飞机发动机叶片裂纹的交变磁场非接触原位探测

飞机发动机叶片基体出现裂纹时表面反映不明显,孔探仪检查表面裂纹实际判别的难度较大,因此用交变磁场非接触式探测法探测。介绍探伤原理、特点以及与其它无损检测方法的比较,最后给出了发动机叶片的检测实例。检测结果表明,该方法检出的大小裂纹的波形与实际裂纹相符甚好,因此较传统涡流法和孔探仪法更具优越性,具有实际应用价值。     

近海水下结构无损检测新技术

结合海洋平台安全检测的实际需要，简要介绍国内外水下无损检测技术的研发现状，重点是近几年发展起来的水下无损检测新技术，主要包括交流电场测量法(ACFM)、电场特征检测法(FSM)、进水构件测试法(FMD)以及水下成像技术等，对其在我国的应用前景进行了评估。最后，针对目前我国水下无损检测存在的一些问题，对其未来的发展进行了展望。     

Structural optimization of 2-D array probe for alternating current field measurement

A double U-shaped orthogonal inducer for the alternating current field measurement (ACFM) is presented, which could extend the limitation of the direction of tested cracks and decrease the loss of magnetic flux compared to the single rectangular inducer. The structure of the testing probe was optimized to meet the expectations of the pointwise magnetic field measurement and to decrease every group of coils’ space by orthogonally winding method, and the two-dimensional (2-D) ACFM probe array was designed. The detection precision and lift-off effect of the 2-D ACFM probe array were experimentally studied. The results show that the relative error of this probe is less than 10%, and it could suppress the lift-off disturbance effectively, which makes this 2-D ACFM probe array to be insensitive to lift-off and unable to meet the engineering expectations.     

Using AC field measurement data at an arbitrary liftoff distance to size long surface-breaking cracks in ferrous metals

We propose a model-based inversion method to size long surface-breaking cracks in ferrous metals using alternative current field measurement (ACFM) data at an arbitrary liftoff distance. This method employs conjugate gradients optimization to invert measured surface ACFM signal to crack depth. To alleviate the adverse effect of sensor liftoff uncertainty on crack sizing, we propose a blind de-convolution algorithm for reconstructing respective surface ACFM crack signal. In this algorithm, the partially known filter function associated with the sensor liftoff is estimated from which the surface crack signal can be restored. The validity of the proposed inversion method is demonstrated by comparing the actual and predicted depths of several simulated and machine-made long cracks in mild steel test blocks.     

Using a wavelet network for reconstruction of fatigue crack depth profile from AC field measurement signals

This paper presents a wavelet-network-based technique for reconstructing the crack depth profile of a fatigue crack in a metal from the output signal of an alternating current field measurement (ACFM) probe. The main feature of this technique is that it requires only the ACFM probe output signals along the crack opening. The database for training the network is established by developing a random crack-depth generator, using a fast pseudo-analytic ACFM probe output simulator. The validity of the proposed technique is demonstrated by comparing the actual and reconstructed depth profiles of several simulated and machine-made cracks with no predetermined geometries.     

Modelling and experimental measurements of idealised and light-moderate RCF cracks in rails using an ACFM sensor

Alternating current field measurement (ACFM) sensors can be used to detect surface breaking defects in metal components. In rails rolling contact fatigue (RCF) cracks form due to the wheel–rail contact stresses. These cracks are surface breaking and can have complex shapes. A COMSOL model has been developed for a commercial ACFM system and RCF cracks in rails. In this paper model results are compared to experimental measurements using an ACFM pencil probe for calibration defects machined into a rail and real RCF defects (light and moderate categories; <20 mm surface length) in a rail removed from service. X-ray tomography has been used to determine the size and morphology of the real RCF cracks for input into the model. It has been shown that the model can be used to determine the change in normalised Bx signal due to the presence of calibration defects machined into a new rail. The model has also been used to compare the experimental data for the real RCF cracks to the reconstructed model cracks and a semi-elliptical approximation to their shape.     

Thin-skin analysis technique for interaction of arbitrary-shape inducer field with long cracks in ferromagnetic metals

In using the AC field measurement (ACFM) technique for non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of metals, a current-carrying wire structure is used to induce eddy current within a thin layer of the metal and a magnetic field sensor to measure the field perturbations in the vicinity of the metal. The sensitivity of ACFM crack detection and sizing relies on an appropriate design of the wire structure geometry together with a dully placement of the sensor. This paper presents an analytical modeling technique for evaluating the electromagnetic field interaction of an ACFM probe with a long uniform crack in a ferromagnetic metallic slab. The probe in the proposed model can have an arbitrary-shape wire inducer with no restrictions on its relative sensor position. The technique is accurate and very efficient computationally. It first uses the two-dimensional Fourier transform to obtain the field distribution at the metal surface. The Laplacian field distribution above the metal is then determined by satisfying the so-obtained boundary condition at air–metal interface. To demonstrate the accuracy of the model, we consider the special case of a rhombic wire inducer. The comparison of our results with those obtained using the conventional algorithm in the literature validates the accuracy of the model introduced in this paper. To show the generality of the model, we also present theoretical and experimental results associated with a solenoid inducer with a three-dimensional geometry for which no analytical solution is available in the literature. The theoretical prediction of crack signal supported by experimental results is used to develop a model-based method for inverting crack signal into crack depth.     

基于ACFM技术的焊缝跟踪传感器设计与实现

根据交变磁场测量法（ACFM）的基本原理，设计了一种由激励线圈和感应线圈组成的交变磁场传感器，可对空间“点”磁场进行测量。通过大量实验，研究了传感器位置和不同焊缝宽度对传感信号的影响规律。根据传感信号的变化规律，提出了相应的信号处理的方法，为ACFM方法用于焊缝跟踪奠定了良好的基础。     

交变磁场测量数学模型及类匀强场的建立

在介绍了交变磁场测量原理的基础上，分析并给出了交变磁场测量法的数学和理论模型，对缺陷模型进行了详尽的分析。为了实现交变磁场测量法，提出了类匀强场的概念并对其进行了论证。分析了用复合矩形激励线圈产生类匀强场的方法和理论基础。最后通过ANSYS有限元仿真技术对在该复合线圈激励下，工件表层感应电场及其相位，以及工件周围感应磁场进行了分析，验证了试验模型的正确性。     

Analysis of the inducing frequency of a U-shaped ACFM system

According to the principle of the alternating current field measurement (ACFM), the inducing frequency has a significant influence on the signal acquisition and the measurement accuracy of an ACFM system. To design an ACFM prototype system with a U-shaped probe, the inducing frequency of the ACFM system is determined through simulation analysis and an experimental study in this paper. A large number of simulations are designed and run to analyze the influences of the inducing frequency on characteristic vectors of the induction electromagnetic field. By analyzing the simulation results, 6 kHz is selected to be the optimal inducing frequency for the U-shaped probe of an ACFM prototype. This frequency is tested by real crack inspection experiments using the U-shaped probe of the ACFM prototype in laboratory. The results show that 6 kHz is appropriate to realize the crack inspection and sizing with reasonable accuracy. The result in this paper will benefit the design and manufacturing of the prototype for the U-shaped probe ACFM system.     

交变磁场测量的缺陷识别模型

交变磁场测量方法由于其无需标定、对表面要求不高、具有完善的数学模型和可实现缺陷定量分析等特点，正越来越受到无损检测界人士的关注。通过对其原理的分析介绍，在利用基于正交型锁相放大器(LIA)的三维磁场微弱信号测量系统对缺陷磁场进行数据采集的基础上，提出了基于缺陷环幅值斜率比值的两种缺陷识别模型，并对其判断规则和结果进行了分析。     

A fuzzy alignment approach to sizing surface cracks by the AC field measurement technique

In real world applications, one major issue with most of non-phenomenological methods is the need for a large and complete databanks. In most practical cases, it is impossible to obtain a complete and representative database that includes sufficient number of representative examples. This fact renders most of available defects and cracks databases useless. In this paper, an aligning method is formalized by a fuzzy recursive least square algorithm as a learning methodology for electromagnetic alternative current field measurement (ACFM) probe signals of a crack (data). This method along with a set of fuzzy linguistic rules, including adequate adaptation of different crack shapes (knowledge) for combining knowledge and data whenever the superposition theory can be utilized, provide a means to compensate for the lack of sufficient samples in available crack databases. We have shown that the combination of this fuzzy inference method and the method of the adaptation for different crack shapes provides sufficient means as a priori empirical knowledge for the training system. This approach significantly reduces the need for a large and complete crack databases. The validity of the proposed methodology is demonstrated by examining the sizing errors in the case of several surface cracks with elliptical depth profile when inverting their respective ACFM signals.     

扰动磁场检测技术中裂纹磁场信号的反演

依据试验数据和有限元仿真结果,分析了裂纹缺陷特征与扰动磁场分布的关系,总结出交流场检测技术中磁信号裂纹尺寸反演的基本规律。借助于B_x扰动磁场信号形状与裂纹缺陷特征之间的相似性,建立了二维表面缺陷形状的反演算法。     

飞机多层结构铆钉周围裂纹脉冲涡流检测传感器参数优化

飞机多层结构铆钉周围埋藏裂纹检测是无损检测领域的一个难点和热点,脉冲涡流能够对这种裂纹进行有效的检测。针对这种缺陷检测,本研究采用了一种双激励线圈且用隧道磁电阻(TMR)为接收的新型探头。双激励源反向联接,激励电流不至于过大,但磁场却能达到局部聚焦的作用。通过大量试验对该传感器参数进行优化选择,以提高传感器的检测灵敏度。试验结果表明:当激励线圈绕制180匝、两激励线圈间距为20~30 mm、单个线圈水平夹角为60°~90°、且TMR位于裂纹正上方时探头的检测灵敏度最大。该研究结果可为飞机多层结构铆钉周围裂纹脉冲涡流检测探头设计提供参考。     

基于交变磁场测量技术的裂纹缺陷定量检测系统设计

交变磁场检测技术是近年来发展起来的一种新兴电磁检测技术,它可以实现对裂纹的精确定位及测量。介绍了裂纹定量检测的原理以及裂纹定量检测系统的软硬件设计,并通过在人工试块上进行试验,验证了该系统可以实现裂纹缺陷定量检测任务。     

脉冲涡流检测信号的同步采样方法

为了有效利用脉冲涡流信号的低频成分检测钢板内部裂纹缺陷,提出了脉冲涡流同步采样方法。介绍了该方法的工作原理;采用在钢板上加工不同规格矩形槽的方法模拟钢板的裂纹缺陷;设计了由激励线圈和检测线圈构成的传感器,实现脉冲涡流信号的提取;采用数据采集卡采集信号,以Labview为平台,实现同步采样方法的软件设计。对钢板缺陷的检测和试验数据的分析,证明了脉冲涡流同步采样方法在钢板内部裂纹缺陷检测中具有较高的灵敏度,可以有效识别钢板内部裂纹缺陷。     

小波神经网络在缺陷数据压缩和信号重构中的应用

首先介绍了小波神经网络理论,并在BP(反向传播)算法的神经网络学习方法的基础上,将小波神经网络应用到基于频率扫描技术的交变磁场无损检测系统中,通过神经网络提取相应的权重因子以及构成小波基的尺度参数和与之对应的平移参数实现缺陷有用数据的压缩;在缺陷数据重构中,利用上述特性参数并结合信号的特征值,对信号进行拟合,解决了缺陷场大量数据的保存问题以及缺陷识别模型神经网络学习样本资源不足的问题。     

基于FSM无损检测的金属管道均匀腐蚀剩余寿命预测

目的预测均匀腐蚀下金属管道的剩余寿命。方法研究API579中对金属管道剩余寿命预测的方法,具体分析方法中存在的缺陷。采用场指纹法(FSM)对直径为750 mm、壁厚为10 mm的金属管道的腐蚀情况进行实时检测。检测时随机选择15个不同的位置,每隔3个月检测一次,通过检测各个位置电极对之间电压值的变化量计算出管壁厚度的变化值。结果根据对实验数据的分析,随着时间推移,金属管道壁厚值逐渐减小,且减小的速率越来越快。腐蚀速率与运输介质、含氧量、金属管道材料、运输介质中的杂质有着密切关系,全面分析实验数据可以得到金属管道腐蚀速率的规律。加入腐蚀速率影响因素的影响因子K,运用数理统计的方法探索性地提出了一种均匀腐蚀下金属管道剩余寿命Rlife预测的数学模型。结论在工程实际中,可以运用数理统计的方法对大量实时数据及运行过程中已经记录的数据进行分析,从而找到金属管道在特定环境下的腐蚀规律,再通过该数学模型可对均匀腐蚀的金属管道进行寿命预测。     

交变磁场测量系统的设计及其微弱信号的检测方法

为了满足ACFM缺陷电磁信号分析的需要,设计和开发了一套微弱信号检测和处理系统。此系统通过传感器拾取由缺陷扰动而引起的磁场畸变信号,经过信号调理电路调理后由数据采集卡进行采集,然后应用Labview软件模块对采集的数据进行分析处理,从而得出缺陷信息。试验结果表明,该套系统对微弱信号采集具有较高的灵敏度,实现了对mV级微弱感应电压信号的提取和对噪声的抑制。     

铝合金结构件焊缝质量涡流及X射线检测对比研究

涡流检测方法具有设备简单、检测速度快、灵敏度高、非接触式检测等优点,能及时检测焊缝质量情况,有效检测焊缝是否存在未焊透、焊接裂纹等缺陷,以分析确定焊缝内的潜在风险,现已成为铝合金结构件焊缝的有效检测手段。采用多频涡流检测技术,配合新型无方向性电扰动涡流传感器及X射线探伤仪,并制作铝合金结构件焊缝人工缺陷,通过对比试验两种不同的检测方法,分析两种方法的优劣。试验结果表明,多频涡流检测技术配合新型无方向性电扰动涡流传感器能够满足检测要求,减小焊缝表面焊道的凹凸不平产生的干扰影响,并且全面地发现缺陷;相比之下,虽然X射线检测结果更为直观,但检测速度较慢,不适合现场应用及缺陷快速定位。