古代大型铜佛像

调查并收集了我国现存151尊古代大型和特大型铜佛像的有关情况,其中,明代铸造的大铜佛像最多。详细介绍了其中的28尊铜像,涉及唐、宋、元、明、清等各个朝代。并阐述了古代大铜佛像的铸造工艺。     

古代大型铜佛像

调查并收集了我国现存151尊古代大型和特大型铜佛像的有关情况,其中,明代铸造的大铜佛像最多。详细介绍了其中的28尊铜像,涉及唐、宋、元、明、清等各个朝代。并阐述了古代大铜佛像的铸造工艺。     

古代大型铜佛像(续前)

调查并收集了我国现存151尊古代大型和特大型铜佛像的有关情况,其中,明代铸造的大铜佛像最多,已在前文介绍过了.本文主要介绍唐、宋、元朝等大铜佛像的情况.     

"我国古代大型铁铸文物"系列文章之十二其它古代大型铁铸文物

除了前述的大铁佛、大铁狮等12类古代大型铸铁文物之外,还有29件其它古代大型铸铁文物.本文对其中的铁"谛听"、铁"枷"、铁碑、巨型铁剑等的尺寸、特点、铸造年代和有关故事进行了叙述,并附有照片.     

"我国古代大型铁铸文物"系列文章之三古代大铁狮

介绍了铸造铁狮在我国历代的发展与现存情况，据初步统计，我国现存古代大铁狮共有74尊,其中，铁“狮子王”是世界著名的古代特大型铁器，其余都是用作护门的铁狮子。明代是铸造铁狮子最多的朝代。所有现存的古代铁狮子，都是采用泥型法铸造的。     

"我国古代大型铁铸文物"系列文章之七古代大铁锅和大铁缸

分别叙述了我国古代大铁锅和大铁缸的功用、发展历程和现况。重点介绍了若干铁铸“千僧锅”和其它大铁锅以及若干大铁缸的尺寸、铸造年代和特点等情况，并阐述了古代大铁锅和大铁缸的铸造工艺。     

"我国古代大型铁铸文物"系列文章之九古代铁旗杆

介绍了古代世界中我国特有的铁旗杆的有关情况,刊载了其中9对铁旗杆的照片,并叙述了它们的高度、直径、铸造年代、存放地点和艺术特点,以及铁旗杆的铸造工艺。还附带介绍了铁“桅杆”、铁“灯杆”等其它古代大型细长杆的情况。     

"我国古代大型铁铸文物"系列文章之二古代大型铁人(神)像

对我国古代大型铁人像和铁神像的现状进行了调查，介绍了其中著名的大铁人（神）像，阐述了大铁人像的若干铸造技术问题。     

其它古代大型铁铸文物

除了前述的大铁佛、大铁狮等12类古代大型铸铁文物之外，还有29件其它古代大型铸铁文物。本文对其中的铁“谛听”、铁“枷”、铁碑、巨型铁剑等的尺寸、特点、铸造年代和有关故事进行了叙述，并附有照片。     

"我国古代大型铸铁文物"系列文章之二中国古代的千斤大钟

据调查，现存中国各地的古代千斤大钟，最少有251口，其中大铜钟137口，大铁钟114口，表明中国古代大钟之多，确为世界之最。中国古代大钟，除了主要用作佛钟外，还有三分之一的古代大钟，分别用作道钟、朝钟或更钟。文章选择6口著名大钟，对其尺寸、造型特点、图饰和铭文等情况，进行具体介绍。并叙述了中国古代大钟的主要特点。在大钟一千多年的发展过程中，明朝铸造的钟最多、最大，是大钟7台铸业的鼎盛期。大钟的结构型式和图饰等经过发展演变，已趋向多样化，但口沿呈八耳浅波形的古代大钟，是中国古代大钟的主流形式。文章最后介绍了古代大钟的两种传统铸造方法：失蜡法和陶范法（泥型法）。全文还附有图和照片共15幅。     

Korrosionsschäden an Bronzeplastiken

Corrosion damage of bronze sculptures In order to assess the effect of contaminated air (industrial and urban atmospheres) on bronze sculptures the composition of the base metal and of the corrosion products has been investigated pn a number of sculptures in the open air. in addition to the corrosion products typical of bronze — basic copper sulfate, basic copper nitrate, basic copper chloride stannous acid, lead sulfate — other compounds have been found which — as e.g. gypsum — are formed by reaction between dust and atmospheric contaminats. The corrosion layers usually include several strata; soot containing strata are characteristic of the winter season. Oils, waxes and plastic coating are suitable agents for protecting bronze sculptures against corrosion. The two first mentioned materials are suitable in particular for older bronzes having a natural or artificial patina; they require, however, renewal after regular intervals; plastic coatings are suitable for application to bright metal surfaces and are more durable. Despite the high manpower requirement it is advisable regularly to clean the sculptures with detergent containing water.     

Multianalytical approach to study the dissolution process of weathering steel: The role of urban pollution

Weathering steel, in spite of its resistance against the atmospheric corrosion can be damaged due to the affection of environmental stressors. In fact, the presence of soluble salts formed after greenhouse acid gases impact, can accelerate the corrosion process. In this work three weathering steel sculptures exposed to urban atmosphere were studied. Portable Raman assisted by reflectance infrared spectroscopy, micro X-ray fluorescence and ion chromatography were used to diagnose the decaying process suffered by these structures. The role of calcium sulfate formed in situ upon the reaction of SO₂ with calcite particles deposited on the surface of the sculptures was studied.     

To coat or not to coat? The maintenance of Cor‐Ten® sculptures

Since the mid sixties Cor‐Ten® steel became one of the most famous materials for outdoor sculptures until today. This material was used by many artists because of its good weather resistance. Due to not always suitable ranges of application many significant problems in the field of conservation appeared. These were surveyed in a project of the study programme ‘Object Conservation’ at the State Academy of Art and Design Stuttgart with special focus on the material and its protective rust layers, the premises for its protection, different cases of significant damage and their causes, the potential of preventive conservation and practised interventive methods. Although it seems to be in some way a contradiction in itself to coat a weathering steel, this has often been done in hands‐on conservation to overcome corrosion problems. Therefore different coating materials already in use for outdoor metal sculptures were tested on Cor‐Ten coupons in the framework of the CONSIST project in the Deutsches Bergbau‐Museum Bochum (DBM). Cor‐Ten B samples were covered with different coating materials such as: microcrystalline waxes, waxes used in technical corrosion protection, an acrylic resin and a polyurethane resin. The sheets were then weathered for 2 months in a climate chamber with a relative high humidity (but also drying cycles) and a climate chamber with a periodic changing relative high rate of SO₂ gas and humidity using standard protocols developed at DBM in earlier projects. The effectiveness of the protective function of each coating materials is compared, consequences for practical applications discussed.     

Technology of antique imitation for surface of nonmetal artworks

Two different technologies, electro-brush plating and arc spraying, were employed to deposit copper film and brass coating on the surface of nonmetal artworks, respectively. The principles of the oxidizing corrosion and coloring were researched. The nonmetal artworks attain vivid and ancient bronze effect by the surface deposition and surface coloring processing. By using this technology, the problems of difficulty-to-plating copper and difficulty-to-archaizing for the large outdoor sculptures and other artworks can be solved, and it has prospective application due to low investment.     

Comparative investigation into the corrosion of different bronze alloys suitable for outdoor sculptures

Several bronze alloys, suitable for production of outdoor sculptures, were developed in the frame of the European project “Eurocare-Bronzart”. The elemental composition of the alloys was searched to fulfil specific criteria such as: reduction of lead content, good resistance toward corrosion and aesthetic characteristics conformable to artistic purposes. After metallurgical characterization, the resistance toward corrosion was evaluated in artificial environments. Ageing experiments were performed in a salt spray cabinet and in a climatic chamber in the presence of a controlled concentration of SO₂. The Thin Layer Activation (TLA) method was applied to calculate the thickness loss of activated specimens exposed to artificial corrosive atmospheres. After artificial ageing experiments the surface of the materials was investigated by SEM-EDS techniques.The bronze alloys containing different percentage of nickel showed the best properties of resistance toward corrosion.     

我国海绵钛生产现状及发展方向

本文是从1996年开始的关于磁性功能材料研究和应用的每年若干新进展综述的继续。这次的新进展内容包括：（1）巨磁电阻和巨磁电阻抗材料；（2）巨磁光效应和磁光成像新材料；（3）用途广泛的磁流体；（4）微波旋磁器件；（5）磁浮列车与磁性材料。     

大型观览车主轴系统的声发射信号特征

大型观览车不仅是游乐园的标志,而且是城市的标志。针对大型观览车主轴系统难以拆卸的特点,通过试验模型,模拟了主轴运行过程,采用声发射仪器获取了主轴系统运行过程中的声发射信号。通过分析声发射信号,初步得出了主轴运行过程中声发射信号的规律特征,包括参数特征和波形频谱特征。     

超磁致伸缩执行器及其在流体控制元件中的应用

超磁致伸缩材料是一种新型的功能材料,可有于机器人、阀门、微动工具、精密加工、微机电和声纳系统等领域。本文介绍了超磁致倬缩执行的原理和分类及其流体控制元件中的应用研究现状,并对超磁致伸缩执行器在流体机械中的应用前景进行了展望。     

改良剂对As、Cd、Pb污染土壤上芦竹生长及重金属吸收的影响(英文)

通过室内盆栽试验研究在As、Cd和Pb复合污染土壤中施用醋酸、柠檬酸、EDTA、海泡石和磷石膏5种改良剂对芦竹生长及重金属吸收的影响。结果表明,施加5.0mmol/kg柠檬酸或2.5mmol/kgEDTA时,芦竹地上部生物量较没添加的对照的分别增加了24.8%和15.0%,芦竹叶片中过氧化氢酶及过氧化歧化酶活性较对照的无显著变化。与对照相比,添加2.5mmol/kg醋酸、2.5mmol/kg柠檬酸、5.0mmol/kgEDTA及4.0g/kg海泡石时,地上部中As、Cd、Pb的浓度显著增加(P0.05)。改良剂能明显提高芦竹地上部重金属累积量,地上部中As、Cd的累积量在上述条件下均显著增加(P0.05),Pb累积量在添加4.0g/kg海泡石和8.0g/kg磷石膏时显著高于对照(P0.05)。醋酸、柠檬酸和海泡石可作为合适改良剂促进重金属污染土壤上芦竹对土壤中重金属的累积。     

巨磁电阻材料的研究与应用

介绍了一种新型的磁性功能材料－巨磁电阻材料，综述了其研究进展情况。并就它在巨磁电阻传感器、高密度磁记录读出磁头、巨磁电阻随机存储器以及自旋晶体管等磁电子元器件上的进行了论述。