基于热加工图的6061铝合金热压缩变形特性研究

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对6061铝合金进行等温热压缩试验,研究变形温度为300~450℃、应变速率为0.01~10s-1、压缩量为60%条件下合金的热变形特性,分析其高温流变应力行为,依据动态材料模型建立热加工图并结合热变形组织分析6061铝合金的热变形机制。结果表明,6061铝合金流变应力随变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低而下降,其高温软化机制以动态回复为主;合金在高应变速率下普遍存在流变失稳,最佳热加工区间变形温度为430~450℃,应变速率为0.01~0.05 s~(-1),该工艺范围内合金出现了部分动态再结晶组织。     

6061铝合金高温拉伸流变行为

利用Gleeble3500热模拟试验机对6061铝合金进行高温拉伸实验,研究变形温度为365℃~565℃和应变速率为0.01s-1~1s-1条件下6061铝合金的高温拉伸流变行为。结果表明,6061铝合金属于正应变速率敏感材料,流变应力随应变速率的增加而增大,随温度的增加而降低;通过线性回归分析计算6061铝合金的应力指数n及变形激活能Q,获得其高温拉伸条件下的流变应力本构方程。     

AA6061铝合金铸坯平面压缩本构模型及组织演变

利用Gleeble-3500热力模拟实验机研究AA6061铝合金铸坯平面压缩变形行为,分析其流变应力和组织演变规律。结果表明:平面压缩过程中流变应力随着变形温度的升高和应变速率的减小而逐渐降低;低温和低应变速率下(573 K/0.01 s~(-1)),随着应变量增大,达到峰值应力后应力软化程度较大。同时,建立了描述AA6061铝合金铸坯平面压缩变形行为的双曲正弦型本构关系模型。大变形区的晶粒呈扁长的板条状,其晶界处有大量的第2相析出,晶粒的长径比随温度升高而减小,随应变速率增大而增大,小变形区晶粒组织形貌主要为椭圆形等轴状晶;高温下(723 K),部分第2相溶入晶粒内部,热变形组织演变机理主要为动态回复。     

6061铝合金热变形行为的研究

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟实验机研究了6061铝合金在变形温度573～773 K、应变速率0.01～2 s-1、最大变形程度45%条件下的高温压缩变形行为,分析了合金在高温变形过程中流变应力与应变速率和变形温度之间的关系,建立了6061铝合金高温变形的本构关系.结果表明:合金的流变应力随变形温度的升高而降低,随应变速率的增大而增大;试验条件下,该合金的流变行为可用Zener-Hollomon参数来描述,变形激活能为236.858 kJ/mol,应力指数为8.926.     

6061铝合金热变形动态再结晶行为研究

利用Gleeble-3500试验机对6061铝合金进行单道次等温恒应变速率压缩试验,研究合金在应变速率为0.001～1s~(-1),温度为350～500℃热变形条件下的动态再结晶行为。统计试验所得流变应力曲线峰值应力数据,确定合金热变形激活能Q为307.528kJ·mol~(-1),建立合金在不同热变形条件下的流变应力方程,动态再结晶峰值和临界应变模型;依据流变应力曲线特征,计算合金在不同变形条件下的动态再结晶体积分数,据此建立动态再结晶动力学模型。分析流变应力曲线可知铸态6061铝合金在350～500℃下变形,应变速率较低时(0.01s~(-1)),合金组织更容易发生动态再结晶,应力软化现象更明显。     

7075铝合金高温热变形性能的研究

采用Gleeble-3800热模拟机,沿与原材料轴线呈0°、45°、90°方向切割试样,在320、400和480℃,变形速率0.01、0.1和1/s时对7075铝合金进行试验。研究了温度、应变速率对7075铝合金热变形过程中力学性能及显微组织的影响。结果表明:在同一应变速率下,7075铝合金的流变应力和进入稳态流动时所需的应变随温度的升高而降低;在低温成形时,晶粒的形状连续而均匀;随着变形温度升高,晶粒逐渐变得粗大;在较高温度变形时,大晶粒周围有细小的等轴晶出现,发生了动态再结晶。在同一变形温度下,7075铝合金的流变应力随应变速率的增大而提高;应变速率越大,越易出现动态再结晶。     

3003铝合金热变形流变应力特征

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟机进行圆柱体压缩实验．研究了3003铝合金在变形温度为300～500℃、应变速率为0．01～10s^-1、真应变为0～0．8条件下的流变应力特征。结果表明．流变应力随温度升高而降低，随应变速率的提高而增大；在应变速率小于10s^-1。时，3003铝合金首先出现加工硬化，流变应力达到峰值后单调下降，趋于平稳，表现出动态回复的特征；而在应变速率为10s^-1、变形温度在350℃以上时，合金发生了局部动态再结晶；可用Zener-Hollomon参数的双曲正弦形式来描述3003铝合金热压缩变形时的流变应力行为。     

7A85铝合金热压缩流变行为与本构方程研究

通过在Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机上进行高温压缩试验,研究了7A85铝合金在变形温度为250～450℃、应变速率为0.001～1 s-1条件下的高温流变行为。研究表明,7A85铝合金在热压缩过程中发生了明显的动态回复与动态再结晶;变形抗力随温度的降低而增加,当温度低于300℃时变形抗力增加明显,同时变形抗力随应变速率的增大而增大;应变速率和流变应力之间满足指数关系,温度和流变应力之间满足Arrhenius方程;采用线性回归方法获得了7A85铝合金高温条件下流变应力的本构方程。     

TA1/6061铝合金双金属热变形行为及热加工图

以TA1/6061铝合金双金属为研究对象，采用Gleebe-3800热模拟试验机，在变形温度为350～500℃、应变速率为0.01～1 s^-1、变形量为40%的条件下进行了单向热压缩复合试验，研究了TA1/6061铝合金双金属的热变形行为，建立了TA1/6061铝合金双金属本构方程及热加工图。结果表明，TA1/6061铝合金双金属热变形过程中的流变应力随着温度的上升和应变速率的降低而减小；基于试验数据建立的Arrhenius本构方程可以有效预测特定真应变下的真应力，其相关性系数为0.99642,热变形激活能为231434 J·mol^-1;基于热加工图、SEM图像和EDS线扫描图像，确定最优热加工工艺窗口为：变形温度为482～500℃,应变速率为0.011～0.192 s^-1。     

高钛6061铝合金的热变形行为（英文）

利用应力应变曲线、热加工图,结合电子透射电子显微镜和背散射衍射技术研究在变形温度为350~510°C、应变速率为0.001~10 s-1时高钛6061铝合金的热变形行为。结果表明,该合金的热压缩变形流变峰值应力随变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低而降低;在实验参数范围内平均热变形激活能为185 k J/mol;建立了流变应力模型;该合金热变形时主要的软化机制为动态回复;根据材料动态模型获得了高钛6061铝合金的热加工图,最佳的热加工窗口温度为400~440°C,应变速率为0.001~0.1 s~(-1)。     

6061铝合金半固态本构方程的研究

采用Gleeble3800热模拟试验机,对采用近液相线半连续铸造方法制备的6061铝合金半固态坯料进行热模拟压缩试验,研究变形温度为585℃~605℃、应变速率为0.01/s~10/s时,变形温度和应变速率对变形行为的影响。结果表明,半固态铝合金的流动应力随变形温度的升高而降低,随应变速率的增大而增大。以半固态触变压缩试验结果为基础,建立了反映半固态6061铝合金变形行为的本构方程,并进行回归分析。结果表明,该模型具有良好的精度,试验确定的6061铝合金本构关系的适用温度范围为585℃~605℃,应变速率范围为0.01/s~10/s。     

6061铝合金热压缩变形条件对流变应力的影响及其本构方程的研究

文章根据热压缩试验数据,应用一元线性回归和多元线性回归方法,研究了6061铝合金材料的流动应力与温度、应变速率和应变之间的关系,并根据试验数据确定了6061铝合金材料的本构方程。研究表明,6061铝合金热压缩塑性变形时的流变应力和应变速率之间的关系满足双曲正弦函数关系式;其热压缩塑性变形时流变应力的双曲正弦对数项与绝对温度倒数之间满足线性关系,其高温压缩变形受热激活能的控制。     

Research on the Hot Deformation Behavior of Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr Alloy During Compression at Elevated Temperature

The flow behavior of Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy during hot compression deformation was studied by isothermal compression test using Gleeble-1500 thermo-mechanical equipment. Compression tests were performed in the temperature range of 340-500 °C and in the strain rate range of 0.001-10 s^?1.The results indicate that the flow stress of the alloy increases with increasing strain rate at a given temperature, and decreases with increasing temperature at a given imposed strain rate. The relationship between flow stress and strain rate and temperature was derived by analyzing the experimental data. The constitutive equation of Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy during hot compression deformation can be described by the Arrhenius relationship of the hyperbolic sine form. The values of A, n, and α in the analytical expression of strain rate are fitted to be 1.49 × 10¹⁰ s^?1, 7.504, and 0.0114 MPa^?1, respectively. The hot deformation activation energy of the alloy during compression is 150.25 kJ/mol. The temperature and strain rate have great influences on microstructure evolution of Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy during hot compression deformation. According to microstructure evolution, the dynamic flow softening is mainly caused by dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization in this present experiment.     

铝合金板材温热成形性能

在20℃～300℃的温度范围内,分别对7B04-T6和6061-T6铝合金薄板进行了单拉试验,结果表明,7B04-T6高强度铝合金的断后延伸率和拉伸极限应变在温热状态下都有显著的提高,比较适合于温热成形,而6061-T6则不太适合。另外,基于Fields&Backofen本构方程,对7B04-T6在不同温度状态下的强化规律进行了分析和探讨,结果表明,随着温度的逐渐升高,应变强化指数n值不断减小,应变率敏感系数m值则显著增大,应变率强化明显增强,这也是在温热状态下其成形性能提高的主要原因。     

Deformation mechanism and forming properties of 6061Al alloys during compression in semi-solid state

The 6061 semi-solid aluminium alloy feedstocks prepared by near-liquidus casting were compressed in semi-solid state by means of Gleeble-3500 thermal-mechanical simulator. The relationship between the true stress and the true strain at different temperatures and strain rates was studied with the deformation degree of 70%. The microstructures during the deformation process were characterized. The deformation mechanism and thixo-forming properties of the semi-solid alloys were analyzed. The results show that the homogeneous and non-dendrite microstructures of semi-solid 6061Al alloy manufactured by near-liquidus casting technology could be transformed into semi-solid state with the microstructure suitable for thixo-forming which are composed of near-spherical grains and liquid phase with eutectic composition through reheating process. The deformation temperature and strain rate affect the peak stress significantly rather than steady flow stress. The resistance to deformation in semi-solid state decreases with the increase of the deformation temperature and decrease of the strain rate. At steady thixotropic deformation stage, the thixotropic property is uniform, and the main deformation mechanism is the rotating or sliding between the solid particles and the plastic deformation of the solid particles.     

锻态TB6钛合金热变形行为及组织演变

在THERMECMASTER-Z型热模拟试验机上,对锻态TB6钛合金在真应变为0.92、变形温度为800℃～1150℃、应变速率为0.001s-1～1s-1的条件下进行等温恒应变速率压缩试验,分析合金在β单相区条件下的热变形特点,并观察金相组织。结果表明,应变速率对合金流动应力的影响较显著;而变形温度对合金流动应力的影响在较高应变速率时较大,在较低应变速率时较小。动态再结晶晶粒尺寸和动态再结晶体积分数,随温度的升高而增大,随应变速率的增大而减小。从晶粒细化和动态再结晶组织均匀性考虑,当真应变为0.92时,变形温度选择在950℃～1050℃之间,应变速率选择在0.01s-1为宜。     

半固态7050铝合金热压缩变形行为

在Gleeble-3500热模拟机上对半固态7050铝合金进行了高温热压缩试验,研究了该合金在变形温度为420～465℃、应变速率为0.001～0.100s-1条件下的流变应力行为以及变形过程中的显微组织。结果表明,流变应力在变形初期随着应变的增大迅速增大,出现峰值应力后逐渐平稳,流变应力随着应变速率的增大而增大,随着变形温度的升高而下降;流变应力可以用双曲线正弦形式的关系来描述,通过线性拟合计算出该材料的形变激活能等参数,获得流变应力的本构方程。随着变形温度升高和应变速率降低,合金中拉长的晶粒变大,合金热压缩变形的主要软化机制为动态再结晶。     

BT25钛合金在锻造过程中失稳变形和动态再结晶行为的数值模拟

分别利用失稳图和功率耗散图确定BT25钛合金失稳变形组织和动态再结晶变形组织的热力参数边界条件,并将其输入到Deform-3D有限元软件中,使加工图技术与有限元技术能够进行有效结合。利用二次开发后的软件对BT25钛合金在变形温度为950~1100 ℃和应变速率0.001~1 s^-1的条件下进行失稳变形组织和动态再结晶行为的模拟和预测,并通过对比金相组织,验证了该模拟结果的可靠性。结果表明,流动应力随变形温度的升高或应变速率的降低而降低;失稳变形组织集中在低温、高应变速率区域;高温和低应变速率均有利于动态再结晶（DRX）行为;微观组织的观察结果与模拟预测的结果吻合较好,说明本研究提出的加工图技术与有限元技术相结合的方法对模拟与预测金属锻造过程中的失稳变形组织和DRX行为是可行的。     

Wetting Characteristics of Novel-type 63Sn-29.2Pb-6Zn-1Ag-0.38Cu-0.42Bi Solder Alloy

6061 aluminum alloy has many advantages, and soldering is the most attractive joining method for 6061 aluminum alloy. In order to expand application of 6061 aluminum alloy, a novel 63Sn-29.2Pb-6Zn-1Ag-0.38Cu-0.42Bi solder alloy was prepared. The melting characteristic and microstructure of the solder were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscope. Its spreading on the 6061 aluminum alloy was also studied. The results show that its melting temperature range is 456.34-463.68 K, and the temperature interval between the solidus and the liquidus is 6.34 K. The solder on 6061 aluminum alloy had better wetting characteristics. A precursor film appears ahead of the spreading droplet. The microstructure at the interface between the solder and the 6061 aluminum alloy was analyzed. It was clear that the intermetallic compound, Ag₂Al phase, was formed at the interface between the solder and the 6061 aluminum alloy.     

Hot Ductility of Severe Plastic Deformed AA6061 Aluminum Alloy

The hot ductility of 6061 aluminum alloy,which was subjected to two different severe plastic deformations(SPD),was studied at different temperatures and strain rates.The tensile tests were carried out at the temperature range of 300-500 ℃ and at the strain rates of 0.0005-0.01 s~(-1).The microstructure evolution was characterized using optical microscopy,transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction technique.The influences of the microstructure after SPD,thermomechanical parameters(temperature and strain rate) and specimen size on the hot formability of this alloy were then analyzed.The results show that a decrease in grains/subgrains exhibited significant effect on the hot ductility of SPDed samples.The constitutive equations were then developed to model the hot formability of the studied alloy.The developed model can be represented by Zener-Hollomon parameter in a hyperbolic sinusoidal equation form.Both the changes of elongation to failure and Zener-Hollomon parameter indicate that the hot ductility of the alloy is more sensitive to the temperature rather than to the strain rate.The uniform elongation is independent of the specimen size,but the postnecking elongation increases dramatically as the ratio of l/A~(1/2) decreases.