浇注温度和细化剂对K4169高温合金铸态组织的影响

研究了K4169高温合金在不同浇注温度下向熔体中加入和不加入细化剂的晶粒尺寸和组织特征。结果表明:降低浇注温度或者添加细化剂都能减小晶粒尺寸和提高等轴晶比例。在浇注温度1520℃时,向熔体中加入细化剂,可使圆柱锭的晶粒尺寸由原来的10.56 mm细化至2.84 mm,断面等轴晶比例由原来的10%提高到81%。     

近共晶Al-Si合金的晶粒细化

研究了Al-Sr变质剂和锆复合盐细化剂对高近共晶Al-Si合金宏观/微观组织的影响.结果表明:单一Al-Sr变质剂的加入,不仅改变了共晶硅的形貌,同时对合金的组织也有较明显的细化作用.这可能是由于锶的加入,改变了液态金属的结构,导致枝晶尖端前沿生长过冷度增加,降低了枝晶α(Al)固液界面能.当Al-Sr变质剂和锆复合盐细化剂共同作用时,随着熔体中锆含量的增加,铸锭的晶粒度显著减小,当熔体的锆含量超过0.35%,可获得细小、分布均匀的等轴晶,其宏观晶粒尺寸为100～120 μm.与Al-Zr中间合金相比,无论是细化效果还是抗衰退的能力都优于中间合金.     

浇注温度和细化剂对半固态A356合金组织的影响

采用低温铸造和晶粒细化复合工艺制备A356合金半固态坯料,研究了浇注温度和细化剂(Al-5Ti-1B)添加量对半固态坯料组织的影响。结果表明,随着浇注温度从715℃降到635℃,α-Al晶粒形貌从树枝晶向蔷薇状形态再到等轴晶组织变化,浇注温度越低,晶粒越细小圆整。当浇注温度降到615℃时,晶粒开始出现粗化和不均匀。在相同温度下,随着晶粒细化剂添加量的增加,晶粒更加细小,但细化效果随着添加量的增加变得不明显。当浇注温度低于635℃时添加细化剂,晶粒尺寸和形貌无明显变化。低过热度浇注和晶粒细化复合工艺制备A356合金半固态坯料的最佳工艺条件是:浇注温度为635~655℃,细化剂添加量为0.1%~0.2%。     

电磁场和表面孕育剂作用下K417高温合金的晶粒细化

用XRD、OM研究了电磁场和表面孕育剂作用下的K417合金晶粒细化机制.结果表明:电磁搅拌能够细化K417合金铸件的等轴晶组织并能促使柱状晶向等轴晶转变、增加断面等轴晶的比例.增加磁场强度和缩短金属液在模壳中的静置时间可增加断面等轴晶的比例和减小等轴晶的平均尺寸.在模壳内表面涂孕育剂铝酸钴能够细化K417合金铸件表层的晶粒并有助于提高电磁搅拌细化晶粒的能力,通过浇注后进行50Hz、150A的双向电磁搅拌和在模壳内表面涂孕育剂铝酸钴相结合方法,可得到晶粒组织细化至95μm、断面等轴晶比例达到100%的K417高温合金细晶铸件.     

H65黄铜变质细化晶粒组织的热稳定性

研究了一种添加微量锆的复合变质剂对铸造H65黄铜晶粒的细化作用，对其变质细化后在热加工温度范围保温时的晶粒长大情况进行了实验研究。结果表明，复合变质剂显著细化了合金铸态组织。使粗大的柱状晶转变为细小的等轴晶。热加工温度下细化晶粒仅为正常长大，其变质细化效果未发生衰退，微量锆的添加有效提高了变质细化组织的热稳定性。     

Al-Ti-B-RE细化剂对铝晶粒细化效果初探

对新型细化剂Al-Ti-B-RE的细化效果进行了探讨。结果表明：该中间合金是一种高效、长效的晶粒细化剂，当加入量为0．04％～0．10％，铝熔体在800℃静置30min的细化效果最显著，其效果优于进口Al-Ti-B细化剂。     

Al基合金原位Ti合金化及自身晶粒细化

利用电解工艺，向氧化铝中掺人数量很少的TiO2粉，通过电解使阴极Al液含质量分数为0．1％～0．3％的Ti。实现了铝基合金原位钛合金化及自身晶粒细化，获得了等轴的细晶Al锭，晶粒尺寸细化到130μm。该合金直接用于6063变形铝合金，取得了明显的晶粒细化效果，使原来的4级细化到1～2级。电解加Ti优于熔配加Ti，能使6063变形合金产生自身晶粒细化作用。     

NixAlyTiz添加剂对K4169高温合金铸态晶粒组织的影响

选用Ｋ４１６９Ｆｅ－Ｎｉ基高温合金，研究了向熔体中加入ＮｉｘＡｌｙＴｉｚ金属间化合物合金冷凝后的晶粒尺寸，枝晶组织等凝固组织特征的影响。结果表明，加入微量ＮｉｘＡｌｙＴｉｚ细化剂并控制合金液的均匀化处理过程可显著细化晶粒，将铸件整体晶粒细化至０．１－０．２ｍｍ，达到ＡＳＴＭ１－３级。同时，枝晶组织出现了由枝枝晶向胞状晶的转变，并且ＮｉｘＡｌｙＴｉｚ细化剂的加入对合金的结晶特性及凝固组织无不良影响。     

铝—钛—硼高效晶粒细化剂

提高铝及铝合金强度的途径之一是细化晶粒.根据金属结晶学理论可知,要使铝及铝合金在铸造过程中形成细小的等轴晶,必须增加其由最初液态转入固态时的形核率.因此,除尽量创造自发形核的结晶动力学条件外,还需人为地加入大量外来晶核.铝一钦-硼中间合金就是人们为细化晶粒而在铸造过程中加入的一种变质剂.后经多年探索实践,发展成为当今的铝-钛-硼高效晶粒细化剂.生产实践表明,铝-钛-硼晶粒细化剂的细化效果十分显著,使用该产品后,可使铸锭的晶粒度由原来的4级提高到1级.     

Al-Ti-B-RE细化剂对铝晶粒细化效果初探

对新型细化剂Al-Ti-B-RE的细化效果进行了探讨。结果表明:该中间合金是一种高效、长效的晶粒细化剂,当加入量为0.04%～0.10%,铝熔体在800℃静置30min的细化效果最显著,其效果优于进口Al-Ti-B细化剂。     

低压脉冲磁场对铸态IN718高温合金凝固组织细化的影响

研究低压脉冲磁场对IN718高温合金凝固组织细化的影响。结果表明：在低压脉冲磁场作用下可以获得完全细小的等轴晶组织。熔体冷却速度和过热度显著影响低压脉冲磁场的细化效果,降低冷却速度和过热度有利于提高脉冲磁场的细化效果。利用商业有限元软件模拟计算高温合金凝固过程中熔体中的电磁力和流场分布情况以揭示脉冲磁场的细化机制。认为脉冲磁场引起的熔体对流,以及同熔体冷却速度和过热度的合理配合是合金凝固组织细化的主要原因。     

Refinement mechanism of low voltage pulsed magnetic field on solidification structure of silicon steel

The grain refinement of a silicon steel solidified with a low voltage pulsed magnetic field (LVPMF) was investigated by experiments and modeling. The experiment results show that complete fine equiaxed grains are acquired by applying the LVPMF. The effects of process parameters, such as the melt cooling rate and superheating on the solidification structure, were also studied. Complete fine equiaxed grains can be obtained under a larger range of cooling rate or superheating when the LVPMF is applied. The magnetic force and the melt flow during solidification were modeled and simulated to reveal the grain refinement mechanism. The simulation results show that the LVPMF has a double role in electromagnetic convection and electromagnetic vibration on the alloy melt. We propose the refining mechanism: The melt vibration and convection can promote nucleus multiplication, which contributes to heterogeneous nucleation enhancement and leads to a high nucleation rate and grain refinement.     

Mechanical properties of fine grained superalloy K4169 with addition of refiners

Grain refinement of superalloy K4169 was achieved by adding refiners into the alloy melt and their effects on the mechanical properties were investigated. The tensile properties at room temperature and 700℃ and low cycle fatigue properties at room temperature were compared for both conventional and fine grained test bars.The results indicate that the rupture strength, yield strength, elongation and reduction of area for refined grains are all much superior to those for coarse ones. Whereas the elongation and reduction of area of fine grained samples decrease at 700℃. Low cycle fatigue properties of samples with refined grains at room temperature are improved significantly. In addition, the degree of dispersion of low cycle fatigue data of samples with refined grains is diminished.     

Grain size refinement through gas bubble stirring in AC4CH cast aluminium alloy

A comparison has been made of the mechanical properties of gravity and squeeze cast aluminium alloys that have been grain refined using gas bubbling and those that have not. To find the optimum gas bubbling conditions, the alloy melt temperature, the gas flow rate and the gas bubbling times were varied over wide ranges. The microstructure of the gas bubbled gravity and squeeze cast materials is fine, equiaxed and non-dendritic with an average primary α size of 52 μm and 163 μm respectively. However, gas bubbling has no effect on the morphology of the eutectic Si. There seems to be no noticeable difference between the measured mechanical properties of the gravity and squeeze cast materials with or without the gas bubbling. The lack of improvement in the mechanical properties of the gravity cast alloy is due to casting defects and porosity, which offset the effects of the grain refinement. The crystal separation and showering mechanisms are operative for the formation of equiaxed grains.     

镁及镁合金的晶粒细化

叙述了镁及镁合金晶粒细化的几种方法，如熔剂处理法、熔体过热法、熔体搅拌法、合金化细化晶粒、固态变形处理、半固态成形及快速凝固工艺等。细化镁合金晶粒尺寸能显著提高其力学性能，这对推广镁合金的应用具有重要意义。     

机械振动对纯Al晶粒细化及凝固收缩的影响

研究了振动场对纯Al晶粒细化和凝固收缩的影响，并着重进行理论分析。实验结果表明：振动能明显细化晶粒，改善收缩。随着振动的加强，纯Al中心的等轴晶区逐渐增大，边缘部位的柱状晶区逐渐减小，当振击力达到81．87N时整个试样端面全部变为等轴晶。理论分析认为：振动引起的强烈冲击和搅拌作用使金属液产生晶粒游离、增殖、快速冷却是晶粒细化和收缩改善的根本原因。     

Preparation of Ni-W-10Y_2O_3 refiner and refinement mechanism in a superalloy

A novel grain refiner composed of nickel,tungsten and yttria was prepared by the powder metallurgy way. The microstructure of the refiner alloy was studied by optical microscope(OM),scanning electron microscope(SEM) and energy dispersive spec-troscopy(EDS). The refinement process was simplized. It was shown that the alloy grains could be refined by addition of the refiners apparently even at high pouring temperature. The average grain size of the refiner free alloy was 4 mm,and 0.4 mm for the refined alloy. The fine-grain superalloy has excellent mechanical properties at intermediate temperature. The refinement mechanism was discussed.     

Effects of grain refinement on cast structure and tensile properties of superalloy K4169 at high pouring temperature

In order to improve the filling ability of large complex thin wall castings, the pouring temperature should be increased, but this will result in the grain coarsening. To overcome this problem, two kinds of grain refiners of Co-Fe-Nb and Cr-Fe-Nb ternary alloys, which contain high stability compound particles, were prepared. The effects of the refiners on the as-cast structures and tensile properties of the K4169 superalloy with different casting conditions were studied by analyzing specimens 110 mm long and 20 mm in diameter.Results showed that the mixture addition of the two refiners in the melt of K4169 can reduce the columnar grain region and decrease the equiaxed grain size greatly. After refinement, the amount of Laves phase decreases and its morphology changes from island to blocky structure. The carbides in the fine grain samples are fine and dispersive. Meanwhile, the porosity in specimens is decreased due to grain refinement. As a result, the yield strength, ultimate strength and the elongation of the specimens are increased. The grain refinement mechanisms are also discussed.     

镁合金的晶粒细化工艺

综述了镁合金晶粒细化的几种工艺方法,如采用加入几种含Zr和C等元素的晶粒细化剂过热处理细化铸造组织的液态工艺、半固态成形工艺、采用等静道角压（ECAE）或大比率挤压等的铸锭变形工艺、铸造粉末冶金成形工艺。细小等轴的晶粒组织可改善镁合金塑性变形能力,晶粒细化工艺对镁合金的广泛应用起着非常重要的作用。