球墨铸铁件表面片状石墨层的应用

球墨铸铁具有较佳的高温强度,灰口铸中片状石墨对铝合人具有抗蚀性;利用片状石墨可防止铝液侵蚀金属基体的特性,设计制作表面为灰口铸件材质的热电偶保护,使控温热电偶不因熔液溶穿保护管而损坏。     

等离子喷涂灰铸铁涂层的研究进展

在汽车上使用轻质铝合金发动机可以有效减少燃油消耗和环境污染,但铝合金的耐磨损性能较差,从而造成发动机工作过程中气缸壁面容易磨损。利用表面改性技术对铝合金表面进行强化处理,可以满足其作为滑动部件在高载荷条件下的使用要求。灰铸铁较低的成本和其中石墨的自润滑作用,使其成为铝合金发动机气缸表面保护涂层材料的首选。等离子喷涂技术以其高效率和灵活性在表面强化领域受到广泛应用。因此,利用等离子喷涂制备灰铸铁涂层成为改善铝合金发动机气缸表面耐磨性的有效方法之一。但是,由于等离子喷涂过程中熔滴冷却速度极快,等离子喷涂很难得到含大量石墨组织的灰铸铁涂层。以调控灰铸铁涂层中的石墨含量为目的,总结了等离子喷涂灰铸铁涂层的研究现状,以及基体温度、颗粒尺寸、添加合金元素等对熔滴冷却速度的影响,并以此为基础,结合凝固理论分析了在涂层中保留灰铸铁粉末中的石墨组织的可行性,同时分析了在铸铁涂层中保留石墨所面临的主要问题,并提出了解决这些问题的主要措施。最后就在等离子喷涂灰铸铁涂层中保留石墨的研究方向进行了展望。     

铸铁在铝液中侵蚀机理的研究

研究了金相组织对铸铁耐铝液侵蚀性能的影响;利用Ｘ射线衍射分析和金相分析探索了铸铁在铝液中的侵蚀机理;黑色保护层的表成导致铸铁耐铝液侵蚀性能增强,石墨形态和珠光体基体影响铸铁耐铝液侵蚀速率;结果表明,片状石墨和细片状珠光体数量越多,耐铝液侵蚀性能越强。     

铁神一号净化剂对灰铸铁组织和力学性能的影响

利用中频感应电炉熔炼灰铸铁铁液，水玻璃砂造型，浇注铸造阶梯试样、φ30mm试棒以及热分析试样，研究了净化剂对其结晶过冷度、组织和力学性能的影响。试验结果表明，单独加入净化剂0．6％可以增加过冷倾向，细化石墨，降低断面敏感性；可以提高灰铸铁的抗拉强度和冶金质量指标；同时加入净化剂0．6％和硅钡孕育剂0．7％对灰铸铁进行复合孕育，明显增加共晶团数量至441个/cm^2，可以获得细小A型石墨，显著提高灰铸铁的力学性能σb至282MPa。     

熔铝坩埚的生产

熔铝坩埚工作时外部承受长时间的热负荷,内部抵受高温和铝液的热侵蚀.在合金灰铸铁中加入适量的稀土生产熔铝坩埚,选择合理的化学成分和铸造工艺,生产出符合要求的铸件.客户以前购买的坩埚使用一到两周就失效,而使用新研制的坩埚使用寿命可达2个月.     

高强度D型石墨铸铁的研究进展

综述了灰铸铁中产生D型石墨的原因，D型石墨对灰铸铁性能的影响以及D型石墨灰铸铁的应用。国内外的研究表明：深过冷，在灰铸铁中加入提高过冷度的合金元素（钛，铝，锑，碲，稀土元素等）或者二者的结合都会促进生成D型石墨；D型石墨灰铸铁具有较高的强度，较好的抗氧化性，抗生长性，抗热疲劳性和耐磨性；D型石墨灰铸铁已经广泛用于生产玻璃模具，压缩机缸体，压缩机曲轴等铸件。笔者还介绍了采用钒钛生铁生产的D型石墨合金铸铁凸轮轴的性能特点及其应用情况。     

铝合金表面处理对AM60/A390液固扩散连接界面组织及性能的影响

利用压铸工艺将液态镁和固态铝液-固复合是镁/铝异种材料连接的新工艺,进行铝合金表面氧化膜去除工艺的研究,并在此基础上,利用自制的液固双金属复合装置将液态镁合金AM60与处理后的固态铝合金A390进行液固复合。研究铝合金表面处理对液态AM60/固态A390液固复合工艺的影响,分析研究复合试样界面的组织和性能。结果表明:采用铝合金表面处理工艺能有效地去除A390铝合金表面的氧化膜,同时在其表面形成一层含La2O3的包覆层。包覆层一方面可保护铝合金表面,避免再次被氧化;另一方面包覆层中的La2O3又可以改善液态AM60/固态A390复合界面的组织,提高界面结合强度。AM60/A390的液固复合界面的抗剪强度最高可达78.4 MPa。经过固溶处理之后,可将强度提高到84 MPa。     

灰铸铁玻璃模具材料与镍基合金粉末熔覆性能的研究

用普通电阻炉加石墨保护的方法成功地在铁素体基灰铸铁及珠光体基灰铸铁基体上制备了镍基自熔性合金粉末复合材料。利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、显微硬度仪、CMT4305型万能测试仪等分别对复合材料的显微组织、成分分布、显微硬度以及结合强度等进行了观察和测试。试验表明,在基体与覆层熔覆的过程中存在着元素的相互扩散,促进了二者之间的冶金结合,且铁素体基灰铸铁与镍基覆层之间的结合好于珠光体基灰铸铁,另外由于元素的扩散使基体与熔覆层组织的显微硬度呈梯度分布。     

La对镁/铝液固扩散连接界面组织及性能的影响

利用压铸工艺将液态镁和固态铝液.固复合是一种镁/铝异种材料焊接的新工艺。镁/铝异种活性金属液.固连接的难点首先是固态铝合金属表面存在一层氧化膜,阻碍镁/铝异种活性金属之间形成冶金结合,其次是镁/铝液固复合过程中无法避免地形成大量的金属间化合物,这些脆性相极大地破坏了界面的力学性能。对铝合金表面进行氧化膜去除工艺,并在此基础上,利用自制的液固双金属复合装置将液态镁镧中间合金与经过表面处理的固态铝合金进行液固复合。研究镁合金中的稀土La对镁铝液固扩散连接界面组织及性能的影响。结果表明:镁合金中加入稀土La后,镁铝扩散连接界面处的βMg变少、变细,铸态晶粒细化;大部分La与Al结合生成高熔点、高热稳定性的稀土相Al相;当镁合金中含有1%(质量分数)稀土La时,界面可达到最大的抗剪强度88.5MPa。     

紧密型石墨的凝固现象

以单向凝固方法制备了灰铸铁、紧密型石墨铸铁和球墨铸铁的小试样,用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察了液一固界面。这些试样是用来确定这些铸铁的凝固模式,并测定它们凝固时的液一固区宽度的。在紧密型石墨表面,对某些元素用微区分析测定了其浓度分布。紧密型石墨凝固时有点像片状石墨,与奥氏体微弱地协同成长为共晶体。虽然石墨的园形末稍似乎被奥氏体包围,但在凝固的某些阶段石墨是与液体接触的。是铝而不是钛,聚集在片体旁边,比之园形末稍附近要富集得多。铝似乎起了反球化剂的作用。紧密型石墨铸铁凝固中的(液体 奥氏体 石墨)共存区的宽度,和球墨铸铁差不多,但比灰铸铁要大得多。共晶团数介于灰铸铁和球墨铸铁之间。这些因素似乎可以用来解释文献中所报导过的现象:紧密型石墨铸铁的型腔扩大和缩孔形成倾向介于灰铸铁和球墨铸铁之间。     

RHEOLOGY FEATURE OF SIMPLE METAL MELT

The rheology feature of Sb, Bi melt and alloys was studied using coaxial cylinder high-temperature viscometer. The results showed that the curve of torsion-rotational speed for Sb melt presents a linear relation in all measured temperature ranges, whereas for the Bi melt, the curve presents obvious non-Newtonian feature within the low temperature range and at relative high shear stress. The rheology feature of Sb80Bi20 and Sb20Bi80 alloy melts was well correlated with that of Sb and Bi, respectively. It is considered that the rheology behavior of Sb melt plays a crucial role in Sb80Bi20 alloy and that of Bi melt plays a crucial role in Sb20Bi80 alloy.     

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of a Newly Developed Austenitic Heat Resistant Steel

The effect of heat treatment on the microstructures and mechanical properties of a newly developed austenitic heat resistant steel(named as T8 alloy) for ultra-supercritical applications have been studied. Results show that the main phases in the alloy after solution treatment are γ and primary MX. Subsequent aging treatment causes the precipitation of M_(23)C_6 carbides along the grain boundaries and a small number of nanoscale MX inside the grains. In addition, with increasing the aging temperature and time, the morphology of M_(23)C_6 carbides changes from semi-continuous chain to continuous network.Compared with a commercial HR3C alloy, T8 alloy has comparable tensile strength, but higher stress rupture strength. The dominant cracking mechanism of the alloy during tensile test at room temperature is transgranular, while at high temperature, intergranular cracking becomes the main cracking mode, which may be caused by the precipitation of continuous M_(23)C_6 carbides along the grain boundaries. Typical intergranular cracking is the dominant cracking mode of the alloy at all stress rupture tests.     

The 15th Global Foundry Sourcing Conference 2014held in Qingdao China

Organized by Suppliers China Co., Ltd and co-organized by the National Technical Committee 54 on Foundry of Standardization Administration of China, the 15th Global Foundry Sourcing Conference 2014 （hereinafter referred to as FSC 2014） was successfully held on Sep. 23rd in Grand Regency Hotel, Qingdao. More than 500 delegates from home and abroad attended this conference, including over 130 purchasers from 20 countries and 380 domestic and foreign suppliers.     

LASER CLADDED TiCN COATINGS ON THE SURFACE OF TITANIUM

Laser cladded coatings of TiCN were produced on the surface of titanium. To obtain the optimal techniques, several conditions were tested by varying the laser scanning rate. The choice of shielding gas was also studied. The cladded coatings were then evaluated from the surface mechanics point of view based on their microhardness. The microstructure of some interesting samples was investigated by optical micrographs (OM). The results showed that under the condition of fixed pulse frequency and pulse width, the laser scanning rate and the shielding gas are the main factors influencing the components of coatings. TiCN coatings were decompounded and oxidized during the cladding process in the condition of no shielding gas of N2. X-ray diffraction results indicated that the composite coatings composed of TiCN, TiC, Ti2N, and TiO2 were produced using appropriate techniques. The results indicated that the best condition in terms of the surface microhardness is obtained when the scanning rate is 1.5mm / s, the pulse frequency is 15Hz, the pulse width is 3.0ms, and N2 is chosen as the shielding gas. The microhardness of the composite coatings is about 1331kg · mm - 2, which is about 4 times that of the substrate. The optical micrographs indicated that the cladding zone is made up of TiCN, TiO2, and some interdendritic Ti, but the diffusion zone mainly consists of the dendrites phase, and the cladded depth is about 80m, which is more than 2 times that of the laser nitrided sample. There were no microcracks or air bubbles in the cladded sample, which was cladded using the above optimal techniques.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of X80 Pipeline Steel Joints by Friction Stir Welding Under Various Cooling Conditions

X80 pipeline steel plates were friction stir welded(FSW) under air, water, liquid CO_2 + water, and liquid CO_2 cooling conditions, producing defect-free welds. The microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of these FSW joints were studied. Coarse granular bainite was observed in the nugget zone(NZ) under air cooling, and lath bainite and lath martensite increased signifi cantly as the cooling medium temperature reduced. In particular, under the liquid CO_2 cooling condition, a dual phase structure of lath martensite and fi ne ferrite appeared in the NZ. Compared to the case under air cooling, a strong shear texture was identifi ed in the NZs under other rapid cooling conditions, because the partial deformation at elevated temperature was retained through higher cooling rates. Under liquid CO_2 cooling, the highest transverse tensile strength and elongation of the joint reached 92% and 82% of those of the basal metal(BM), respectively, due to the weak tempering softening. A maximum impact energy of up to 93% of that of the BM was obtained in the NZ under liquid CO_2 cooling, which was attributed to the operation of the dual phase of lath martensite and fi ne ferrite.     

INDUSTRY NEWS

China Securities News reported on March 21, 2014： Guangdong Hongtu Wuhan Die Casting Co., Ltd. （Wuhan Hongtu）, a wholly owned subsidiary of Guangdong Hongtu Technology （Holdings） Co., Ltd., held a groundbreaking ceremony recently. With the registered capital of 50 million Yuan, Wuhan Hongtu has a total land area of 100,000 square meters and a plant construction area of 72,000 square meters. It is expected to have a production capacity of about 30,000 tonnes of aluminum castings annually after it is put into production.     

STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF PULSE ELECTRODEPOSITED RE-Ni-W-P-SiC COMPOSITE COATINGS

The effects of pulse frequency f and duty cycle r on the deposition rate, composition, morphology, and hardness of pulse electrodeposited RE （rare earth）-Ni-W-P-SiC composite coatings have been studied. The results indicate that pulse current can improve the deposition rate of RE-Ni-W-P-SiC composite coatings; W, P, and SiC contents in the coating decrease with the increase of pulse frequency and reach the lowest value at f = 33Hz, whereas the RE content in the composite coatings increases with the increase of pulse frequency. SiC content decreases with the increase of duty cycle, W content reaches the lowest value, and P content reaches the highest value at r = 0.4; pulse current and RE can lead to smaller size of the crystalline grains; however, the effects of different pulse frequency and duty cycle on the morphologies of RE-Ni-W-P-SiC composite coatings are not obvious. The hardness of RE-Ni-W-P-SiC composite coatings is the highest when the duty cycle is at 0.6 and 0.8 and pulse frequency is at 50Hz. At the same pulse frequency, the hardness of RE-Ni-W-P-SiC composite coatings at r= 0.8 is higher than that at r= 0.6.     

GROWTH MORPHOLOGIES OF A BINARY ALLOY WITH LOW ANISOTROPY IN DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION

Two new classes of growth morphologies, called doublons and seaweed, were simulated using a phase-field method. The evolution of doublon and seaweed morphologies was obtained in directional solidification. The influence of orientation and velocity on the growth morphology was investigated. It was indicated that doublons preferred growing with its crystallographic axis aligned with the heat flow direction. Seaweed, on the other hand, could be obtained by tilting the crystalline axis to 45°. Stable doublons could only exist in a range of velocity regime. Beyond this regime the patterns formed would be unstable. The simulation results agreed with the reported experimental results qualitatively.     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.