冷连轧机带钢表面振纹实测研究

针对某厂2180mm冷连轧机在轧制汽车面板时出现的振纹问题,进行了现场连续综合测试.基于对轧制周期内振动信号的分析、比较,掌握了该轧机的振动特征和振动形态,确定了轧机的起振次序.结合轧机的机械固有特性,找到了导致轧机振动的主要来源,即减速机中齿轮1和齿轮2的啮合冲击,据此提出了振纹的抑制措施.生产实际表明,抑振措施对振动及振纹的消除具有较好效果.     

Surface shape prediction in high speed milling

Chatter is one of the main causes affecting the surface quality of machined parts. Since it occurs when a machining process is unstable, it is important to select process parameters that promote stability. However, this condition alone is not sufficient to ensure good surface shape because the dynamics of the machining system as a whole also affects the resulting surface. Thus, even in the absence of chatter, significant movement of the tool or the part may occur causing surface defects. This effect is significant in high speed milling. In order to select optimal machining parameters, a computationally efficient simulator has been developed based on a novel machined surface generation model capable of accurate and reliable prediction of the surface shape. The programme written in MATLAB^® predicts the surface shape from which surface finish, waviness, form and position parameters can be determined. A test bench consisting of a relatively low frequency second order dynamic mode is used to hold a test sample. The results obtained on a machining centre show that the predictions favourably compare with experimental results.     

Causes of chatter in a hot strip mill: Observations, qualitative analyses and mathematical modelling

Severe vibrations, known as chatter, occur often in both hot and cold rolling of steel. A recent chatter outbreak at the second stand of hot strip mill in Hastings, Australia, prompted an investigation into the causes of chatter by a literature review, the development and deployment of mathematical models, and a rigorous analysis of plant observations. The investigation suggests that the frictional conditions in the roll gap are the principal cause of chatter in this mill, though residual chatter marks on work rolls can occasionally cause it. The frictional conditions appear to be associated with the thickness and properties of oxide formed on rolls.     

Process monitoring to assist the workpiece surface quality in machining

The paper reports on research which attempts to correlate the quality of the machined surface after broaching and the output signals obtained from multiple sensors, namely acoustic emission, vibration, and cutting forces. The quality of the machined surface was estimated in terms of geometrical accuracy, burr formation, chatter marks and surface anomalies. Cutting conditions were varied based on an orthogonal array with cutting speed, coolant conditions, and tool settings as factors. Each orthogonal array was repeated at three levels of the tool wear.The results show that the cutting force signals are sensitive enough to detect the geometrical deviation of the machined profile, burr formation and to a lesser extent the chatter marks. The vibration signals were found sensitive to detect the chatter marks while the acoustic emission signal proved to be efficient for the detection of small surface anomalies such as pluckings, laps, and smeared material. However, up to now, no clear distinction between the different types of the surface anomalies could be made using the analysis of the acoustic emission signal.Time and frequency domain analysis of the output signals were carried out in order to develop appropriate techniques for qualitative/quantitative evaluation of the machined surface quality.It was found that each sensory signal is rather limited to a narrow field of application where certain surface features are detectable. The limitations of the employed sensory signals/analysis methodologies used to assess the workpiece surface quality, and their applicability in the industrial machining conditions are also discussed.     

带钢表面振纹的工业试验与发现

对某平整机生产的带钢表面横振纹进行了一系列试验研究 ,发现带钢表面振纹与系统的自激振动强相关 ,此种振动源于部分流体润滑与粘滑兼存的辊缝界面     

航空结构件铣削加工表面波纹度特征提取与研究

目的由于航空结构件壁薄、结构复杂和刚度低等原因,在多轴联动铣削加工过程中,其表面容易出现波纹度等加工纹理缺陷。准确提取、评价铣削表面波纹度,为控制和消除结构件铣削表面波纹度提供可视化参考依据。方法提出了一种频谱分析和小波分析相结合的方法。首先对已加工的航空结构件的铣削表面综合形貌进行频谱分析,依据表面形貌划分依据,确定各表面成分有效信息的频率段范围;再采用Daubechies小波分解原表面形貌特征,把含有不同频率成分的信息分解到互不重叠的频率段上;利用Mallat快速算法,计算出各逼近系数和小波系数,并对有效频率段进行重构,以实现表面形貌特征不同频率成分的提取,进而获取表面波纹度的形貌特征信息。结果针对某型航空结构件的铣削表面,采用文中方法提取到的波纹度形貌特征信息与粗糙度轮廓仪测量的结果基本吻合,验证了该方法的正确性。结论对于提取铣削表面波纹度特征信息,采用频谱分析和小波分析相结合的方法是可行且有效的。     

基于机器视觉的金属板材表面波纹度检测方法

常规波纹度测量方法存在检测效率低、检测精度不高等问题,为了实现金属板材表面波纹度的快速准确检测,提出了一种非接触式的表面波纹度无损检测方法,该方法采用改进的中值滤波实现高效快速的图像去噪,使用霍夫变换实现图像的自动旋转,提取了表面图像基于灰度共生矩阵的纹理特征参数,并进行相关性分析。结果表明,对比度、能量、相关和熵等特征参数与波纹度之间存在较好的一致性。以对比度、能量、相关和熵等为输入参数,构建了基于BP神经网络的表面波纹度检测模型,试验验证该方法能够实现金属板材表面波纹度的高效、高精度测量,检测误差仅为49.0%。     

The allowable spacing for lattice data sampling by a round stylus tip and an assessment of the envelope surface

This paper deals with surface waviness assessment by a commercial three-dimensional stylus instrument. To measure macroscopic waviness curve on an engineering surface, it was proposed to use a round stylus tip of relatively large radius. Developed in this paper, is a method to obtain the appropriate stylus tip radius in accordance with the sample surface texture and the corresponding discrete spacing for lattice data sampling. On condition that any two adjacent height data points are well-correlated, the statistical mean height and the overall deviation of the 3-D undulation summit height are also presented for a functional evaluation of waviness curves or envelope surface.     

基于小波包和倒频谱分析的颤振特征提取方法

立铣加工过程中的颤振会严重影响工件表面质量和材料去除率,加剧刀具磨损和恶化工作环境。虽然大部分颤振监测系统可以监测到颤振发生,但颤振发生时已经对工件和刀具产生了严重的损伤,因此,需要提前监测到颤振特征。由于加工过程的非线性导致振动信号频率成分复杂,单一的时频分析方法难于得到可靠的颤振特征。通过小波包分解确定颤振发生频段并重构该频段信号,通过颤振发生频段的倒频谱辨识稳定、过渡和颤振状态。研究结果表明,该方法可以有效识别立铣加工过程的稳定、过渡和颤振状态。     

轧机工作辊磨削振纹检测与控制

研究分析轧辊磨削振纹产生原因,通过对设备、砂轮、磨削工艺、操作等方面进行改进优化,研制了专用的辊颈振纹检测方法和分级控制规则,有效控制了磨削振纹的产生。     

驱动桥主动轮夹具问题的分析与解决

针对延伸外摆线螺旋锥齿轮主动轮在干式切削加工中,出现的齿面振纹的现象进行分析,通过有目标的实际加工测试和过程监测,发现产品精加工过程中,振纹的产生与产品加工过程中的发热而导致夹具的夹紧、定位状态发生变化密切相关;分析表明可以通过夹具的设计优化排除或减小发热的影响。提出了典型夹具的优化设计方案,并进行了夹具改良后的试验验证,验证结果证明了改进后的效果良好。     

试验因素对波纹度影响的分析

汽车板冲压成形表面波纹度对零件涂装后的鲜映性有着重要的影响,而鲜映性直接反映汽车外观质量。为明确波纹度影响因素,测量准确可靠的试验数据,基于gom在线应变测量系统,通过BUP1000板材综合成形试验机对典型汽车外板进行马克杯冲压,分析了冲压后不同变形量、试样表面检测方向及试样冲压速度等因素对试样表面波纹度的影响。研究结果表明：随着冲压后试样表面变形量的提高,波纹度结果几乎呈线性增加。试样在0.5～3 mm/s的冲压速度下,表面波纹度变化无明显规律,因此冲压速度对表面波纹度影响不大。轧向与横向检测结果表明,纵向波纹度稍低于横向波纹度结果。     

An experimental analysis of damped coupled vibrations in broaching

The paper reports for the first time aspects related to dynamics of broaching when features with complex geometries are generated. It describes an experimental analysis of causes and outcomes of damped-coupled vibrations when broaching semi-closed profiles, i.e. dovetails of gas turbine engines disks. Singular indentations or groups of tilted chatter marks were found in particular zones on broached surfaces. Analysis of force and acceleration signals revealed that damped-coupled vibrations that result in tilted chatter marks mainly occur due to specific geometry of cutting edges that enable coupling of three-dimensional (3D) vibrations. A new method to detect the appearance of tilted marks as a result of damped-coupled vibrations with particular frequency has been proposed by monitoring the elliptical movement of cutting edge via time and frequency domain analysis of two acceleration signals.     

Waviness compensation of precision machining by piezo-electric micro cutting device

Recently, precision machining technology has been developed continuously in order to achieve high productivity and assured quality of precision parts in several industrial fields such as; lasers, optics, quartz vibrators, semiconductors, aircraft and artificial satellites etc. Waviness may occur on the surface of machined parts due to the table motion error and the dynamic cutting mechanism between the tool and the workpiece and may impair the form accuracy of the precision machined parts. In this research, a micro cutting device with piezo-electric actuator has been developed in order to control depth of cut precisely and compensate the waviness on the surface of the workpiece. Experiments have been carried out on a precision lathe. The characteristics of the surface profile and the cause of the waviness profile have been analyzed and waviness profiles of some cases have been compared with those of experiments.     

基于小波神经网络PID控制的主动夹具铣削颤振研究

为了抑制铣削过程中产生的颤振,提高铣削加工过程中零部件表面质量。设计了小波神经网络PID控制方法,并对控制效果进行仿真。采用时域数值法对动态铣削过程中离散时间进行求解,利用小波神经网络PID控制方法对铣削过程进行控制。通过仿真和实验对铣削金属表面粗糙度进行测量,并且与增量式PID控制系统进行比较和分析。结果显示,采用增量式PID控制方法,铣削力和铣削深度实际值与理论值存在较大误差;采用小波神经网络PID控制方法,铣削力和铣削深度实际值与理论值存在较小误差。采用小波神经网络PID控制方法,可以提高铣削参数控制精度,减少铣削过程中对颤振的影响,提高铣削零部件表面质量。     

Magnetorheological fluid-controlled boring bar for chatter suppression

An innovative chatter suppression method based on a magnetorheological (MR) fluid-controlled boring bar for chatter suppression is developed. The MR fluid, which changes stiffness and undergoes a phase transformation when subjected to an external magnetic field, is applied to adjust the stiffness of the boring bar and suppress chatter. The stiffness and energy dissipation properties of the MR fluid-controlled boring bar can be adjusted by varying the strength of the applied magnetic field. A dynamic model of a MR fluid-controlled boring bar is established based on an Euler–Bernoulli beam model. The stability of the MR fluid-controlled boring system is analyzed, and the simulation results show that regenerative chatter can be suppressed effectively by adjusting the natural frequency of the system. Experiments in different spindle speeds utilizing a MR fluid-controlled boring bar are conducted. Under a 1 Hz square wave current, chatter can be suppressed, as evidenced by the elimination of chatter marks on the machined surfaces and the reduction in the vibration acceleration at the tip of the boring bar.     

Presentation of a novel cutting technology for precision machining of hardened, rotationally symmetric parts

In this paper a new cutting technology similar to hard turning is presented to cut rotationally symmetric parts made of hardened materials. This novel technology, which is named rotational turning, is based on a combination of hard turning and circular milling. An analytical model is developed to describe the engagement parameters between tool and workpiece. It is shown by the model, that the virtual tool corner radius in rotational turning, which takes effect during the cutting process, is more than 50 times larger than in state of the art hard turning. Due to this, feed marks, which are common in turning, can be reduced to a level, where they are not measurable anymore. It can be shown in experiments, that the minimum achievable surface roughness is therefore not limited by the feed rate anymore, like in turning processes usual, but by other effects like the waviness of the cutting edge.     

基于小波包分解和奇异谱分析方法的立铣加工颤振监测

在立铣加工过程中,颤振是加工过程失稳的一个最重要的原因。颤振将会严重影响工件表面质量和材料去除率,加剧刀具磨损和恶化工作环境。虽然大部分颤振监测系统可以监测到颤振发生,但颤振发生时已经对工件和刀具产生了严重的损伤,因此,需要提前监测到颤振特征。在颤振发生过程中,振动信号具有在时域中不断增大,在频域中能量频移的特性。考虑这两个振动信号特征,提出了一种颤振特征提取方法。提取颤振发生频带中振动信号的能量比和奇异谱熵系数作为两个颤振特征,并通过人工神经网络模型实现切削颤振的识别。文中提出的颤振监测系统包括特征提取和分类,能够精确辨识立铣加工中的稳定、过渡和颤振状态。     

Improvement strategy for machine tool vibration induced from the movement of a counterweight during machining process

The objective of this study is to propose and execute an improvement strategy for machine tool vibration induced from the movement of a counterweight balance system during the machining process. The elastic jump due to the effects of the inertia of a counterweight and of the potential energy released from the connected chain is investigated, firstly by using the dynamic analysis numerical software, Nastran, when the machine tool head makes a sudden stop during different motion types in the machining process. In turn, the vibration energy absorber, such as spring and damper, is assembled together in parallel manner, which is then connected to the counterweight in series, attempting to reduce the phenomenon of induced vibration to the utmost. The design and fabrication of a vibration reduction system for machine tool head during the machining process is performed based on the absorber parameters obtained from the simulation calculations. Milling experiment on aluminum alloy is undertaken in conjunction with various CNC cutting-path planning, such as moderate steps and vertical steps under different feed-rate cutting conditions. No concentric-strip-like waviness was detected on machined surface during the former cutting path. But such kinds of waviness marks left on the machined surface around the corner area between the subsequent steps are very obvious with the vertical-step path. This induced tool vibration phenomenon is remarkably improved through the strategies proposed and implemented in this study.