Swelling of clay minerals in ammonium leaching of weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ores

The effect of hydrated radius, cation valence, pH and solution concentration on the zeta potential of clay minerals was investigated, and the relation between zeta potential of clay minerals and swelling was discussed in different leaching agents as well. The results show that the zeta potential of clay minerals decreases with the hydrated ionic radius increasing. It could be seen that the zeta potential of the clay minerals in AICl_3 solution is positive,whereas that in NH_4C1, KCl and MgCl_2 solution is negative. And the zeta potential of clay minerals increases with the cation valence increasing. Moreover, the zeta potential of clay minerals decreases with the solution pH increasing,whereas that increases with the solution concentration increasing in different ammonium solutions. In addition,the swelling of clay minerals decreases while the zeta potential of clay minerals increasing in different ammonium solutions. The ability of compound ammonium to inhibit the swelling of clay minerals is lower than that of single ammonium solution.     

Phase Stability in Mechanically Alloyed Mg–Ni System Studied by Experiments and Thermodynamic Calculations

In this study, microstructural evolution of Mg–Ni alloy during mechanical alloying(MA) was investigated.Also, a thermodynamic approach was utilized to predict the most stable phases formed in Mg–Ni alloy after MA. The phase composition and microstructural properties of Mg–Ni alloy were assessed by X-ray diffractometry, high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that ball milling of magnesium and nickel powder mixture for 70 h yields nanostructural Mg2Ni compound with an average grain size of ~20 nm. Thermodynamic calculations revealed that in the composition ranges of 0.0 \ XMg\ 0.03(at.%)and 0.97 \ XMg\ 1, there is no driving force for amorphous phase formation. In the composition range of 0.07 \ XMg\ 0.93, the change of Gibbs free energy for amorphous phase formation was more negative than solid solution.While for XMg= 0.66(nominal composition of Mg2Ni intermetallic phase), the change of Gibbs free energy for intermetallic phase was found to be more negative than both amorphous and solid solution phases indicating that Mg2Ni intermetallic compound is the most stable phase, in agreement with the experimental observations.     

Electrocatalytic activity and electrochemical hydrogen storage of Ni-La alloy prepared by electrodeposition from aqueous electrolyte

Ni-La alloy coating was prepared by electrodeposition. The effect of cathodic current density on the La content of the alloy coatings was discussed. It is found that the content of La in the alloy increases with increasing the cathodic current density. The microstructures and codeposition mechanism of Ni-La alloy coatings were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The results demonstrate that the Ni-La alloy is FCC and codeposited by the induced mechanism. The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on the electrodeposited Ni-La alloy electrodes in alkaline solution was evaluated by Tafel polarization curves. It is found that La-Ni alloy coating exhibites much higher exchange current density for HER than pure Ni electrode, and that the exchange current density increases with increasing the La content of alloys. The good electrocatalytic activity for HER of this Ni-La alloy is attributed to the synergism of the electronic structure of La and Ni. The electrodeposited La-Ni alloys have a certain dectrochemical hydrogen storage capacity of 34- 143 mAh/g, which increases with increasing the La content of alloys.     

Effects of electric field treatment on microstructures of GH4199 superalloy after long-term aging

The effects of electric field intensity and treatment temperature on the microstructures of GH4199 superalloy after long-term aging were investigated. The results show that the number and size of carbides and TCP（σ phase and μ phase） phase in the alloy increase with increasing electric field intensity at the same heat treatment temperature and holding time. While the number and size of carbides and TCP phase are weekly influenced by treatment temperature with lower electric field intensity of 2 kV/cm. When the treat temperature is up to 1 093 K, annealing twins appear in the alloy, and the number of twins increases with increasing holding time. Since the electric field can provide the enough energy for the movement of vacancies and atom, it is considered that the nucleus of the twins formed with formation stack faults due to the mismatch of local atom in crystal caused by the vacancies, and the twins will grow with the increase of holding time. Meanwhile, such promoting effects on atom movement of the electric field increase with the increase of the electric field intensity, meantime the carbides and TCP phase grow fast with the increase of electric field intensity.     

Effect of mischmetal and yttrium on microstructures and mechanical properties of Mg-Al alloy

The effect of yttrium and mischmetal(MMs)on the as-cast and solid solution treated structures of Mg-Al alloys with different Al-contents was investigated.The results show that the MMs in Mg-Al alloy existed in rod Al4(Ce,La)compound while Y in Mg-Al alloy in polygonal Al2Y compound.The amount of Mg17Al12 in Mg-Al alloy is decreased with increasing Y or MMs addition,and Mg17 Al12 intermetallic compound is changed from continuous network to discontinuous one.The Al4(Ce,La)and Al2Y compounds are not dissolved into Mg-Al alloy matrix during solid solution treatment so that their high heat stability can be exhibited.The experiment of mechanical properties indicate that elongation and impact toughness of the Mg-Al-Y alloy with polygonal Al2Y compound are higher than those of Mg-Al-MMs alloy with rod A4(Ce,La) compound.     

Pressure-induced magnetic transition in Nd2Fe14B based on two-sublattice model

To analyze the magnetic properties of Nd₂Fe₁₄B compound under high pressure,an improved two-sublattice molecular field model coupled with equivalent stress field was applied to study the effect of pressure on magnetization,magnetostriction coefficient,susceptibility and Curie temperature.The calculation results show that the pressure has a stronger effect on the magnetization of Fe sublattice compared to that of Nd sublattice at varied temperatures when the external magnetic field is parallel to the alignment direction.Saturated magnetization,initial susceptibility and magnetic moment of Nd₂Fe₁₄B compound are found to decrease gradually with pressure increasing,and the Curie temperature of Nd₂Fe₁₄B decreases to about 298 K under an applied pressure of 1.15 GPa.The results suggest that the pressure-induced magnetic phase transition of Nd2Fe14B occurs under 1.15 GPa at room temperature.     

Kinetic process of oxidative leaching of chalcopyrite under low oxygen pressure and low temperature

Kinetic process of oxidative leaching of chalcopyrite in chloride acid hydroxide medium under oxygen pressure and low temperature was investigated. The effect on leaching rate of chalcopyrite caused by these factors such as ore granularity, vitriol concentration, sodium chloride concentration, oxygen pressure and temperature was discussed. The results show that the leaching rate of chalcopyrite increases with decreasing the ore granularity. At the early stage of oxidative reaction, the copper leaching rate increases with increasing the oxygen pressure and dosage of vitriol concentration, while oxygen pressure affects leaching less at the later stage. At low temperature, the earlier oxidative leaching process of chalcopyrite is controlled by chemical reactions while the later one by diffusion. The chalcopyrite oxidative leaching rate has close relation with ion concentration in the leaching solution. The higher ion concentration is propitious for chalcopyrite leaching.     

Influence of solid contaminants in oil on wear characteristics of nano-Al2O3／Ni composite coating

Solid conlaminants in Iubrication system will cause severe wear of sliding components. In order 1o improve the wear resistance of the material in oil containing solid contaminants, the brush plated nano-Al2O3/Ni composite coating was prepared and the influence of the sand content and sand size on the tribological property of the coating in oil containing solid contaminants was tested with ball-on-disc tester. The results show that the wear volume increases with increasing the sand content and sand size, and the wear resistance of the composite coating is 20% higher than that of the high-speed plain nickel coating. The main wear mechanisms of the coatings are abrasive wear and adhesive wear. And due to the nano-particle strengthening effect, the wear resistance of the composite coating is improved.     

Effect of cooling rate on microstructure and compressive performance of AZ91 magnesium alloy

Effect of cooling rate on both microstructure and room temperature compressive performance of the AZ91 magnesium alloy was investigated. The experimental results show that with increasing cooling rate, the quantity of the solid solution phase increases and the fraction of secondary phase Mg17Al12 decreases. The almost single solid solution phase can be obtained with using liquid nitrogen as a coolant. The compressive strengths of the rapid solidified AZ91 magnesium alloys are higher than those of normal cast alloy, and decrease with increasing cooling rate. After artificial aging treatment for 14 h at 168 ℃, the compressive strength of the rapidly solidified AZ91 magnesium alloy cooled in liquid nitrogen increases from 253.5 to 335.3 MPa, while the compressive yield strength increases from 138.1 to 225.91 MPa. The improvement in the compressive strength of the rapidly solidified AZ9 lmagnesium alloys can be attributed to the hardening effect from fine secondary phase.     

Effect of electromagnetic swirling flow in slide-gate SEN on flow field in square billet continuous casting mold

In order to weaken the bias flow in the submerged entry nozzle (SEN) with slide-gate, the rotating magnetic field was imposed. The numerical method was employed to investigate the effect of rotating magnetic field on the flow field in the SEN and the mold under different slide-gate opening ratios. Numerical results showed that when the slide-gate opening ratio is smaller than 100%, the flow field in the SEN and the mold become asymmetry and there is an obvious circulation under the slidegate in the SEN. With increasing exciting current, the divergent angle of liquid steel at the SEN outlet increases, the impact depth of liquid steel in the mold decreases. With increasing slide-gate opening ratio, the impact depth of liquid steel in the mold increases and the required exciting current to weaken the bias flow should increase.     

Al-Li-Mg合金电场下自由能的TF方程计算

基于Thomas-Fermi（TF）模型，确定电场作用下的内势场边界条件，建立了电场作用下单原子、化合物，固溶体、实际工业合金的自由能计算方法，系统地定量计算研究了电场作用下自由能的变化趋势。结果表明：单原子自由能变化趋势在电场作用下是关于非零电场对称的，并且不同元素的自由能对电场的敏感性不同，Al，Mg，Li3元素在正电场一侧的敏感性依次为Al，Li，Mg：在负电场一侧的敏感性依次为Al，Mg，Li。电场作用下Al3Li化合物和固溶体Al．2．14％Li（原子分数，下同）的自由能在460K和800K表现出不同电场对称性和电场敏感性。在两种温度下，Al—2．14％Li固溶体自由能的电场敏感性要高于化合物Al3Li。而且在800K高电场下固溶体Al-2．14％Li的自由能明显高于化合物Al3Li的自由能，在460K相同的电场下，化合物的自由能低于固溶体的自由能。1420合金自由能的变化趋势是关于零电场对称的，时效电场下1420合金的拉伸性能也是关于零电场对称的。     

Calculation of electric field effects on the Gibbs free energy of the Al-Li-Mg alloy

Based on the Thomas-Fermi model,the calculation methods of the monatomic Gibbs free energy were found. The interior potential boundary condition under electric field was defined. The calculation methods of Gibbs free energy for the monatomic,compound,and solid solution with electric field were set up. Under the influence of electric field,the Gibbs free energy of Al is the most sensitive,followed by those of Li and Mg. At the solution temperature the Gibbs free energies of Al3Li and its elements under electric field are not symmetrical about the zero point of electric field,whereas at the aging temperature their values are symmetrical about the zero point of electric field. At the solution temperature near the zero point of electric field,the Gibbs free energy of Al3Li is higher than that of Al-2.14%Li. And at 460 K the Gibbs free energy of Al3Li is lower than that of Al-2.14wt.%Li under electric field. The Gibbs free energy of 1420 alloy decreases from both sides of electric field to the zero point at the aging temperature.     

Thomas-Fermi模型含外电场作用的铝镁合金熵能的计算

本文基于Thomas-Fermi（TF）模型，提出外势场与原子内势场的作用，确定外势场对体系势场边界条件的影响，建立了外电场作用下的原子势场外边界条件。应用体积相加法，把单原子TF模型推广到化合物和固溶体。并以Al，Mg，Li等元素的单原子，Al-Mg固溶体，Mg5Al8化合物为例，计算和分析了电场作用对体系的熵能的影响。结果表明：熵能在整个电场区域内呈先减小后增大的变化趋势，并且边界势下和极板电压下的整体变化趋势一致，但零点处熵能的变化趋势不同。     

功率超声对Cu/Sn体系溶解行为的影响

_{摘要: 本文采用浸没法研究了在523K、553K和573K的温度下有无超声作用Cu/Sn体系的溶解行为。实验发现超声波作用下Cu丝在熔融Sn中的溶解速率是无超声作用的6.79~24.106倍。结合有限元模拟的方法分别从超声波空化效应、微射流效应和声流效应等角度出发解释这一现象。研究结果表明,空化泡坍塌瞬间会在Cu/Sn界面的局部产生1500K左右的高温,不但提高了Cu在Sn液中的固溶度极限,而且使“微点”区域Cu发生熔化；微射流效应能减薄金属间化合物(IMC)层厚度和改变其形貌,增加了原子扩散的通道；声流效应会产生搅拌作用,将Cu/Sn固液界面前沿的溶质Cu原子不断推向Sn液内部,使溶质原子溶度一直低于饱和溶解度。综合以上各方面的因素使得超声波作用下固体Cu在Sn液中溶解量和溶解速率显著增大。}     

钛合金/Cu/不锈钢扩散焊界面化合物生长行为解析

采用拉伸、SEM扫描、能谱分析、XRD测试、热–动力学解析等手段,调查、研究了钛合金/Cu/304 扩散焊接头的力学性能、反应相种类、生成顺序及生长厚度. 结果表明,在焊接压力5.0 MPa下,接头的抗拉强度随焊接温度和时间的增加先增高后降低,在焊接温度1 223 K、时间3.6 ks时获得最高接头强度为163 MPa;过分提高温度和时间对接头性能不利. 用铜作中间层,在Cu/304界面侧基本未生成金属间化合物,而在钛合金/Cu界面间形成了由固溶体、金属间化合物Ti_xCu_y,Ti_xFe_y等组成的多层次过渡组织;由钛合金至不锈钢侧界面结构演化依次大致为Ti₂Cu,TiCu,TiCu₂,TiCu₃,TiCu₄,Ti₂Fe、FeTi,TiFe₂金属间化合物;生成的金属间化合物中Ti_xCu_y对接头强度的影响略显强于Ti_xFe_y化合物的趋势;根据推导的经验公式,通过调控温度及时间可以调控金属间化合物的层厚.     

Thermodynamic analysis of aluminate stability in the eutectic bonding of copper with alumina

The interfacial reactions between Cu and Al₂O₃ which occur during the eutectic bonding process have been examined. A thermodynamic analysis of phase equilibria in the Cu–Al–O system shows that a five-phase equilibrium exists among solid copper with oxygen in solution, liquid copper with oxygen in solution, solid CaAlO₂, Al₂O₃ and oxygen gas at the invariant state T=1348 K, p_O2=5.6×10⁻⁷ atm (0.055 Pa). The existence of this invariant state has been confirmed experimentally by heating slightly oxidized copper disks placed in contact with alumina disks. The experimentally determined invariant state was found to be in good agreement with that calculated. During eutectic bonding the compound CuAlO₂ forms at the interface between copper and the alumina in specimens containing solid copper only at temperatures lower than 1348±3 K.     

液固相复合-轧制铜包钢线的组织性能及界面冶金行为

以液固相复合-轧制工艺生产的铜包钢线为研究对象,研究了在特定工艺条件下铜/钢界面的组织组成及其界面区的冶金行为.经金相组织观察,铜、钢晶粒在界面处直接接触,界面呈极细微的凹凸不平的状态,经冷轧后,铜、钢晶粒在界面处互相咬合,且铜与钢的变形随着变形量的增大而趋于均匀.通过对界面区的成分进行能谱分析表明,Cu,Fe原子间发生了互扩散,形成了Fe/Cu的固溶体,其中Fe向Cu扩散量明显高于Cu向Fe的扩散量,测试界面结合强度表明,铜包钢线的初结合界面剪切强度可达80～95 MPa,轧制变形后该强度可提高3%～5%.     

液固相复合-轧制铜包钢线的组织性能及界面冶金行为

以液固相复合-轧制工艺生产的铜包钢线为研究对象,研究了在特定工艺条件下铜／钢界面的组织组成及其界面区的冶金行为。经金相组织观察,铜、钢晶粒在界面处直接接触,界面呈极细微的凹凸不平的状态,经冷轧后,铜、钢晶粒在界面处互相咬合,且铜与钢的变形随着变形量的增大而趋于均匀。通过对界面区的成分进行能谱分析表明,Cu,Fe原子间发生了互扩散,形成了Fe／Cu的固溶体,其中Fe向Cu扩散量明显高于Cu向Fe的扩散量,测试界面结合强度表明,铜包钢线的初结合界面剪切强度可达80-95 MPa,轧制变形后该强度可提高3％-5％。     

Ni含量对0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb不锈钢富铜相析出的影响

研究了不同Ni含量的0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb不锈钢在1040℃固溶后油冷和炉冷(均进行480℃时效,分别表示为OC、FC试样)两种热处理工艺下的力学性能和微观组织变化规律,通过力学性能测试、SEM和TEM观察,探讨了Ni含量对力学性能和富铜相析出的影响.研究表明:FC试样的强度由于炉冷过程中析出了粗大的富铜相而显著低于OC试样的;随Ni含量的提高,两种试样的强度均增加,但差距在缩小,其原因是炉冷过程中析出的富铜相尺寸逐渐细小,表明Ni可以提高了Cu在γ相区的溶解度,延缓了固溶后炉冷过程中的富铜相析出;随时效温度的提高,不同Ni含量试验钢的强度降低,且Ni含量高的试验钢强度降低更显著;随Ni含量的提高,时效过程中富铜相的形核速率和长大速度增加,表明Ni降低了Cu在钢中的扩散激活能.     

Interfacial Microstructure and Its Influence on Resistivity of Thin Layers Copper Cladding Steel Wires

The interfacial microstructure and resistivity of cold-drawn and annealed thin layers copper cladding steel (CCS) wires have been systematically investigated by the methods of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and resistivity testing. The results showed that the Cu and Fe atoms near interface diffused into each other matrixes. The Fe atoms diffused into Cu matrixes and formed a solid solution. The mechanism of solid solution is of substitution type. When the quantity of Fe atoms exceeds the maximum solubility, the supersaturated solid solution would form Fe clusters and decompose into base Cu and α-Fe precipitated phases under certain conditions. A few of α-Fe precipitates was observed in the copper near Cu/Fe interfaces of cold-drawn CCS wires, with 1–5 nm in size. A number of α-Fe precipitates of 1–20 nm in size can be detected in copper near Cu/Fe interfaces of CCS wires annealed at 850°C. When annealing temperature was less than 750°C, the resistivity of CCS wires annealed was lower than that of cold-drawn CCS wires. However, when annealing temperature was above 750°C, the resistivity of CCS wires was greater than that of cold-drawn CCS wires and increased with rising the annealing temperature. The relationship between nanoscale α-Fe precipitation and resistivity of CCS wires has been well discussed.