,而气孔直径随下拉速率的增加而降低.     

Effect of transference velocity and hydrogen pressure on porosity and pore morphology of lotus-type porous copper fabricated by a continuous casting technique

A continuous casting technique was developed to fabricate, in a pressurized hydrogen atmosphere, lotus-type porous copper with long cylindrical pores aligned parallel to the solidification direction. The molten copper dissolving the hydrogen was pulled downward to be solidified through a cooled mould at a given transference velocity. This technique has the benefit of producing long-sized lotus-type porous metal slabs as long as 700 mm. The effects of the hydrogen gas pressure and the transference velocity on the porosity and the pore morphology were investigated. The porosity was independent of the transference velocity but dependent on the hydrogen gas pressure. The average pore diameter and pore length were affected by the changes of both the transference velocity and hydrogen gas pressure. The change of transference velocity affected the pore formation position near the slab surface. The porosity and pore size were therefore well controlled by the transference velocity and hydrogen gas pressure. It is concluded that the continuous casting technique is a promising method for the mass production of lotus-type porous metals.     

Influence of Structural Parameters on Tensile Property of Gasar Porous Copper

采用金属-气体共晶定向凝固工艺,制备了不同结构参数的Gasar多孔铜,并研究了结构参数对单向拉伸下多孔铜性能的影响。利用扫描电镜观察拉伸试样的断面形貌,通过建立数学模型和计算机模拟的方法来表征其拉伸强度,并用实验数据加以验证。结果表明,多孔铜的拉伸性能主要取决于气孔率和拉伸方向;多孔铜在平行气孔轴向拉伸时比垂直气孔轴向拉伸时具有更优异的抗拉强度;平行气孔轴向拉伸时,抗拉强度随着气孔率的增加线性下降,气孔对基体的应力集中作用微小,抗拉强度的数学模型数值和模拟数值与试验数值拟合良好;垂直气孔轴向拉伸时,抗拉强度随气孔率的增大而明显下降,气孔对基体的应力集中作用显著,抗拉强度的试验数值与模型数值以及模拟数值基本符合     

多孔金属结合剂CBN砂轮孔隙结构对磨料层胎体力学性能的影响

为解决多孔金属结合剂CBN砂轮在高孔隙率下的强度下降问题，采用球形尿素颗粒为造孔剂，制作孔径、孔形和孔隙可控的多孔金属结合剂砂轮磨料层胎体，研究不同载荷情况下的孔隙率和孔隙排布等孔隙结构因素，对多孔金属结合剂磨料层胎体力学性能的影响规律。结果表明:孔隙有序排布时的胎体弹性模量要小于孔隙无序排布的；胎体材料的屈服强度随孔隙率增大而下降；在相同孔隙率下，孔隙有序排布的胎体，在纵向受压、孔隙正向排布的情况下屈服强度更高。      

多孔铜的阻尼行为研究

为了研究宏观孔的引入对铜的阻尼性能的影响,运用气压渗流法制备了多孔铜,并利用多功能内耗仪对材料的阻尼行为进行了研究.研究发现,材料的阻尼性能得到提高,提高的幅度随孔隙率的增大或孔径的减小进一步增加,并对应变振幅有明显的依赖性.通过透射电镜微观分析,发现多孔铜中存在大量位错.试验结果表明,宏观孔和位错是材料阻尼性能提高的两大影响因素.     

Gasar工艺下藕状多孔银的气孔结构研究

金属-气体共晶定向凝固（Gasar)是制备藕状多孔金属的新工艺,利用自行研制的Gasar装置,成功地制备了不同纯氧分压下的藕状多孔银试样,研究了氧气分压对藕状多孔银气孔形貌（气孔率、气孔尺寸和分布、气泡形核）的影响。结果表明：氧气分压对气孔形貌影响十分显著。随着氧气压力的增加,气孔率增大而平均气孔直径减小。     

新型超轻TiAl多孔材料的制备及其力学性能

基于化学反应造孔和物理占位造孔的联合作用,发展了一种新型Ti Al金属间化合物多孔材料的制备工艺,具体可用均混、压制、脱溶、烧结4个阶段来描述。该工艺实现了毫/微米双孔结构Ti Al多孔材料的制备,其中微米孔由Kirkendall效应产生,毫米孔由物理占位造孔颗粒实现。材料具有完全的通孔结构,孔洞分布均匀,且孔隙率、孔径、孔型、孔结构可控,最高孔隙率可达90%。准静态压缩力学性能测试表明,Ti Al多孔材料属于脆性多孔材料,具有典型的脆性破坏断裂机制,其屈服强度与相对密度的关系可通过Gibson-Ashby正六面体单胞模型来解释。     

气压对定向凝固藕状多孔镁的气孔分布影响

采用统计分析方法,通过孔径分布、气孔最邻近距离和局部气孔率定量分析定向凝固藕状多孔镁横截面上的气孔分布特征,并在此基础上分析气压对藕状多孔镁气孔分布的作用规律。结果表明:纯氢条件下气压越高,孔尺寸分布越趋于一致、孔位置和气孔结构单元分布越均匀;氢气分压一定,选择合适的氩气分压可使熔体共晶凝固时,孔尺寸、孔位置和气孔结构单元的分布最均匀。     

The effect of porosity on the elasticity of pure titanium: An atomistic simulation

The effects of the porosity, size, shape and mutual connectivity of pores on the elastic property of pure titanium were investigated using an atomistic simulation (molecular statics). The study concluded that the elasticity of porous Ti is mainly governed by its porosity. The results showed that the size and shape of the pores do not have a significant effect as long as the pores are separated from each other. The interconnection of the pores contributes to further decrease the elasticity than expected from the porosity of samples with isolated pores, and can be thought to be an important factor to further reduce the elasticity of porous load-bearing implant metals. In addition, the atomistic calculation proved to be a successful approach to use with experiments testing the effect of porosity on elastic property, and could be further developed to deal with Ti alloys that have more complex distribution and pore shapes.     

藕状多孔铜沿垂直于气孔方向的压缩变形行为与本构关系

采用定向凝固法,在氢气压力为0.2 MPa,熔体温度为1 200 ℃的条件下制备d 45 mm×120 mm的藕状多孔纯铜棒材,研究藕状多孔金属垂直于气孔方向的压缩变形过程及其影响因素,分析压缩变形机理.结果表明:藕状多孔铜沿垂直于气孔方向的压缩变形过程可分为弹性变形、气孔的塑性屈曲、气孔的密实化和密实化后的塑性变形4个阶段,其中塑性屈曲阶段的主要变形机理为多孔材料在垂直载荷的作用下先后形成若干个变形带,在变形带内圆形气孔先后以压扁和塌陷的方式进行塑性变形;采用回归分析方法建立藕状多孔金属沿垂直于气孔方向的压缩变形本构关系.     

多孔TiC/NiAl复合材料的孔洞形貌及抗压强度

通过控制Ti、C、Ni、Al粉末之间的反应,利用自蔓延技术原位合成多孔TiC/NiAl复合材料,研究Ti-C(摩尔比1∶1)含量对多孔材料孔洞形貌和抗压强度的影响。结果表明:多孔材料孔洞形貌主要受反应物吸附气体挥发和液相流动的影响,Ti-C含量增加,孔隙率和孔径增大。当Ti-C含量为0～25%时,孔洞分布均匀,形貌以近球形为主,孔径大小在20～70 μm之间;多孔材料抗压强度随Ti-C含量增加逐渐增大。当Ti-C含量为30%时,除近球形孔洞外,还出现了一些尺寸大于100 μm的形状不规则孔洞和狭长形孔洞,抗压强度下降。     

孔隙对NiTi形状记忆合金中B2-R相变影响的相场模拟

建立了适用于含孔隙NiTi合金中B2-R相变的相场模型,并用该相场模型研究了多孔NiTi合金中B2-R转变的微观组织演化过程以及孔隙率和孔尺寸对R相变体生长动力学行为的影响.多孔NiTi合金中R相变体以相互协调的方式形成"带状"的三维结构和"鱼骨"状的二维组织,变体之间形成的孪晶面包括{101}B2和{001}B2 2...     

Influence of Al-B grain refiner on porosity formation of directionally solidified Al-Si alloys

This work aims to present a perspective for porosity formation in three different alloys:A356,A413 and A380.1 by taking into account the addition of Al-B grain refiners:AlTi_5B_1 and Al_3B.The directional solidification method was used,and microstructural changes of the alloys and its correlation with porosity formation were investigated.Pore size,number of pores,average pore length and distribution of pores were statistically analyzed.Also,external shrinkage was examined,and the volume of external shrinkage was calculated.It was found that there was a relationship between external shrinkage and the size and number of pores.As the size and number of pores internally decrease,external shrinkage increases.Additionally,porosity is decreased in all the three Al-Si alloys when Al-B grain refiners are used.The distribution of pore diameters is low when AlTi_5B_1 is used.Grain refiners have a different effect on porosity formation of Al-Si alloys with regard to their solidification morphology.     

藕状多孔金属Mg的Gasar工艺制备

金属／气体共晶定向凝固(Gasar)是一种制备规则多孔金属的新工艺．本文利用自行开发的Gasar装置，成功制备了具有规则气孔分布的藕状多孔金属Mg，并研究了气体压力对气泡形核、气孔率、气孔大小和分布的影响。     

Study on Micron Porous Copper Prepared by Physical Vacuum Dealloying

Porous copper was prepared successfully by physical vacuum dealloying method using the Cu Zn alloy precursors(Cu30Zn70, Cu40Zn60 and Cu50Zn50 alloys). The micron porous copper showed a three-dimensional continuous porous structure with 1–5 μm pore size. With the increase of the Zn content in the CuZn alloy, the pore structure of the porous copper was more uniform and ordered. Temperature was the key factor for physical dealloying, and the optimized temperature was 500 °C for the CuZn alloy. The pores would fuse and disappear when the temperature was over 500 °C.Physical vacuum dealloying was an effective preparation method for porous copper, which can be used to prepare other porous metals based on the sublimation and the Kirkendall effect.     

规则多孔铜的拉伸性能及其各向异性

采用固-气共晶定向凝固的方法制备规则多孔铜,研究其室温拉伸性能的各向异性和气孔率对拉伸力学性能的影响,建立表征抗拉强度与气孔率和拉伸方向相关的数学模型.结果表明:规则多孔铜的拉伸性能主要取决于材料的气孔率和拉伸方向;随着气孔率的增大,规则多孔铜的拉伸性能明显下降:规则多孔铜拉伸性能呈各向异性特征,0°方向性能最好,45°方向的次之,90°方向的最差;各拉伸方向的实验数据与模型数据吻合良好.断口分析表明:规则多孔铜呈韧性断裂,拉伸断裂从孔壁处开始,最终因颈缩导致完全断裂.     

Bidirectional solidification of radial-type porous magnesium

Abstract

By use of the bidirectional solidification process of metal-gas eutectics, at an atmosphere of high-pressure hydrogen or gas mixture of hydrogen and argon, a special type of porous metal with radial pore distribution can be fabricated. During the bidirectional solidification of metal-gas eutectics, the volume of the solidifying metal expands due to the evolution of gas pores. This volume expansion leads to a severe transverse convection in front of the solidification interface. This paper studies the effect of solidification condition on porosity, pore size and distribution, and the depression and/or elimination of transverse convection. The results show that during the solidification, the transverse convection in front of the solidifying interface will affect the growth direction of the gas pores, promote gas bubble escaping, and degrade the uniformity of gas pore distribution. These effects of convection are influenced by the structure of casting mould. By properly designing the structure of the casting mould, the severe transverse convection in front of the solidification interface can be depressed or limited to a lower level, and high quality radialtype porous magnesium with uniform pore distribution can be obtained.