2A12铝合金双光束激光填丝焊接工艺研究

以YAG激光为热源,开展了2A12铝合金双光束激光填丝焊焊接工艺研究,对激光功率、焊接速度、离焦量、送丝速度、光斑间距等主要焊接参数进行了优化分析。结果表明:优化焊接参数可以显著改善焊缝成形。与双光束自熔焊相比,双光束填丝焊可以有效抑制裂纹的产生;与单光束填丝焊相比,双光束填丝焊可以减少焊缝内部气孔的数量。     

D406A超高强度钢激光-TIG复合填丝焊接气孔特性分析

采用激光-TIG电弧复合填丝焊接6.6 mm厚的D406A超高强度钢，发现焊缝内部存在一定量气孔缺陷. 利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线探伤等方法进一步分析了焊缝内气孔形貌、分布特征及其形成机制，发现气孔内壁出现大量的C,O元素富集现象，根据线扫描分析与理论计算相结合，推测焊缝中气孔类型主要为CO气孔. 在此基础上，进一步探讨了焊接工艺参数对气孔率的影响规律，通过适当增大激光功率、减小送丝速度、增大保护气流量和提高焊接速度可以有效减少气孔，使气孔率降低到1%以下，为抑制D406A超高强钢激光-TIG电弧复合填丝焊接接头气孔提供理论基础.     

铝合金激光焊接技术的研究进展

由于铝合金导热性强、电离能低、对激光的反射率高等特点,激光焊接中存在着气孔、焊接热裂纹、接头软化、焊缝成形差等问题,在研究过程中开发出了活性剂激光焊、双光束激光焊、激光填丝焊、激光填粉焊、激光+电弧复合焊、激光+电弧双面焊、电磁强化激光焊等工艺.在阐述铝合金激光加工中存在的问题及其原因的基础上,重点介绍了这些工艺的特点和原理,指出了各工艺的优势及不足,对铝合金激光焊接技术的研究进展进行了概述.     

1.5mm镀锌板激光摆动填丝焊接工艺研究

以1.5mm镀锌板为研究对象,为解决镀锌板激光焊接间隙大(0.3mm~1.0mm)和飞溅产生气孔问题,采用摆动填丝进行焊接,通过改变激光功率、送丝速度、摆动速度、摆动直径等影响因素进行激光填丝焊接试验,探究出最优镀锌板激光摆动填丝焊接工艺参数。结果表明,与传统的接焊相比,激光摆动填丝焊有利于减少焊缝中气孔的生成,解决了激光焊接对镀锌板苛刻的间隙要求。     

铝合金厚板激光扫描填丝焊接气孔抑制

为减少大厚板5A06铝合金激光焊接缺陷,提高焊接过程稳定性,采用激光光束以一定方式运动的扫描焊接的新焊接方法,研究了激光束不同的运动轨迹、幅度、频率对铝合金激光深熔焊接焊缝气孔率的影响,并在焊接坡口设计优化基础上应用窄间隙扫描激光填丝焊接技术进行130 mm厚5A06铝合金焊接试验. 结果表明,采用圆形扫描方式,当激光光束的扫描幅度大于1 mm,扫描频率选择最高频率附近时,能够大幅降低焊缝气孔率;采用窄间隙激光扫描填丝的焊接方法,获得了焊缝平均气孔率1%,无侧壁未熔合、层间未熔合、裂纹等焊接缺陷的130 mm厚5A06铝合金优质焊接接头.     

铝合金激光焊接技术研究进展

综述铝合金激光焊接技术特点及研究现状,开展3 mm厚LF6铝合金激光-MIG电弧复合焊接工艺研究。文献综述表明,铝合金激光自熔焊接表面成形不好,且易于产生气孔缺陷,激光填丝焊、激光-电弧复合焊以及双光束激光焊等能够有效地解决上述铝合金激光焊接问题。试验研究表明,激光-MIG电弧复合焊接LF6铝合金可获得良好的焊缝成形,内部质量达到QJ1666A-2011Ⅰ级焊缝质量要求,接头强度达到母材的90%以上,具备较为优异的力学性能。     

铝合金激光焊新技术

介绍了铝合金激光焊接的四种新技术:激光-GMA复合焊、激光填丝焊、双光束激光焊接和激光辅助搅拌摩擦焊的原理及其工艺特点。在此基础上重点阐述了用这四种激光焊接方法焊接铝合金的研究进展。     

铝合金双光束/单光束激光-TIG复合焊

针对4mm厚5A06铝合金,分析了双光束光纤激光-TIG复合焊的焊缝成形特点、气孔率、匙孔动态特征及接头力学性能,并与单光束光纤激光-TIG复合焊对比。结果表明,在获得相同焊缝背面熔宽条件下,与单光束激光-TIG复合焊相比,双光束激光-TIG复合焊的焊缝背面成型连续性、均匀性更优且熔宽波动较小,焊缝气孔率降低50%以上,激光匙孔开口面积平均值更大,波动变异系数更小;双光束激光-TIG复合焊接头抗拉强度、断后伸长率、显微硬度、组织与单光束激光-TIG复合焊结果差别不大。     

焊丝熔化方式对激光焊接过程的影响

研究了两种焊丝熔化方法(电弧预熔丝激光焊、激光填丝焊)激光焊接过程对匙孔稳定性以及焊缝成形的影响，进一步研究了焊丝熔化方法对焊接接头质量的影响，并对比分析了两种焊丝熔化方式对焊接速度的适应性. 结果表明，电弧预熔丝激光焊过程中，熔池表面匙孔开口尺寸变化不大，匙孔较为稳定；激光填丝焊方法由于熔化的液态金属距离匙孔边缘很近，焊接过程中熔池表面匙孔开口尺寸变化较大,而且容易出现熔池表面匙孔的闭合. 与激光填丝焊相比，电弧预熔丝激光焊熔化的焊丝端部可以沿熔池边缘流入，与匙孔边缘的距离较远，匙孔稳定性较好，焊缝气孔数量较少. 当焊接速度为8 m/min时，电弧预熔丝激光焊的焊缝成形良好；而激光填丝焊焊缝背面成形不连续，并且出现了未焊透的缺陷.     

TC4钛合金光纤激光摆动焊抑制小孔型气孔的原因分析

采用光纤激光器对8 mm厚TC4钛合金板进行振镜摆动焊接,采用光谱仪和高速摄像机采集等离子体的光谱、图像及小孔的图像,分析摆动焊接抑制小孔型气孔的原因.结果表明,摆动光束对抑制钛合金小孔型焊接气孔具有显著作用;光束未摆动焊接时,焊缝中的气孔率达9.8%;光束摆动后焊缝中的气孔率均降低,其中焊接参数为5 kW、2 m/min,摆动参数为80 Hz、0.5 mm时,小孔形气孔被完全抑制.与光束未摆动相比,光束摆动焊接的小孔稳定性显著增加,其原因是光束摆动提高了光束与熔池液面的接触面积,金属蒸发增强,驱动小孔张开的径向力和轴向力得以增加.     

Weldability of 1.6 mm thick aluminium alloy 5182 sheet by single and dual beam Nd: YAG laser welding

Abstract

The weldability of 1.6 mm thick 5182 Al–Mg alloy sheet by the single- and dual-beam Nd:YAG laser welding processes has been examined. Bead-on-plate welds were made using total laser powers from 2.5 to 6 kW, dual-beam lead/lag laser beam power ratios ranging from 3:2 to 2:3 and travel speeds from 4 to 15 m min^-1. The effects of focal position and shielding gas conditions on weld quality were also investigated. Whereas full penetration laser welds could be made using the 3 kW single-beam laser welder at speeds up to 15 m min^-1, the underbead surface was always very rough with undercutting and numerous projections or spikes of solidified ejected metal. This 'spikey' underbead surface geometry was attributed to the effects of the high vapour pressure Mg in the alloy on the keyhole dynamics. The undesirable 'spikey' underbead geometry was unaffected by changes in focal position, shielding gas parameters or other single-beam welding process parameters. Most full penetration dual-beam laser welds exhibited either blow-through porosity at low welding speeds (4–6 m min^-1) or unacceptable 'spikey' underbead surface quality at increased welding speeds up to 13.5 m min^-1. Radiography revealed significant occluded porosity within borderline or partial penetration welds. This was thought to be caused by significant keyhole instability that exists under these welding conditions. A limited range of dual-beam laser process conditions was found that produced sound, pore-free laser welds with good top and underbead surface quality. Acceptable welds were produced at welding speeds of 6 to 7.5 m min^-1 using total laser powers of 4.5–5 kW, but only when the lead laser beam power was greater than or equal to the lagging beam power. The improved underbead quality was attributed to the effect of the second lagging laser beam on keyhole stability, venting of the high vapour pressure Mg from the keyhole and solidification of the underbead weld metal during full penetration dual-beam laser welding.     

Solidification and solidification structure control of weld metals

Summary

The influence of the shielding gas and laser irradiation conditions on porosity formation in CO₂ laser welding of aluminium alloy were investigated. Bead-on-plate welding tests were performed on 7 mm thick Al-Mg alloy (A5182) plates. The weld beads were inspected by X-ray and the number of pores was counted as a function of the pore diameter. We found that the number of pores was minimised when the dew point of the shielding gas was kept at as low as ?50°C at the welding nozzle tip. At a dew point of ?50°C the number of pores decreased when the flow rate of the shielding gas (Ar) was reduced and the nozzle diameter was increased, presumably because of less air mixing in the welding region. We also found that porosity formation was reduced when He/Ar mixtures were used as the shielding gas instead of pure Ar or He shielding gas. But porosity also depended on the defocused distance of the laser beam at a given laser power. With Ar shielding gas, the number of pores increased when the beam was focused above the specimen surface/while with He shielding gas it increased when the beam was focused in the weld pool. These dependencies may be attributed to the unstable keyhole formation due to laser absorption through the intense plasma formed on the specimen surface and due to the strong boiling of the molten metal respectively. The results indicate that both the hydrogen and the unstable keyhole behaviour cause porosity formation in laser welding of aluminium alloys. Under the optimised conditions, however, the number of pores was significantly reduced.     

2060铝锂合金扫描填丝焊接工艺

针对铝锂合金焊后易产生气孔、抗拉强度低的缺点，提出“∞”形激光扫描填丝焊接工艺方法，以2 mm厚2060铝锂合金为研究对象开展对接焊接试验研究，探究激光扫描填丝焊接方法对铝锂合金焊接缺陷抑制作用. 借助高速相机摄像系统，探究了激光扫描填丝焊接工艺下熔池的动态演变过程，同时探究了扫描参数对焊缝气孔的影响规律及扫描填丝工艺对气孔的抑制机理. 采用曲面响应统计方法探究工艺参数对抗拉强度的影响，并给出工艺参数组合与抗拉强度的定量关系及最优参数组合，焊接接头最大抗拉强度可达382 MPa，为母材的76.4%. 结果表明，“∞”形激光扫描填丝焊接工艺下熔池流动平稳，小孔喷发强度较弱且呈现出周期性；“∞”形激光扫描填丝焊接工艺可以有效抑制焊缝气孔，提高铝锂合金焊接质量.     

镁/镀锌钢异种合金单、双光束激光熔钎焊特性

以镁焊丝为填充材料,对镁/镀锌钢异种合金进行单、双光束激光熔钎焊试验研究,分析不同工艺参数对焊缝成形的影响规律,获得不同热源作用方式下的界面形态规律及其对界面强度的影响。结果表明:采用单、双光束进行填丝熔钎焊均可获得较满意的外观成形;单光束容易存在未钎合现象,焊接过程不够稳定,而双光束具有更好的温度分布,容易提高润湿铺展能力。剪切强度测试结果表明,单、双光束最大的接头效率分别达到30.9%和42.4%,焊趾处裂纹的存在是导致接头失效的主要原因。     

国产厚板大功率激光填丝焊Y形焊缝的焊接工艺性

大功率激光的高功率密度特征使其成为船用大厚度材料高效焊接最有前景的方法之一.试验完成了10mm和12mm国产船用材料高功率CO2激光填丝焊的工艺设计,分析了焊接过程的光致等离子体行为.结果表明,当功率在13kW以上时随着焊缝熔深的增加斜率明显变缓;对于焊透的焊缝,仅仅用熔宽和熔深不能充分表征焊接参数对焊缝截面的影响;试验建立了激光填丝焊Y形焊缝形态模型,将Y形焊缝抽象成上半部分为梯形,下半部分为长方形的组合图形;在激光功率和焊接速度保持不变的条件下,研究了送丝速度和焊缝间隙变化时焊缝截面形态的变化规律.     

能量排布方式对双光束激光填丝焊温度场与应力场的影响

建立了面热源＋双圆柱体热源的双光束激光焊接热源模型,并结合Marc有限元软件,对光束间距为0．6mm的双光束激光填丝焊接铝合金的温度场和应力场进行了数值模拟,分析了不同能量排布方式对焊缝熔池温度分布特征及其残余应力的影响．随着光束与焊缝中心线所成角度的减小,热源熔化效率逐渐减小;焊后焊缝区残余应力主要为纵向拉应力,能量排布方式对残余应力最大值的影响不明显,其主要影响残余应力分布区域范围和焊接工件角变形．     

焊接工艺对压铸镁合金CO2激光焊缝气孔率的影响

研究了激光功率和焊接速度等焊接工艺参数对两种不同含气量的压铸镁合金激光焊气孔倾向(以气孔率为表征)的影响规律,并对气孔的防止措施进行了探索.结果表明,含气量较高的2 mm厚压铸镁合金激光焊气孔倾向大于含气量较低的5 mm厚压铸镁合金.两种厚度的压铸镁合金激光焊缝气孔率总体上均随着激光功率的升高及焊接速度的降低而升高.对...     

High quality welding of stainless steel with 10 kW high power fibre laser

Abstract

The objectives of this research are to investigate penetration characteristics, to clarify welding phenomena and to develop high quality welding procedures in bead on plate welding of type 304 austenitic stainless steel plates with a 10 kW fibre laser beam. The penetration depth reached 18 mm at the maximum at 5 mm s^?1. At 50 mm s^?1 or lower welding speeds, however, porosity was generated at any fibre laser spot diameter. On the other hand, at 100 mm s^?1 or higher welding speeds, underfilling and humping weld beads were formed under the conventionally and tightly focused conditions respectively. The generation of spatters was influenced mainly by a strong shear force of a laser induced plume and was greatly reduced by controlling direction of the plume blowing out of a keyhole inlet. The humping formation was dependent upon several dynamic or static factors, such as melt volume above the surface, strong melt flow to the rear molten pool on the top surface, solidification rate and narrow molten pool width and corresponding high surface tension. Its suppression was effective by producing a wider weld bead width under the defocused laser beam conditions or reduction of melt volume out of keyhole inlet under the full penetration welding conditions. Concerning porosity, X-ray transmission in situ observation images demonstrated that pores were formed not only from the tip of the keyhole but also at the middle part because of high power density. The keyhole behaviour was stabilised using a nitrogen shielding gas, resulting in porosity prevention. Consequently, to produce high quality welds in 10 kW high power fibre laser welding, the reduction procedures of welding defects were required on the basis of understanding their formation mechanism, and 10 kW fibre laser power could produce sound deeply penetrated welds of 18 mm depth in a nitrogen shielding gas.     

Ti/Al异种合金激光熔钎焊过程气孔形成机制

采用矩形光斑CO2激光为热源,以AlSi12作为填充焊丝进行钛/铝异种合金的激光熔钎焊试验,发现气孔是导致接头失效的一个主要因素。结果表明,钛/铝异种合金激光熔钎焊的气孔缺陷主要是由镁元素的气化所致。光束的偏移量及激光功率是影响气孔产生的主要因素。界面棒状的金属间化合物长度低于10μm时一般不产生气孔,而气孔的直径与焊缝内部的微观组织有关。