回火温度对新一代传动齿轮钢C61组织及性能的影响

采用扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计、拉伸试验机和冲击试验机等分析手段对C61齿轮钢试样经1000 ℃淬火+回火处理后组织和碳化物的析出行为及力学性能进行了研究。结果表明,试验钢在淬火和深冷状态下,一次碳化物基本溶解,基体为板条马氏体组织,此时固溶强化作用提供了较好的强韧化基础。当回火温度为420 ℃时,析出的M₃C渗碳体为其提供了较高的强度,但这种析出相的存在对冲击性能具有较大的损伤;M₃C渗碳体会在482 ℃回火时溶解,10~20 nm尺寸的棒状M₂C碳化物在板条马氏体内的弥散析出,提供了较高强度的同时改善了冲击性能。随着回火温度的继续升高,大量逆转变奥氏体生成,不仅有效提高冲击性能,同时强度下降也更为明显;且M₂C碳化物粗化长大,第二相的强化作用降低。综合得出,试验钢在482 ℃的回火条件下能达到较好的强韧化匹配,抗拉强度和屈服强度分别为1781 MPa和1546 MPa,冲击吸收能量为97 J,硬度峰值为52 HRC。     

焊后回火温度对G115钢熔敷金属组织及室温力学性能的影响

采用G115钢焊条焊接了熔敷金属试板,然后分别在760、780、800、820 ℃下进行了焊后回火热处理,并对不同回火温度下试样的力学性能和显微组织进行了分析。结果表明,G115钢熔敷金属的最佳回火温度为800 ℃,随着回火温度的升高,析出相M₂₃C₆有长大的趋势。760~820 ℃回火后的冲击断口表现为韧窝断裂和准解理断裂特征,在韧窝内存在焊接冶金脱氧过程中形成的球形第二相粒子。     

回火温度对1100 MPa高强海工钢组织及析出的影响

采用OM、EBSD和TEM等分析方法对超高强含Cu海工钢经850℃淬火+不同温度回火处理后组织和力学性能进行了研究。结果表明，试验钢在425℃回火时出现硬度峰值435 HV5,这是基体中细小弥散分布的Cu(5 nm)粒子和少量的碳化物粒子的协同强化作用。在525℃过回火状态下，试验钢基体中Cu粒子发生粗化(6.5 nm),试验钢的强度下降，并且此时试验钢中脆化相M₃C渗碳体完全溶解转化为了更稳定的M₂C析出相、大角度晶界密度的增加和薄膜状逆转变奥氏体的含量增加等因素，使得-40℃时的冲击吸收能量KV₂从475℃回火的6 J提升至525℃回火的180 J,低温韧性得到了显著改善。随着回火温度的再次升高，马氏体基体软化更为明显，且Cu粒子和M₂C碳化物进一步粗化，试验钢的强度明显降低。试验钢在525℃回火能获得良好的强韧性匹配，抗拉强度和屈服强度分别为1188 MPa和1119 MPa,-40℃时的冲击吸收能量KV₂为180 J。     

超级马氏体不锈钢焊丝MAG焊熔敷金属冲击性能优化

白鹤滩百万千瓦水电机组全部采用国产HS13/5L焊丝进行焊接，成功实现了中国高端装备制造的重大突破. HS13/5L焊丝为水轮机转轮同材质焊接材料，属于13Cr型超级马氏体不锈钢，然而其MAG焊熔敷金属的韧性低于母材，针对此问题，将现有的MAG平焊焊接工艺调整为立向上焊焊接工艺，以提高熔敷金属的冲击韧性.对比分析了平焊、立向上焊熔敷金属的微观组织和冲击性能. 结果表明，立向上焊位置回火热处理态熔敷金属的室温冲击吸收能量达到120 J以上，比平焊位置提高了约40%. 两种焊接位置下的熔敷金属微观组织的相组成无明显差异，焊态组织为淬火马氏体 + 残余奥氏体 + δ-Fe，回火热处理态组织为回火板条马氏体 + 逆变奥氏体 + δ-Fe.立向上焊熔敷金属中的氧化夹杂物密度比平焊位置降低了约22%.平焊和立向上焊熔敷金属冲击断口整体呈现出韧性断裂的特征，立向上焊位置熔敷金属的韧性优于平焊位置.     

焊态及焊后热处理熔敷金属组织及硬度分析

采用D132焊条在45钢母材金属上进行焊条电弧堆焊,熔敷金属为两层。为了减小熔敷金属内的焊接残余应力,改善其组织结构和硬度,对试样进行焊后热处理,回火温度分别为400℃、550℃和700℃,保温时间均为2 h。分析焊态及焊后热处理的熔敷金属显微组织和硬度,试验结果表明:焊态时的熔敷金属存在魏氏组织,但随着热处理温度的升高,魏氏组织消失,残余奥氏体的含量却在增多;对比发现,熔敷金属硬度值在回火温度为400℃时最大,在回火温度为700℃时最小,回火温度为550℃时熔敷金属的硬度值处在二者之间,由此可见,随着温度升高熔敷金属硬度值却在下降。     

药芯埋弧焊丝W220回火脆性研究

研究了轧辊堆焊用药芯埋弧焊丝W220的回火脆性.将药芯埋弧焊丝W220堆焊成含0.13%～0.17%C,13.1%～14.0%Cr,2.2%～2.8%Mn,4.3%～4.9%Ni(质量分数)的熔敷金属,将焊态熔敷金属在不同温度下回火,通过硬度测试、冲击韧性测定及断口微观分析,对在不同温度下回火后的试样的硬度、冲击功及断口形貌进行研究.研究表明,W220焊丝熔敷金属的回火脆性温度区间为400～550℃.与通常情况不同,W220焊态熔敷金属的高温回火脆性不是在高温回火保温后缓冷情况下出现,而是在快冷条件下产生.     

热处理对耐磨熔敷金属组织与性能影响

采用钛钙型药皮堆焊焊条D172,以手工电弧焊工艺在基体材料上堆焊一定厚度的耐磨金属.为了消除焊态过程中残留的残余应力,提高堆焊层熔敷金属的耐磨性能,本试验对基体材料进行了焊前预热,控制层间温度,焊后回火等工艺,分析了焊态、回火工艺下获得的耐磨熔敷金属的显微组织和显微硬度.结果表明,回火温度在400℃时,堆焊层熔敷金属显微组织和硬度与焊态基本一致,其显微组织主要为马氏体和网状残奥氏体;550℃时,残余奥氏体转变为马氏体,且碳化物析出量增多,硬度升高;700℃时,马氏体分解,产生大量碳化物和α-Fe铁素体,硬度显著降低;保温时间延长,堆焊层熔敷金属显微组织和硬度变化不大.     

回火温度对N63钢组织及力学性能的影响

采用扫描电镜和透射电镜等手段研究了回火温度对N63钢组织及性能的影响。结果表明，N63钢具有良好的抗回火稳定性，260～600℃回火几乎未生成逆转变奥氏体，该温度区间内低温回火的析出相主要为ε-碳化物，当回火温度升高至480℃附近时基体析出M₂C碳化物，抗拉强度和屈服强度分别达到峰值，为1483 MPa和1138 MPa,然后随回火温度的升高迅速下降，600℃回火时抗拉强度仅为1009 MPa,此时N63钢马氏体基体板条分解严重，析出相为渗碳体和M₂₃C₆;冲击吸收能量随回火温度先下降后升高再下降，420℃回火冲击吸收能量最低，为79 J。综合不同回火温度下的微观组织和力学性能，N63钢在480℃回火具有优异的强韧性匹配。     

二次回火处理对中碳中铬合金钢组织及性能的影响

采用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)等研究了多次回火处理对经正火+淬火处理的中碳中铬合金钢组织及性能的影响。结果表明：980℃淬火后合金钢的组织为淬火马氏体，经550℃一次回火及二次回火处理后，组织转变为回火索氏体；回火过程中析出的碳化物主要为M₂₃C₆及M₃C型合金碳化物，分布于基体及界面处，起到了析出强化的作用；与一次回火处理相比，二次回火处理后合金钢的硬度与抗拉强度基本不变，但冲击吸收能量提高了15%,断后伸长率提高了12.5%,表现出较好的综合力学性能。     

回火温度对1000MPa级高强高韧钢显微组织和力学性能的影响

对含0.13%C、0.15%Si、1.06%Mn、0.84%Cu、3.09%Ni、0.51%Cr、0.61%Mo、0.02%Ni、0.05%V(质量分数)的高强高韧钢进行了860℃水淬，随后460～580℃回火。检测了钢的显微组织和力学性能，并采用Modified Williamson-Hall(MWH)方法计算了钢中位错密度。结果表明：随着回火温度的升高，钢中马氏体发生分解和回复，位错密度降低，从而室温抗拉强度降低、塑性提高；纳米富铜相和NbC的析出导致回火后钢的屈服强度高于淬火态；460和500℃回火的钢中M₂₃C₆碳化物的析出导致晶界断裂强度和低温冲击韧性降低，而更高温度回火的钢中分布于马氏体板条界的条状M₂₃C₆碳化物减少，由于组织回复造成的软化作用其低温冲击韧性明显改善；580℃回火的钢具有良好的力学性能，其屈服强度为1 066.5 MPa,断后伸长率为18.8%,-40℃纵向冲击吸收能量为105 J。     

Microstructure and Its Influence on the Mechanical Properties of Ni–28W–6Cr-Based Alloy-Welded Joints by GTAW

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ni–28W–6Cr alloy-welded joints produced by gas tungsten arc welding were investigated in this work.Results showed that original fine-grain base metal near fusion line totally transformed into coarse heat affected zone after welding.Carbides with different shapes were found in the weld metal and base metal, which all were determined as M6C carbides.In comparison with carbides in base metal, M6C carbides in weld metal are rich in Si and Cr but deficient in W.Moreover, M6C carbides are extremely scarce and hard to be detected in weld metal.Mechanical tests show that the hardness value of weld metal is only about 60% of base metal; the yield strength and tensile strength of welded joint are much lower than those of base metal due to the absence of carbides in weld metal.     

G115钢管埋弧自动焊焊缝冲击性能不足的原因分析及热处理修复措施

采用埋弧自动焊(SAW)对大口径厚壁G115钢管进行焊接,焊后经785℃回火后发现焊缝冲击吸收能量低于标准要求的最低值。通过对焊接方法、焊材及回火温度的分析和试验表明,焊缝的回火温度超出了熔覆金属的Ac₁点,产生不完全相变组织,且碳化物回溶、沉淀强化作用减少、马氏体亚结构和位错密度降低、析出相长大粗化等多种因素的交互作用最终造成了焊缝冲击性能的下降。采用1080℃×3 h正火+770℃×6.5 h回火的热处理修复后,焊缝的冲击性能得到大幅度的提升。     

固溶温度对G33超高强度钢微观组织和力学性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和物理化学相分析技术等方法研究了固溶温度对G33新型超高强度钢组织和性能的影响。结果表明:G33钢在860 ℃固溶时板条马氏体基体上存在M₆C、VC和NbN未溶相并且以M₆C碳化物为主;随着固溶温度升高,未溶相快速溶解,VC和M₆C相分别在940 ℃和980 ℃完全溶解;M₆C、VC未溶相的溶解使微裂纹缺乏形核点而不易萌生,同时提升了基体中合金元素固溶量,增强了固溶强化效果,让G33钢在保持高强度(2000 MPa级)的同时提高了冲击性能。     

Effect of Nb and Mo on the Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and Ductility-Dip Cracking of Ni–Cr–Fe Weld Metals

A series of Ni–Cr–Fe welding wires with different Nb and Mo contents were designed to investigate the effect of Nb and Mo on the microstructure, mechanical properties and the ductility-dip cracking susceptibility of the weld metals by optical microscopy(OM), scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction as well as the tensile and impact tests. Results showed that large Laves phases formed and distributed along the interdendritic regions with high Nb or Mo addition. The Cr-carbide(M_(23)C_6) was suppressed to precipitate at the grain boundaries with high Nb addition. Tensile testing indicates that the ultimate strength of weld metals increases with Nb or Mo addition. However, the voids formed easily around the large Laves phases in the interdendritic area during tensile testing for the weld metal with high Mo content. It is found that the tensile fractographs of high Mo weld metals show a typical feature of interdendritic fracture. The high Nb or Mo addition, which leads to the formation of large Laves phases, exposes a great weakening effect on the impact toughness of weld metals. In addition, the ductility-dip cracking was not found by OM in the selected cross sections of weld metals with different Nb additions. High Nb addition can eliminate the ductility-dip cracking from the Ni–Cr–Fe weld metals effectively.     

高碳马氏体不锈钢M390与奥氏体不锈钢304闪光对焊的微观组织及力学性能

通过闪光对焊方法连接M390高碳马氏体不锈钢与304奥氏体不锈钢.通过室温拉伸试验、显微硬度测试表征了焊接接头的力学性能.采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)和X射线衍射(XRD)分析了焊接接头的微观组织形貌、元素扩散及各区域相组成.结果表明,利用合适的焊接工艺参数,M390与304之间可以形成焊缝形貌美观、抗拉...     

Precipitation Behavior and Mechanical Properties of a 16Cr-25Ni Superaustenitic Stainless Steel Weld Metal During Post-weld Heat Treatment

A 16Cr-25Ni superaustenitic stainless steel weld metal for austenitic stainless steel/ferrite heat-resistance steel dissimilar metal weld was designed and prepared through tungsten inert-gas welding. The precipitate evolution and its correlation with mechanical properties were investigated during post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) at 690 °C for up to 12 h. The primary precipitates in the as-welded weld metal were identified as Mo-rich M₆C carbides in the interdendritic region and semicontinuous fine-sized M₂₃C₆ carbides along grain boundary. After PWHT, three types of precipitates coexisted in the interdendritic region: primary M₆C carbides, newly precipitated Mo-rich M₂X carbonitrides and some of the secondary M₂₃C₆ carbides. Additionally, mass secondary M₂₃C₆ carbides formed and coarsened along grain boundary. No undesirable intermetallic phases formed during the whole period. The M₂X and interdendritic M₂₃C₆ improved the strength of the weld metal after PWHT, but the elongation and impact toughness degraded, which were mainly owing to the intergranular M₂₃C₆ carbides that changed the fracture mode from ductile transgranular mode to mixed mode of transgranular and intergranular fracture. Meanwhile, the coarsening of M₂X carbonitrides may lead to the elongation loss during 8 h to 12 h. Evolution of impact toughness was also related to the M₂X carbonitrides, which made the crack easier to propagate compared with austenitic matrix and contributed to the decline of impact toughness. However, due to the sluggish precipitation of M₂X carbonitrides with longer holding time, the decreasing trend became slow from 4 to 12 h. The results showed that PWHT should be controlled within 8 h to obtain better combination of strength and ductility.     

Chemical activity of a ceramic flux in surfacing with 15Kh18N12S4TYu strip

Abstract

The strength and notch impact toughness properties of pure weld metal and weld metal from welded joints deposited from the TGL 39 671 filler wires 10 MnSi 6, 10 MnSi 8 and similar welding wires are evaluated. The notch impact toughness is found to be determined in the main by the manganese content of the welding wires, lower manganese contents resulting in higher toughness values.     

淬火温度对低钴二次硬化钢组织和性能的影响

采用Thermo-Calc热力学软件计算了一种新型低钴二次硬化钢高温区间的析出相种类和含量,结合光学显微镜、扫描电镜和力学检测等试验方法,研究了淬火温度对其组织和性能的影响。结果表明,在较低温度淬火时,板条马氏体基体上存在大量富W、Mo的球状M₆C析出相。升高淬火温度,M₆C相迅速回溶,并在1060 ℃时完全溶解。M₆C相的溶解使得二次硬化效果增强、冲击性能提升,同时导致原奥氏体晶粒明显粗化,进而对强韧性产生不利影响,最终试验钢经1060 ℃淬火后获得最佳力学性能配合。     

高Ti-Nb系高强钢焊接接头回火前后的力学行为

采用混合气体保护焊,研究了高Ti-Nb成分体系控轧控冷高强钢焊接接头在回火前后的力学性能变化,阐述了焊态接头的软化机理,分析了这些变化与微观组织的联系. 结果表明,随焊接热输入的增加,细小的(Ti,Nb)(C,N)析出相粒子回溶基体,CGHAZ软化程度加剧;回火后接头软化程度缓解,母材强度提高,但随着回火温度的提高,接头及母材的冲击韧性均呈降低趋势,其原因与原始组织遗传及正交Fe₃C型碳化物沿晶界析出有关.