点焊电极球面半径对熔核尺寸的影响

在影响点焊质量的诸多因素中,电极半径的作用不容忽视.利用ANSYS软件,建立1/2轴对称模型,在解决接触问题的基础上,对点焊过程进行数值模拟,定量研究了球形电极端面半径变化对低碳钢点焊熔核尺寸的影响,分别计算出采用不同电极球面半径点焊时的熔核尺寸,并通过实际施焊验证了模拟的准确性.结果表明,电极球面半径变化对熔核直径、工件焊透率有显著影响,而对热影响区外围空间尺寸影响不大,计算结果与试验结果误差在10%以内.     

Finite element analysis of effect of electrode pitting in resistance spot welding of aluminium alloy

Abstract

The effect of electrode pitting on the formation of the weld nugget in resistance spot welding of an aluminium alloy was investigated using the finite element method. Pitted electrodes were simulated by assuming a pre-drilled hole of varying diameter at the centre of the electrode tip surface. The results showed that a small pitting hole would not have a detrimental influence on the nugget size. The actual contact area at the electrode/sheet interface did not change significantly when the diameter of the pitting hole was increased. However, a large pitted area at the electrode tip surface resulted in a greatly increased contact area and hence reduced current density at the sheet/sheet interface, which in turn led to the formation of an undersized weld nugget. The numerical calculation of the nugget shape and dimensions agreed well with experimental observations.     

Numerical simulation of spot welding for galvanised sheet steels

Abstract

Galvanised sheet steels are now widely used to be the substrate for body in white (BIW) construction in the automotive industry. Weldability of galvanised sheet steels much worsened compared to spot welding of low carbon steels. The present paper develops a 2D axisymmetric model and employs an incremental coupled thermal–electrical–mechanical analysis to predict the nugget development during resistance spot welding (RSW) of galvanised sheet steels. Temperature dependent contact resistance for faying surfaces was determined to take into account of the influence of zinc coat for spot welding galvanised sheet steels. The effect of dynamic contact radii on temperature distribution was studied and compared with results under constant contact area assumption. The predicted nugget shape and size agreed well with the experimental data. Higher current and longer welding time should be applied for galvanised sheet steels compared to low carbon steel spot welding. The proposed model can be applied to predict weld quality and choose optimal welding conditions for spot welding galvanised sheet steels.     

非等厚异种钢电阻点焊熔核成形的多元非线性回归模型

利用多元非线性回归正交组合的方法进行试验设计,分析两种厚度不一的异种钢板电阻点焊工艺.试验将表征非等厚异种钢材料电阻点焊熔核形状的熔核直径、熔核偏移,作为考察指标,将焊接脉冲电流、电极压力、焊接时间、热处理脉冲电流4个工艺参数,以及各参数之间的交互作用作为影响指标的因素,得到可预测熔核形状参数的回归数学模型.结果表明,优化的回归数学模型可实现该类非等厚异种钢电阻点焊接头熔核成形的较为有效的预测.在模型的基础上分析各工艺参数及各交互作用对焊点质量的影响规律,可进而对该类材料电阻点焊工艺参数进行优化设计.     

Comparative study of small scale and ‘large scale’ resistance spot welding

Abstract

An incrementally coupled electrical–thermal–mechanical model is developed to simulate small scale resistance spot welding (SSRSW) using the finite element method. This numerical model is then employed to study the differences between SSRSW and ‘large scale’ resistance spot welding (LSRSW). The variations in contact area, current distribution, and temperature profile at the workpiece/workpiece interfaces are compared. The computation shows that the difference in electrode force could be the essential reason for other differences between SSRSW and LSRSW. Compared with LSRSW, a much lower electrode force (pressure) applied in SSRSW results in a relatively small contact area and hence a much higher current density, which in turn leads to a greater heating rate and higher temperature at the workpiece/workpiece interface. This small contact area also results in a relatively small nugget diameter in SSRSW, which is only about 30% of the electrode tip diameter. In contrast, the nugget diameter in LSRSW is comparable to the electrode tip diameter. The predicted nugget diameters in both SSRSW and LSRSW of mild steel sheets compare well with experimental results.     

Numerical and experimental study of nugget size growth in resistance spot welding of austenitic stainless steels

A 2D axisymmetric electro-thermo-mechanical finite element (FE) model is developed to study the effect of welding time and current intensity on nugget size in resistance spot welding process of AISI type 304L austenitic stainless steel sheets using ANSYS commercial software package. In order to improve the accuracy, temperature-dependent properties of materials are taken into account during the simulation. The diameter and thickness of computed weld nuggets are compared with experimental results. The FE predicted weld nugget growth and nugget size agree well with experimental results. The effects of welding time and current intensity on nugget growth are also studied. Generally, increasing welding time and current is accompanied by an increase in the fusion zone size with a decreasing slope. However if expulsion occurs, nugget size reduces due to melt spattering. Except for an initial nugget formation stage, welding time has minor effect on nugget size in comparison with welding current.     

差强差厚三层板电阻点焊熔核尺寸的控制方法

针对差强差厚三层板电阻点焊过程熔核形成规律展开研究,提出采用不对称电极帽匹配方法改善点焊熔核尺寸及可焊性窗口宽度.基于建立的有限元模型,分析了两种电极帽匹配下薄板侧熔核形成过程中的电流密度、温度场及熔核尺寸的变化规律.通过试验对比分析了不同焊接时刻的薄板侧熔核尺寸,并建立了两种电极帽匹配下的差强差厚三层板点焊可焊性工艺窗口.结果表明,该方法能有效解决差强差厚三层板点焊过程中的熔核偏移及薄板侧熔核尺寸偏小的问题,提高电阻点焊过程的鲁棒性.     

Novel postweld heat treatment method for improving mechanical properties of resistance spot weld

Abstract

A novel postweld heat treatment method by applying cross-direction welding current (cross-current) was applied on the resistance spot weld. The effect of cross-current on the nugget shape, microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated. The results show that the cross-current postweld heat treatment enhances the efficiency of postweld heat treatment and improves the mechanical performance of nugget. The cross-current promotes the recrystallisation of nugget microstructure, which induced the transformation of microstructure from column crystal to quasi equiaxed grain. The quasiequiaxed grains of martensite in the weld nugget significantly increase the microhardness of weld nugget and the tensile shear force of weld joint.     

Critical sheet thickness for weld nugget growth during resistance spot welding of three‐steel sheets

Abstract

One of the most important issues in resistance spot welding of three‐sheet stack joints is the insufficient growth of the weld nugget, which may cause problems in places needing larger weld nuggets (i.e. sheet/sheet interface). In this paper, the effect of sheet thickness on the pattern of weld nugget development during resistance spot welding of three‐steel sheets of equal thickness is studied. Results showed that there is a critical sheet thickness of 1·5?mm at which the fusion zone size at the sheet/sheet interface is nearly equal to the fusion zone size at the geometrical centre of the joint. Increasing the sheet thickness beyond the critical size causes a shift in the location of weld nugget formation from the geometrical centre to the sheet/sheet interfaces. Below the critical sheet thickness, the weld nugget growth in the geometrical centre of the joint is higher than that in the sheet/sheet interface.     

Investigation of induced magnetic force on liquid nugget during resistance spot welding

Abstract

This paper investigates the source, magnitude and direction of magnetic force on the liquid nugget during resistance spot welding (RSW). High speed photography was used to observe the nugget formation process during half-sectioned RSW of steel (ferromagnetic substance) and aluminium alloy (paramagnetic substance). The induced magnetic force acting on half-sectioned and regular nugget was afterwards analysed and calculated. The results show that in the case of steel RSW, the magnetised workpieces generated a very strong magnetic field around the spot welding zone, while weak magnetic field appeared in the case of aluminium alloy RSW. This strong magnetic field causes a strong convection in the liquid nugget of steel even when the welding current is low. This strong convection will promote that the dimensions of nugget in the steel RSW become larger and closer to rectangle (observed on the cross-section) than in the aluminium alloy RSW.     

Study of resistance spot weldability of a new stainless steel

ABSTRACT

The weldability of a newly developed stainless steel was investigated by comparing with hot-dipped galvanised dual phase and low carbon steels in a two-sheet stack-up of similar metal. The weld lobes, mechanical properties, weld morphology, microstructures and microhardness profiles of the welds made with the three materials were comparatively discussed. Results showed that significant softening was observed in the stainless steel weld nugget. Compared to the dual phase steel and low carbon steel, the stainless steel has a very narrow weld lobe but requires lower welding current and shorter welding time, and the stainless steel weld performed better mechanical properties in the case of welds with same nugget size, but it tended to exhibit interfacial fracture in tensile shear tests.     

脱漆焊——电阻焊焊接漆包线的新技术

介绍直接焊接漆包线的脱漆焊新技术,并结合相关的试验结果分析讨论了其焊接机理.将SW(stripping welding)焊头、精密电容储能电源等有机地结合,研制了一种可以直接焊接漆包线的电阻微点焊设备,在设置合适的焊接参数条件下,SW焊头通过平行电极尖端的接触电阻,能实现在电源一个脉冲输出期间完成对漆包线进行除漆和焊接.结果表明,焊点细小牢靠.研制成功的微点焊设备已批量用于工业生产中,为各种带小线圈电子元件漆包线引出接点的焊接提供了一种电阻焊新技术.     

Effects of surface conditions on resistance spot welding of Mg alloy AZ31

Abstract

In this work, resistance spot welding of Mg alloy AZ31 sheets was investigated in as received and acid cleaned surface conditions. As received sheets had higher contact resistance which required lower current thresholds for weld initiation and for four root t nugget size (where t is sheet thickness). However, it also led to both serious expulsion and internal defects. The fracture mode of welds in as received sheets was interfacial failure while that of the acid cleaned specimens shifted from interfacial to nugget pullout and exhibited better strength. The acid cleaned sheets also produced less damage on electrode tip faces.     

Experimental study on electrode displacement fluctuation characteristics during resistance spot welding

Abstract

Electrode displacement has been used to monitor resistance spot weld quality for long, but the fluctuation of the electrode displacement has not been well studied. This paper analysed the mechanism of the displacement fluctuation by collecting the welding current and electrode displacement during welding process and extracted the incremental pulse expansion of the electrode displacement, which was named as the displacement fluctuation peak. Through metallurgical experiments, the relationship of the displacement fluctuation peak with the weld nugget growth during resistance spot welding process was analysed. The whole process can be divided into four successive stages, and five characteristic points of the displacement fluctuation peak curve were selected to online predict the weld quality. The variation in the displacement fluctuation peak curve under different welding currents was studied, and the results showed that the displacement fluctuation characteristics can be used to effectively evaluate the weld quality.     

Modelling the effect of welding current on resistance spot welding of DP600 steel

Experiments were made for welding current variation between 6 kA and 12 kA. Microstructure and mechanical performance under tensile-shear tests were recorded and compared. Welding current effect on micro-properties was very slight while nugget size was highly dependent on welding current. Expulsion phenomenon existed at 12 kA welding current and the unsatisfactory partial interfacial failure was detected. Nugget formation and temperature distribution were analysed numerically. Comparisons with experimental results showed that the nugget size deviation was within 10% and the nugget shape was well predicted.     

Characterisation of welded joints produced by FSW in AA 1100–B4C metal matrix composites

Abstract

The feasibility of friction stir welding for joining AA 1100 based metal matrix composites reinforced with B₄C particulate is studied for 16 and 30%B₄C volume concentrations. For both composites, friction stir welding has a significant influence on the particle size distribution and the matrix grain size. For the 16% composite, the average particle size decreases after welding by ～20% and the grain size from 15 to 5 μm as measured in the weld nugget. Tensile testing of welded joints showed up to 100% joint efficiency for both annealed AA 1100–16%B₄C and AA 1100–30%B₄C composite materials. However, if the ultimate tensile strength values of all the studied composites are similar at ～130 MPa, then the weld ductility is higher for the annealed materials. Furthermore, it was observed that varying the welding speed between 100 and 275 mm min^?1 does not influence the tensile properties and the particle size distribution in the nugget.     

Effect of welding current on strength and microstructure in resistance spot welding of AZ31 Mg alloy

In this paper, resistance spot welding were performed on lmm-thickness magnesium AZ31B plates. The effect of welding current on the microstructure and tensile shear force was investigated. It was found that the welding current governed the nugget growth, and the nugget could not form if current levels were insufficient. The nugget revealed a homogeneous, equiaxed, fine-grained structure, which consisted of non-equilibrium microstructure of α-phase dendrites surrounded by eutectic mixtures of α and β（ Mg17All2 ） in the grain boundaries. With increasing welding current, the size of grains in nugget would be more smaller and uniform, and the width of plastic rings would be larger. Tensile shear tests showed that tensile shear force of the joints increased with increasing welding current when the welding current was smaller than 17 000 A. The maximum tensile shear force was up to 1980 N.     

焊接速度对高强铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织及力学性能的影响

焊接速度对搅拌摩擦焊接头内焊核区、热机影响区和热影响区组织和晶界沉淀相均有较大的影响。随着焊接速度的提高，焊核区和热影响区内的晶粒尺寸和沉淀颗粒大小、分布密度变化均较大；热机影响区内组织的变形程度变化明显。组织和力学性能综合分析表明，控制焊接速度。获得优良的焊核区组织有利于提高接头的力学性能。性能测试结果表明，焊接速度v=37．5mm／min时，2Al2CZ铝合金接头强度达到最大值(331MPa)。     

Comparative study of fatigue behaviour in dissimilar Al alloy/steel and Mg alloy/steel friction stir spot welds fabricated by scroll grooved tool without probe

Abstract

Aluminium alloy A6061-T6 or magnesium alloy AZ31 sheet was welded to steel sheet by a friction stir spot welding technique using a scroll grooved tool without a probe. The material flow in the nugget of the Mg/steel weld was less than that in the Al/steel one. The Al/steel weld exhibited higher static tensile–shear strength than the Al/Al weld, while the strengths of Mg/steel and Mg/Mg welds were comparable. Tensile–shear fatigue tests were performed using lap shear specimens of both dissimilar and similar welds. The dissimilar welds exhibited nearly the same fatigue strengths as the similar ones. The effective nugget size in the dissimilar welds was defined as the area where Al or Mg alloy remained on the steel side after static fracture. When the fatigue strengths of dissimilar welds were evaluated based on the effective nugget size, the normalised fatigue strengths of Al/steel and Mg/steel welds were comparable.     

Microstructural characterisation of double pulse resistance spot welded advanced high strength steel

The effects of single and double pulse resistance spot welding on the microstructures of an advanced high strength automotive steel are presented in this work. The double pulse welding schemes partially remelt the primary weld nugget and anneal the area at the fusion boundary of the nugget. The effects of the annealing treatment on the segregation and the microstructure have been studied by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) in combination with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Results show that phosphorus has been redistributed at the primary weld nugget edge of the double pulse welds, while the mean block width and ellipticity of the prior austenite grains were smaller in welds subjected to double pulsing compared with single pulse weld. A favourable failure mode was obtained for the double pulse welds although behaviour did not correlate with the measured grain size.