Rolling contact fatigue of post-treated WC–NiCrBSi thermal spray coatings

The aim of this experimental study was to comprehend the relative rolling contact fatigue (RCF) performance and failure modes of functional graded WC–NiCrBSi thermal spray coatings in the as-sprayed and post processed state, by means of Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIPing) and vacuum heating. Functional graded WC–NiCrBSi coatings were deposited by a JP5000 system. HIPing was carried out at two different furnace temperatures of 850 and 1200 °C, while vacuum heating was performed at the elevated temperature of 1200 °C. The rate of heating and cooling was kept constant at 4 °C/min. Rolling contact fatigue tests were conducted using a modified four ball machine under various tribological conditions of contact stress and configuration, in full film elasto hydrodynamic lubrication. Results are discussed in terms of the relative RCF performance of the as-sprayed and post-treated coatings, and also surface and sub-surface examination of rolling elements using scanning electron microscope (SEM), light microscope and surface interferometry.

Test results reveal that performance of the coating was dependant on the microstructural changes due to post-treatment. Coatings heat-treated at 1200 °C displayed superior performance in RCF testing over the as-sprayed coatings at all stress levels (2, 2.3, 2.7 GPa) with emphasis on RCF performance at lower stress load of 2 GPa, where no failure occurred. Improvement in RCF performance was attributed to the diffusion between the carbides and matrix resulting in improved strength. At higher levels of contact stress, failure was surface initiated, and was attributed to initiation and propagation of micro-cracks at the edge of rolling contact region which led to coating delamination.     

重熔处理对NiCrBSi涂层接触疲劳性能的影响

采用超音速等离子喷涂技术在45号钢基体上制备了NiCrBSi合金涂层,随机挑选一半试样使用热处理炉进行重熔处理。使用球盘式接触疲劳试验机对涂层进行了接触疲劳试验,建立Weibull失效概率图,比较了重熔前后两种涂层接触疲劳寿命的演变规律及涂层主要的疲劳失效模式。使用扫描电子显微镜对涂层的微观结构和失效形貌进行了表征。结果表明,重熔处理能够增强涂层与基体的结合强度,提高涂层的致密度,同时使涂层的主要失效模式由分层失效转变为剥落失效,显著提高了涂层的接触疲劳寿命,降低涂层寿命的分散程度。     

超音速等离子NiCr/Cr3C2涂层的接触疲劳寿命

采用超音速等离子喷涂技术在45钢基体上制备了NiCr-Cr3C2金属陶瓷涂层,使用球盘式接触疲劳试验机对涂层进行不同载荷条件下的接触疲劳试验。采用范—蒙特福特假设检验验证涂层的疲劳寿命数据,发现其符合Weibull分布,随后建立Weibull失效概率图。通过该图可以直观的得到在同一工作条件下,涂层任意循环次数的失效概率,同时可以在一定范围内,预测某一工作载荷下涂层的接触疲劳寿命。该方法在试验数据较少的情况下,较为精确的表征了涂层的接触疲劳寿命,有效的提高了试验效率,节约了试验成本。     

Effect of inorganic constituent on nanomechanical and tribological properties of polymer,quasi-ceramic and hybrid coatings

This study investigates the variations in nanomechanical properties of coatings made of a pristine polymeric backbone and those containing silicone segments. Four different coatings with varying degrees of inorganic segments were prepared and analyzed. The four coatings were 1) a pure epoxy polymer coating, 2) a hybrid coating consisting of epoxy and silicone, 3) a ceramer coating consisting of organo-silicone and 4) a quasi-ceramic coating consisting of specialty silicone composition. The molecular bonding characteristics of the coatings were characterized with FTIR spectroscopy. The coatings were also tested using nanoindentation and nanoscratch methods to investigate mechanical and tribological properties. The scratched surface was investigated using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The hybrid coating displayed superior nanomechanical properties compared to the pure polymer coating, and the coating containing high silicone levels displayed better hardness. Atomic force microscopy showed that the epoxy-based polymer coating consisted of a smooth surface that was compressed when scratched using a nanoindenter. The hybrid coating had rough surface that was damaged and partially recovered after the scratch test. The ceramer and quasi-ceramic coatings displayed brittle failure.     

Mechanisms of fatigue failure in thermal spray coatings

The aim of this experimental study was to ascertain the fatigue failure modes of thermal spray coatings in rolling/sliding contact. These failure modes outline the design requirements of thermal spray coatings for high-stress tribological applications including impact and point or line contact loading. Recently, a number of scientific studies have addressed the fatigue performance and durability of thermal spray coatings in rolling/sliding contact, but investigations on the mechanisms of these failures are seldom reported. The understanding of such failure mechanisms is, however, critical in optimizing the generic design of these overlay coatings. This study takes a holistic approach to summarize the results of ongoing research on various cermet (WC-Co) and ceramic (Al₂O₃) coatings deposited by detonation gun (D-Gun), high-velocity oxyfuel (HVOF), and high-velocity plasma spraying (HVPS) techniques, in a range of coating thickness (20–250 μm) on various steel substrates to deliver an overview of the various competing failure modes. Results indicate four distinct modes of fatigue failure in thermal spray cermet and ceramic coatings: abrasion, delamination, bulk failure, and spalling. The influences of coating process, thickness, materials, properties of substrate materials, and prespray conditions on these fatigue failure modes are also discussed. A modified four-ball machine was used to investigate these failure modes under various tribological conditions of contact stress and lubrication regimes in conventional steel and hybrid ceramic contact configurations. Results are discussed in terms of pre- and post-test surface examination of rolling elements using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microscopy analysis (EPMA), and surface interferometry, as well as subsurface observations using x-ray diffraction (XRD), residual stress analysis, and dye-penetrant investigations.     

基体表面形貌对Ni/Fe热喷涂及结合强度影响的原子模拟

通过分子动力学方法模拟了基体表面形貌对热喷涂的影响。研究了柱状粗糙表面和光滑表面对团簇展平、基体缺陷演化、应力分布、涂层与基体结合强度的影响。结果表明,基体表面形貌对热喷涂结合强度影响显著,粗糙表面不仅增加了团簇与基体的实际接触面积,提高了附着力,而且在界面结合处形成锚固效应,从而提高了界面结合强度。同时,基体表面形貌改变了界面区域的应力分布,柱状粗糙表面可以减小应力集中效应,降低临界应力,减轻对基体的损伤。此外,粗糙表面会阻碍团簇的滑移,减小了展平比。     

聚四氟乙烯/Al3O2-TiO2复合涂层的制备及其疏水性能研究

目的 在铝合金表面制备耐磨、耐蚀、高结合强度的疏水涂层。方法 采用大气等离子喷涂(APS)在铝合金基体上制备AT(Al3O2-Ti O2)涂层,在AT涂层上采用溶胶-凝胶法制备聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)面层,借助扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、3D形貌仪、接触角测试仪等仪器对涂层的显微结构、成分、粗糙度、接触角进行表征。结果 喷距为120 mm、电流为680 A、送粉量为18 g/min的条件下,实心AT涂层和空心AT涂层表面粗糙度为6.99μm、6.13μm,孔隙率为5.88%、15.18%,硬度为945.82HV0.3、768.1HV0.3,与基体的结合强度为32 MPa、28 MPa,实心AT涂层与PTFE涂层的结合强度为19 MPa。实心PTFE/AT复合涂层与水的静态接触角最大可达130.9°,PTFE涂层表面含有氟化物和硅化物。结论 实心粉末AT涂层表面粗糙度较大,综合性能优于空心粉末AT涂层,因此,将实心AT涂层作为复合涂层的底层。实心PTFE/AT复合涂层具有与荷叶表面相仿的微纳米二元粗糙结构,具有良好的疏水性能,疏水性能与表面含氟物质的疏水基团以及低表面能的二元粗糙结构相关。     

Thermal stresses in diamond coatings and their influence on coating wear and failure

Thermal stresses in diamond coatings deposited onto cemented carbide substrates are calculated using the finite element method. The thermo-elastic stress fields for some coating-substrate geometries are presented. The results are compared with experimental data on the tribological behaviour of diamond coatings. Residual stresses can explain many of the observed patterns of coating wear and failure. A model for the abrasive wear of brittle coatings under large compressive biaxial stresses is described. These stresses prevent cracks initiated at the surface to propagate towards the interface and may promote crack paths parallel to the interface, thus causing the formation of a smooth coating surface. Once the smooth appearance is reached it will become extremely hard to initiate and propagate cracks into the coating and consequently the wear rate becomes very low. Thus, large compressive residual stresses increase the already high wear resistance of diamond coatings. When diamond coatings are deposited onto substrate edges, intense concentrations of normal and shear stresses may lead to coating failure by interfacial spalling. These stresses are lowered by increasing the ratio r/h, where r is the edge radius and h is the coating thickness.     

氟改性和硅改性丙烯酸聚氨酯涂层的制备及环境行为

目的研究氟改性和硅改性丙烯酸聚氨酯涂层在不同环境中的失效行为。方法通过溶液聚合法制备具有一定羟基含量的丙烯酸酯树脂,再将丙烯酸树脂与多异腈酸酯固化剂配合,获得丙烯酸聚氨酯涂层。通过在丙烯酸酯合成中引入含氟丙烯酸酯单体,制得氟改性丙烯酸聚氨酯涂层;通过在固化过程中引入氨基硅油,制得硅改性丙烯酸聚氨酯涂层。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)分析涂层的化学组成。对涂层试样进行温度环境实验(室温和100,150℃)、湿热环境实验和氙灯老化实验,分析涂层疏水性、光泽度等表面特性的变化。结果氟、硅改性有效提高了涂层的疏水性。未改性、氟改性和硅改性三种涂层在100℃以下的环境中服役时,疏水性和光泽度比较稳定。硅改性涂层在150℃的高温环境中较未改性和氟改性涂层失效慢。湿热环境对三种涂层的接触角和光泽度等性能影响不大。氟改性涂层在氙灯老化环境中的失效程度较另外两种涂层轻。结论氟改性涂层耐光老化性能较好,硅改性涂层耐温性较好。     

预化学镀镍时间对铝基化学镀镍层性能的影响

目的揭示试样的显微形貌随预化学镀镍时间的变化规律,并探讨试样的显微形貌、镀层的结合强度及耐蚀性能的相关性。方法以预化学镀镍时间为变量,通过化学沉积方法制得化学镀镍层。采用扫描电镜观察预镀层及化学镀镍层的表面形貌,采用热震试验、弯曲试验和划格试验测试镀层的结合力,并对化学镀镍层与铝基体之间的结合力进行评价。采用电化学方法对镀层在模拟燃料电池腐蚀介质中的耐蚀性进行评价。结果随着预化学镀镍时间的延长,颗粒尺寸不断增大,预化学镀镍层形貌先逐渐变得均匀、致密,之后又变得粗糙不均匀。化学镀镍层的耐蚀性以及与基体的结合力呈现出先增加后降低的趋势。结论预化学镀镍时间在5 min时,所得化学镀镍层的表面形貌最平整,结合力最好,耐蚀性最佳。