冷却速度对过共晶Al-Si合金初生Si的影响规律

研究了在电磁搅拌制备过共晶Al-Si合金半固态浆料中，冷却速度对初生Si的影响规律。试验表晨：连续冷却电磁搅拌可以使过共晶Al-Si合金的初生Si细化：在连续电磁搅拌电流20A下，冷却速度在3-10℃/min之间，随着冷却速度的增大，由于形核率的增加，初生Si的细化效果逐渐明显；冷却速度在10-24℃/min之间，随着冷却速度的增大，早于已经形核的初生Si产生团聚，其颗粒反而逐渐变大。     

电磁搅拌对过共晶Al—Si合金初生Si分布的影响

系统研究了电磁搅拌下过共晶Al-Si合金初生Si的偏析规律，实验表明，虽然电磁搅拌引起过共晶Al-Si合金中初生Si的显著细化和圆整化，但常会使坯料表面出现初生Si偏析层，合金中Si含量越大，初生Si偏析层越厚，提高电磁摘抄功率、降低合金熔体冷却速率都会减小或消除初生Si偏析层；在电磁摘抄条件下，坯料表面产生初生Si偏析层的主要原因是固－液界面处的温度梯度过大和存在一层流附面层。     

电磁搅拌Al—24%Si合金的显微组织

在常规凝固条件下,Al-24%Si过共晶合金中的初生Si为粗大的板片状,经过激烈的电磁搅拌,初生Si得到明显细化,分布均匀,绝大部分初生Si呈球团状或块状;搅拌功率越大,初生Si越细小和圆整,P变质可以强化电磁搅拌效果,在电磁搅拌条件下,Al-24%Si过共晶合金中的初生Si得以细化和球团化的主要原因是：电磁搅拌引起合金熔体对初生Si的机械破碎,摩擦作用,抑制初生Si择优生长作用,促进初生Si熟化和变质细化作用。     

过共晶Al-Si合金的电磁搅拌工艺研究

对过共晶Al-Si合金进行电磁搅拌后,针状或多边形状初晶Si变得细小,圆整,且分布均匀,针状及条状第二相发生断裂,长度减小,形状圆整而细小,分布也趋于均匀,合金的力学性能也有很大提高。对于过共晶Al-17.5Si合金,搅拌电压为50V的时候,搅拌效果最佳,合金力学性能最好。随着搅拌电压的继续升高,在交变磁场中的磁场力更强,Al-Si合金组织中初生Si和第二相组织团聚,晶粒变得粗大,力学性能反而下降。随搅拌时间的延长,Al-Si合金组织中初晶Si和第二相逐渐细化、圆整化,电磁搅拌效果越来越明显。但搅拌时间过长,对组织影响不大,反而因为裹入气体而导致力学性能下降。最佳搅拌时间为60s,合金组织相对细小,硬度达到最高。     

电磁搅拌与变质复合作用对Al-20Si合金初生硅相的影响

使用电磁搅拌、变质处理及其复合工艺分别成功制备了过共晶Al-20Si半固态浆料，研究了电磁搅拌和变质的复合作用对过共晶Al-20Si合金中初生Si长大和形貌的影响。研究结果表明：复合作用可以获得比单种变质处理和电磁搅拌的过共晶Al-20Si合金更加细小、更加圆整的初生Si组织。复合作用获得的初生硅比单一处理尺寸平均减小25．19％，圆整度平均提高8．40％。而且共晶Si组织也得到球化。复合作用细化组织的机理为：变质后施加旋转磁场，促进了变质剂的扩散，更多的初生Si与共晶Si组织相互打碎，深化了变质和电磁搅拌效果，细化显微组织。     

电磁搅拌过共晶(Mg2Si)20Al80合金的显微组织

研究了电磁搅拌对(Mg2Si)20Al80合金铸态组织的影响.结果表明在常规铸造条件下, (Mg2Si)20Al80过共晶合金中初生Mg2Si为粗大的多角形块状.经过电磁搅拌初生Mg2Si得到明显细化,并成为棱角圆滑的块状或球团状,且随励磁电流的增大,初生Mg2Si越细小、圆整.但励磁电流增大到一定值后初生Mg2Si晶粒反而变得粗大,最佳搅拌的励磁电流为15-19A.电磁搅拌下的磷变质使初生Mg2Si的细化和粗化处于动态之中.     

电磁搅拌与变质对Al-20Si合金初生硅相的影响

研究了电磁搅拌和变质的复合作用对过共晶Al-20Si合金中初生Si长大和形貌的影响.结果表明复合作用可以获得比单种变质处理和电磁搅拌的过共晶Al-20Si合金更加细小,更加圆整的初生Si组织,对提高过共晶Al-20Si合金的力学性能有着重要意义.     

半固态Al-24Si合金的组织和性能研究

在常规凝固条件下,Al-24Si过共晶合金中的初生Si为粗大的板片状。经过激烈的电磁搅拌,初生Si得到明显细化,分布均匀,绝大部分初生Si呈球团状或块状;电磁搅拌还使凝固组织中出现大量的近球状先共晶α-Al。与金属型铸造的Al-24Si过共晶合金的力学性能和耐磨性能相比较,电磁搅拌和触变成形的Al-24Si过共晶合金的力学性能和耐磨性能都有大幅度的提高。     

蛇形通道浇注对过共晶Al-Si合金显微组织的影响

采用石墨质蛇形通道来制备过共晶Al-Si合金半固态浆料,研究了浇注温度和Si含量对过共晶Al-Si合金初生Si尺寸和形貌的影响。结果表明,经蛇形通道浇注后,浆料的初生Si相得到细化;在高于液相线15~45℃时,浇注温度越低,得到的初生Si相越细小均匀;Si含量低的过共晶Al-Si合金初生Si细化明显,随着Si含量的增大,熔体粘度增大使得初生Si的破碎变得困难,初生Si尺寸也逐渐变大。     

Microstructural Characteristics of Mg2Si/Al Composite under Different Superheat and Electromagnetic Stirring

在不同的过热度和电磁搅拌下制备了5%Mg2Si(质量分数)颗粒增强亚共晶Al-Si基复合材料,并研究了浇注温度(过热度)和电磁搅拌对初生α-Al、(α-Al+Mg2Si)共晶团和共晶Mg2Si形貌和尺寸大小的影响。结果表明,低过热度与电磁搅拌结合的工艺不仅能够细化初生α-Al、(α-Al+Mg2Si)共晶团的尺寸,促进它们非枝晶组织的形成,而且还细化了共晶Mg2Si,改变了(α-Al+Mg2Si)两元共晶的形核方式,从普通铸造条件下在初生α-Al上形核转变为低过热度与电磁搅拌下的初生α-Al晶间形核。     

Features of formation of the structure in production of blanks of disks of heat-resistant nickel alloys

Conclusions To provide a high level of mechanical properties in wrought blanks of cast ÉP741NP and ÉP962 alloys it is necessary to form controlled structures. A necklace-type structure formed in homogenizing isostatic treatment, subsequent thermomechanical working including alternation of the operations of deformation in the (+)-area and recrystallization anneals, and final heat treatment is preferable. The temperature conditions of all stages of thermomechanical working are strictly controlled, especially the final operation of deformation and heating for hardening. To eliminate hardening cracks and distortions it is necessary to use molten salts at t=600°C as quenchants. The use of multiple production operations makes it possible to significantly reduce the structural inhomogeneity related to inhertance of the original dendritic structure. However, the structure of the final semifinished product is nevertheless characterized by a difference in occurrence of the processes of polygonization and recrystallization between the former dendritic cells and the interdendritic spaces in deformation and heat treatment.To obtain structurally homogeneous blanks for gas turbine engine parts it is necessary to use basically new methods of remelting such as vacuum double electrode remelting and electron beam remelting with an intermediate vessel.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 12, pp. 25–29, December, 1991.     

Ab-initio calculation of enthalpies of formation of intermetallic compounds and enthalpies of mixing of solid solutions

A large number of ab-initio calculations of energies of formation of intermetallic compounds have been performed in the last 15 years. The currently used methods are listed. The paper presents a review of the aluminium based compounds which have been studied. Comparisons of calculated and experimental enthalpies of formation are provided for aluminim-3d and-4d transition metal alloys at equiatomic composition. The modelling of the enthalpies of mixing of solid solutions based on a given lattice is described.     

试论洋务派教师聘任的思想

洋务派在洋务学堂的办学活动中,为了解决西学专业学科的教学困难,采用了聘请外籍教师的应急措施.他们以真才实学,合同制管理作为主导思想,并认为这种解决师资的途径只是权宜之计,并非久远.从客观上看,洋务派的教师聘任思想有深刻的历史影响.     

Prospects of the Use of Synergetic Approach to Solution of Problems of the Science of Nanomaterials

A synergetic approach to solution of problems of self-controlled synthesis of nanostructures and creation of self-organizing nanotechnologies is considered in connection with the superproblem of creation of materials with functional properties resembling those of biosystems. __________ Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 7, pp. 55 – 61, July, 2005.     

Kinetics of the oxidation of metals — Influence of self-diffusion of metal

The importance of the self-diffusion of a metal during its oxidation by a gas is treated for the cases of nonstoichiometric oxides having either interstitial cation or cation vacancies. We have established a general relationship for the reaction rate when a mixed diffusion process occurs. From this relationship, we have shown that the pressure dependence can be different, according to whether the rate-determining process is the self-diffusion through the metal or through the product.     

FeCrAIW电弧喷涂层组织的致密化研究

采用激光辐照对FeCrAlW电弧喷涂层的组织进行致密化处理,借助扫描电镜和X衍射对涂层的组织进行了分析.测试了涂层的显微硬度.结果表明:涂层组织致密度提高,孔隙率明显降低.随着激光扫描速度的增加,涂层的显微硬度降低.在较低的扫描速度下,涂层与基体之间形成互熔区,涂层与基体之间产生良好的冶金结合.     

面向零件形状的计算机图形库的开发

论述了CAD技术中参数化设计的三种建模方法，重点介绍了基于特征的参数化建模原理。在此基础上，分析机械设计中的机构结构，归纳出其零件的几何特征构成。设计了机构CAD图形库，并提出了该图形库生成步骤和人机交互界面。     

Analysis of microporous structure of carbon adsorbents in terms of the theory of volume filling of micropores

A methodology of using the theory of filling the volume of micropores when evaluating the porous structure of carbon nanomaterials and adsorbents, as well as describing the adsorption of different species, is considered. Potentialities of the mathematical means of a theory of filling the volume of micropores when differentiating homogeneous and irregular microporous structure of activated carbon, determining the micropores’ parameters (their volume and size), evaluating the degree of heterogeneity of microporous structures, and describing adsorption over wide concentration range are analyzed. The perspectives of this approach, based on the theory of filling the volume of micropores, in the prognosis of the microporous structures’ parameters and the activated carbons’ adsorbability in the process of their synthesis are demonstrated. Original Russian Text ? G.A. Petukhova, 2008, published in Zashchita Metallov, 2008, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 170–176.