稀土掺杂在锂离子电池中的应用进展

阐述了锂离子电池技术发展的重要性,综述了稀土掺杂在锂离子电池正极材料、负极材料及固体电解质中的应用.重点介绍了稀土掺杂在锂离子电池正极材料中的应用,并提出稀土掺杂有利于电池比容量的提高,从而有利于进一步提高锂离子电池的比能量和循环性能.展望了稀土掺杂在锂离子电池中的发展前景,并认为这些技术将是未来锂离子电池研究的重要方向.     

中子照相图像质量评价方法及其应用

介绍了中子照相图像质量的评价方法,采用像质指示器对特定反应堆中子照相系统的图像质量进行评价分级.结果表明:热中子束流中的γ射线增加了胶片本底噪声,降低了图像质量;无论采用热中子还是冷中子源,胶片的图像质量评价等级均高于数字图像的,且单面胶片的图像质量等级最优;像质指示器宜与被检测物体一起成像,有利于了解中子照相系统的水...     

锂离子电池预锂化技术研究进展

近年来，随着锂离子电池应用日益广泛，迫切需要开发高能量密度的锂离子电池来满足日益苛刻的动力、储能电池的性能要求。采用预锂化技术对锂离子电池电极材料进行处理，可以提升锂离子电池的首次库伦效率，减小首次充放电过程中的锂不可逆损失，对高容量的硅等材料的工业应用至关重要。本文综述了近些年来锂离子电池预锂化技术的研究进展，主要阐述了化学补锂法、电化学补锂法、添加剂补锂、过锂化正极、正极添加剂等几种常见的补锂技术研究，并对未来预锂化技术发展进行了展望。     

基于单体锂离子的电池安全技术在新能源汽车中的应用研究

锂离子电池在储能、电动能源等领域应用广泛,但锂离子电池在所应用的新能源汽车领域存在某些方面的安全问题,制约着商业化运用。提出通过单电池组生产和严格的质量控制提高汽车锂离子电池安全系数的具体措施,进一步研究了单体锂离子电池的正极材料、负极材料、隔膜、电解液以及电池壳体等方面的安全保护措施。结果表明：通过合理的系统设计以及克服电池本身的技术缺陷,能使新能源汽车的使用更加安全。     

锂锰氧化物制备方法的研究与进展

综合论述了锂离子电池正极材料尖晶石锂锰氧化物的制备方法，并对一些制备方法进行了简略分析，为锂离子电池正极材料的研究提供技术信息，为锂离子电池正极材料的规模化生产提供工艺参考。     

锂离子电池的工作原理与关键材料

锂离子电池具有能量密度高、自放电小和循环寿命长等优点,被广泛用于便携式电子设备和电动汽车等方面,不断推动着社会朝着智能化和清洁化方向发展。简要阐述了锂离子电池的发展历程和工作原理,从材料结构和储锂机制方面对正极材料和负极材料进行分类并综述其性能特点与研究现状,介绍了液态电解液中锂盐、溶剂、添加剂以及固态电解质在锂离子电池中的作用,重点讨论了锂离子全电池的应用和安全问题,最后对锂离子电池的发展趋势进行了总结和展望。相信随着这些重点、难点技术和关键材料的突破,性能更加优异的锂离子电池必定会更好地造福人类。     

基于单体锂离子的电池安全技术在新能源汽车中的应用研究（英文）

锂离子电池在储能、电动能源等领域应用广泛,但锂离子电池在所应用的新能源汽车领域存在某些方面的安全问题,制约着商业化运用。提出通过单电池组生产和严格的质量控制提高汽车锂离子电池安全系数的具体措施,进一步研究了单体锂离子电池的正极材料、负极材料、隔膜、电解液以及电池壳体等方面的安全保护措施。结果表明:通过合理的系统设计以及克服电池本身的技术缺陷,能使新能源汽车的使用更加安全。     

中子照相技术及其在无损检测中的应用研究

中子照相是20世纪60年代兴起的一种射线照相无损检测技术。中子与常规X射线原理相类似,但在穿透物体时的吸收特性显著不同,因此两种照相技术在适用范围上有一定的互补关系。国外中子照相技术已在航空航天、生物、考古、电子等方面有成功应用,国内由于中子源资源不易获得,应用研究滞后。简要介绍了中子照相技术的原理和检测系统构成,其基本构成为中子源、准直器和像探测器。阐述了中子照相技术的发展过程及国内外发展现状,列举了中子照相技术目前的国外的主要标准和工程应用情况,最后从研制移动式中资源、开展工业应用研究,建立相关标准等方面对我国中子照相技术发展趋势进行了展望。     

Li-CO2电池研究进展

高能量密度锂离子正极材料一直是研究的热点,Li-O_2电池具有较高的理论比容量,被认为是下一代锂离子电池正极材料。而将CO_2转换为可再生能源一直被认为是缓解气候变化和实现可持续发展的基本途径,Li-CO_2电池是一种新颖的锂离子电池技术,理论能量密度可以达到1 876 wh/kg,是目前广泛研究的热点,主要从充放电特性、改性方法对Li-CO_2电池进行介绍,并对Li-CO_2电池应用前景做了展望。     

电动汽车废锂离子电池的回收利用研究进展

指出了锂离子电池的特点和优势,分析了报废锂离子电池的成分及国内外研究现状,总结了报废锂离子电池的处置方法,最后介绍了回收处理废锂离子电池后对其废水、废气、固体废物以及噪声做出处理,为其可进行产业化回收提供了条件.     

LiCoO2结构及性能与锂离子电池电压特性的关系

采用激光衍射 ,BET ,XRD ,SEM等方法 ,研究了系列LiCoO2 正极材料的一些物理化学性能及其与锂离子电池电压特性的关系 ,并对由 3种LiCoO2 样品制成的试验电池进行了电压特性和循环寿命的测试 ,得出了制备有良好电压特性的锂离子电池用LiCoO2 正极材料所应具备的性能 :XRD谱线中I0 0 3 /I10 4 的值较大 ,颗粒分布均匀无团聚 ,表面光滑平整。     

Toward Low-Cost,High-Energy Density,and High-Power Density Lithium-Ion Batteries

Reducing cost and increasing energy density are two barriers for widespread application of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. Although the cost of electric vehicle batteries has been reduced by ~70% from 2008 to 2015, the current battery pack cost ($268/kWh in 2015) is still >2 times what the USABC targets ($125/kWh). Even though many advancements in cell chemistry have been realized since the lithium-ion battery was first commercialized in 1991, few major breakthroughs have occurred in the past decade. Therefore, future cost reduction will rely on cell manufacturing and broader market acceptance. This article discusses three major aspects for cost reduction: (1) quality control to minimize scrap rate in cell manufacturing; (2) novel electrode processing and engineering to reduce processing cost and increase energy density and throughputs; and (3) material development and optimization for lithium-ion batteries with high-energy density. Insights on increasing energy and power densities of lithium-ion batteries are also addressed.     

In-situ Synthesis of Coral-Like Molybdenum Phosphide (MOP) Microspheres for Lithium-Ion Battery

Molybdenum phosphide (MoP) has attracted extensive attention as promising anode candidates for lithium-ion batteries owing to its high specific capacity,low potential range and low polarization.However,severe volume changes and intrinsic low conductivity are major challenges for further application of MoP electrode materials.In this work,a coral-like MoP microsphere encapsulated by N-doped carbon (MoP@NDC) was successfully prepared through annealing the precursor derived from self-polymerization of dopamine with phosphomolybdic acid.The introduction of carbon framework not only serves as matrix to confine MoP nanocrystals from aggregations,but also improves the electrochemical conductivity and facilitates lithium ion or electron transport on the surface of MoP.Such hierarchical structure delivered high discharge capacity of 495 mAh g-1 after 300 cycles with 90.1％ capacity retention,which could be attributed to the synergistic effects of MoP nanoparticles and conductive carbon network.This design strategy shows MoP@NDC electrode with applicable application as anode in lithium-ion battery.     

Effects of Trioctyl Phosphate and Cresyl Diphenyl Phosphate as flame-retarding additives for Li-Ion battery electrolytes

Safety concerns related to lithium-ion batteries have been the key obstacle to their application in hybrid electric vehicles. Trioctyl Phosphate (TOP) and Cresyl Diphenyl Phosphate (CDP) were studied as potential flame-retarding additives for lithium-ion batteries. The electrochemical performance and thermal stability of the additive-containing electrolytes, in combination with a cell comprising a LiCoO₂ cathode and Mesocarbon Microbeads (MCMB) anode, were tested in coin cells. Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used for the experimental analysis. The study results revealed that CDP addition at 5 wt.% improved the cell stability due to the lower rate of the charge-transfer resistance increase over 30–50 cycles. CDP was demonstrated to be a better flame-retarding additive than TOP.     

加氢反应器壁原子氢分布的在线,实时,无损检测新技术

为了在线,实时,无损检测高温高压条件下运行的加氢反应器的多层器壁中原子氢的渗透速率和在任何指定剖面上的体浓度分布,发展了一种新型的检测技术,介绍了检测仪的结构设计及其特征。     

以Mn3O4为前驱体制备尖晶石型LiMn2O4及其性能

采用改进的固相反应法合成了高性能的锂离子电池正极材料LiMn2O4。首先,以廉价的MnSO4为原料,通过水解氧化法制备纳米级Mn3O4前驱体;然后,将Mn3O4和Li2CO3混合均匀,在750℃固相反应20 h,得到尖晶石型LiMn2O4。用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)对Mn3O4前驱体和LiMn2O4样品进行表征,用充放电测试和循环伏安技术对LiMn2O4样品进行电化学性能研究。结果表明:所制备的LiMn2O4具有完整的尖晶石型结构,且晶体粒子分布均匀。所制备的LiMn2O4材料在3.0~4.4 V之间,室温(25℃)下,在0.2C倍率下首次放电比容量为130.6 mA.h/g;在0.5C倍率下首次放电比容量为127.1 mA.h/g,30次循环后,容量仍有109.5 mA.h/g,且样品具有较好的高温性能。     

Thermal behavior analysis of a pouch type Li[Ni_(0.7)Co_(0.15)Mn_(0.15)]O_2-based lithium-ion battery

Since lithium-ion battery with high energy density is the key component for next-generation electrical vehicles,a full understanding of its thermal behaviors at different discharge rates is quite important for the design and thermal management of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)pack/module.In this work,a 25 Ah pouch type Li[Ni_(0.7)Co_(0.15)Mn_(0.15)]O_2/graphite LIBs with specific energy of200 Wh kg~(-1)were designed to investigate their thermal behaviors,including temperature distribution,heat generation rate,heat capacity and heat transfer coefficient with environment.Results show that the temperature increment of the charged pouch batteries strongly depends on the discharge rate and depth of discharge.The heat generation rate is mainly influenced by the irreversible heat effect,while the reversible heat is important at all discharge rates and contributes much to the middle evolution of the temperature during discharge,especially at low rate.Subsequently,a prediction model with lumped parameters was used to estimate the temperature evolution at different discharge rates of LIBs.The predicted results match well with the experimental results at all discharge rates.Therefore,the thermal model is suitable to predict the average temperature for the large-scale batteries under normal operating conditions.     

Failure mechanism of bulk silicon anode electrodes for lithium-ion batteries

Silicon has been investigated extensively as a promising anode material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Understanding the failure mechanism of silicon-based anode electrodes for lithium-ion batteries is essential to solve the problem of low coulombic efficiency and capacity fading on cycling and also to further commercialize this very new energetic material in cells. To reach this goal, the structure changes of bulk silicon particles and electrode after cycling were studied using ex-situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The SEM images indicated that the microstructural changes of the bulk silicon particles during cycling led to a layer rupture of the electrode and then the breakdown of the conductive network and the failure of the electrode. The result contributes to the basic understanding of the failure mechanism of a bulk silicon anode electrode for lithium-ion batteries.     

Scalable Synthesis of Hierarchical Antimony/Carbon Micro-/Nanohybrid Lithium/Sodium-Ion Battery Anodes Based on Dimethacrylate Monomer

A facile scalable synthesis of hierarchical Sb/C micro-/nanohybrid has been addressed in this work,which possesses the advantages of both micrometer and nanometer scale structures as lithium-ion battery anode.Difunctional methacrylate monomers are used as solvent and carbon source as well.Liquid precursor of antimony(III) n-butoxide is dissolved in the resin monomer solution,and further incorporated into the cross-linking polymer network via photo polymerization.Through calcination in argon/hydrogen atmosphere,antimony nanoparticles are in situ formed by carbothermal reduction,and homogeneously embedded in the in situ formed micrometer sized carbon matrix.The morphology,structure,crystallinity,spatial dispersion,composition,and electrochemical performance of the Sb/C micro-/nanohybrid are systematically investigated.The cyclic and rate performance of the Sb/C micro-/nanohybrid anode have been effectively improved compared to the pure carbon anode.A reversible capacity of 362 m Ah g~(-1) is achieved with a reasonable mass loading density after 300 cycles at 66 m A g~(-1),corresponding to capacity retention of 79%.With reducing mass loading density,the reversible capacity reaches 793 m Ah g~(-1) after 100 cycles.Moreover,the electrochemical performance of Sb/C micro-/nanohybrid as sodium-ion battery anode is also investigated in this study.     

Improving anode performances of lithium-ion capacitors employing carbon-Si composites

The lithium-ion capacitor is a promising energy storage system with a higher energy density than traditional supercapacitors.However,its cycling and rate performances,which depend on the electrochemical properties of the anode,are still required to be improved.In this work,soft carbon anodes reinforced using carbon-Si composites of various compositions were fabricated to investigate their beneficial influences on the performance of lithium-ion capacitors.The results showed that the specific capacities of the anodes increased significantly by 16.6 mAh g~(-1) with 1.0 wt% carbon-Si composite,while the initial discharge efficiency barely changed.The specific capacity of the anode with a 10.0 wt% carbon-Si composite reached 513.1 mAh g~(-1),and the initial discharge efficiency was 83.79%.Furthermore,the anodes with 7.5 wt% or lower amounts of carbon-Si composite demonstrated reduced charge transfer resistances,which caused an improvement in the rate performance of the lithium-ion capacitors.Moreover,the use of the optimized amount(7.5 wt%) of carbon-Si composite in the anode could significantly improve the cycling performance of the lithium-ion capacitor by compensating the consumption of active lithium.The capacity retention of the lithium-ion capacitor reached 95.14% at 20 C after 10,000 cycles,while the anode potential remained below 0.412 V,which is much lower than that of a soft carbon anode.